This text provides an environmental justice analysis of the stories of the people who lived in the Owens Valley, who watered its land and cultivated its crops—pine trees, apple trees, and kabocha alike. Telling the personal stories of challenge and resistance that manifested alongside the oppressive forces of military and state domination provides the opportunity to align forcibly relocated, exploited and incarcerated people’s struggles throughout time. This text starts with The Nü’ma Peoples who were the first humans to live in the Owens Valley and continues with the struggle for empire between rival colonial empires of agriculture and distant urban cities. Its final chapters end with an in-depth and personal exploration of the unconstitutional incarceration of 117,000 people of Japanese ancestry in the United States during World War II. All the while it weaves in poetry, art and grassroots stories of resistance. It is a call to action for Environmental Studies and Ethnic Studies Departments to link the critical analysis within their disciplines to tell more accurate histories.

Though mainstream environmentalism, both in the U.S. and India, was initially rooted in social justice, it has, over time, moved away from this focus. The Environmental Justice Movement consequently arose to reunite social and environmental activism. In this thesis, I trace the historical relationship between the mainstream environmentalism, the Environmental Justice Movement, and marginalized communities. After providing this general overview, I examine two case studies – in Los Angeles and New Delhi respectively – where marginalized communities have been involved in Environmental Justice activities. My analysis reveals that marginalized communities often act in an ‘environmentalist’ or ‘environmentally friendly’ manner, without defining their actions as such. That is, their socio-political activism often is or becomes environmental because of the contexts it operates within.

The thesis is about environmental values that we encounter in our everyday life. The thesis also talks about environmental justice dialogues and tensions that play in Bangladesh. The thesis, in the first place, explores how an environmental planning and resource management approach causes a particular type of environmental injustice; i.e., non-recognition of access to the decision making process of local ethnic communities, which identifies them as adivasi meaning indigenous, poses a threat to their livelihood and culture, and obstructs the process of environmental protection in Bangladesh. / The existing theories of environmental justice and four case studies conducted in Bangladesh have been used to interrogate the research findings. I argue, along with Low and Gleeson (1998) that for environmental justice, recognition of environmental needs for every entity as an ingredient of human dignity should be basis of the planning process. The research findings also suggest that , at all levels of decisions, fair access to decision, information and justice for all entities should be an integral part of environmental planning and resource management. / The thesis explores avenues for fair access to justice, meaning redress and remedy of environmental injustice, in the context of Bangladesh. I argue that capillaries of justice such as Salish, a process and institution for public interest negotiation (PIN) embedded in Bangladesh culture, can be reinvented. In addition, access to information should be a prerequisite for meaningful deliberation at all levels of decision making and dispute resolving processes.

This study examines the effectiveness of environmental and developmental rights within the SADC region, especially the status of their implementation and enforcement in the DRC and the RSA. The SADC Treaty recognizes implicitly the rights to environment and to development. Unfortunately, the unequivocal commitment to deal with human rights within the region is not translated with equal force into the normative framework established by the Treaty or into SADC’s programmed activities. No institution has been established with the specific mandate to deal with human rights issues, neither are there any protocols or sectors especially entrusted with human rights protection and promotion. The SADC member States do not share the same understanding or agenda on matters pertaining to the respect for, and the promotion, protection and the fulfilment, of human rights at the regional level. The inception of environmental and developmental rights within the Constitution of the DRC is still in its infancy compared to the situation in South Africa. Implementation and enforcement remain poor and need important support from all organs of state and from the Congolese citizens. A strong regulatory framework pertaining to human rights (environmental and developmental rights) remains an urgent issue. Guidance may be found in the South African model for the implementation and enforcement of human rights, although the realization of the right to environment in South Africa is hampered by a number of factors that cause the degradation of the environment. Against South Africa’s socio-economic and political background, the constitutionalization of the right to development remains of critical concern to a sustainable future for all. The Congolese and South African peoples need to be made aware of their constitutional rights, especially their environmental and development rights, and the institutions and the mechanisms available to enforce them. They need to be empowered to demand justice as a right not as an act of charity. It is patently clear that the authorities will not protect the environment or tackle the development agenda unless there is a strong people’s movement to challenge the State and other role players over environmental and development issues and ethics. / Constitutional, International and Indigenous Law / LL.D.

Les historiens de l’environnement s’attachent à déchiffrer les modes de relation entre l’homme et la nature aux Etats-Unis. La manière dont elle est définie conditionne les politiques environnementales, et donc contribue à la transformation matérielle du continent. Cinq traditions de la pensée environnementale américaine sont décrites : la nature comme ressource transformée par le travail ; le préservationnisme ; le conservationnisme ; l’écologie ; et la justice environnementale. Ces idées perdurent au XXIème siècle dans les discours construits au sujet de la nature : elles se juxtaposent ou se confrontent. L’objectif de ce travail est de savoir si elles se transforment, en évoluant vers une définition de la relation homme/nature comme hybride socionaturel. À cette fin, trois cas sont étudiés, tous situés dans la région de Los Angeles au début des années 2000. Le premier concerne le ranch Tejon, dont l’accord passé en 2008 entre associations de protection de la nature et propriétaires pose la question du sens donné à une préservation qui veut prendre en compte les aspects à la fois écologiques, mythiques et économiques de ce territoire, vestige du passé de l’Ouest. Le second se rapporte à la décision prise en 2007 par la ville de Los Angeles de revitaliser son fleuve et fournit un exemple de l’élargissement de la définition de la nature : celle-ci peut être urbaine. Enfin, troisième cas, la justice environnementale appliquée à la ferme communautaire de South Central Los Angeles, entretenue de 1994 à 2006, est signe de la transition de la pensée de la nature américaine d’un objet délimité dans l’espace vers une problématique mondiale. / Environmental historians have worked at redefining the modes of relationship between man and nature in the United States. The way this relation is defined conditions environmental politics, and therefore contributes to the material transformation of the continent. Five major trends of thought about nature are described: nature as a resource transformed by work ; preservationism ; conservationism ; ecology ; and environmental justice. Those ideas endure to this very day in the discourses constructed about nature: they either juxtapose or confront each other. The goal of this thesis is to understand whether they undergo a transformation, evolving towards a definition of the man/nature relationship as a socionatural hybrid. To this end, three cases are examined here, all of which are connected with the Los Angeles area in the early 2000s. The first concerns Tejon Ranch and the agreement passed in 2008 about Tejon Ranch between environmental associations and the owners : it poses the question of the meaning given to a preservation that would incorporate ecological, mythical and economic aspects of that territory, a remain of the Western past. The second deals with the decision that was made in 2007 by the City of Los Angeles to revitalize its river and offers a good example of the broadening of the definition of nature: it can also be urban. The ecological and cultural preoccupations about the river complicate the conservation problematic in Southern California. Finally, South Central Farm’s environmental justice case (1994-2006) is the sign of a transition in American environmental ideas from a clearly spatially limited object to a world issue.

After successfully organizing around preserving Cabrillo Park in Upland and feeling a lack of local political representation, Irmalinda Osuna ran for Upland City Council in the 2018 midterm elections. As one of the many female candidates in the 2018 elections, Irmalinda led a grassroots, community-led political campaign in which she advocated for environmental justice and the preservation of parks, a more inclusive community, increased civic participation, a more efficient use of technology in politics, and support for small businesses.

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Ziel der „Verkehrsökologischen Schriftenreihe“ ist es, die Forschungsergebnisse der Professur für Verkehrsökologie (TU Dresden) und ausgewählte studentische Arbeiten einer breiteren Öffentlichkeit zugänglich zu machen. Damit möchten wir einerseits die fachliche Diskussion zu Problemstellungen einer nachhaltigen Mobilitätsentwicklung und anderseits den offenen Zugang zu Wissen und Informationen unterstützen. Thematisch greift die Schriftenreihe dabei die folgenden Forschungsschwerpunkte der Professur auf: a) Nachhaltige Verkehrsentwicklung: Auswirkungen, Verfahren, Konsequenzen b) Klimaschutz, Energie und CO2 im Verkehr c) Luftreinhaltung & Lärm, Emissionsfaktoren und reale Fahrmuster d) Externe Kosten und Nutzen des Verkehrs, Kostenwahrheit und Internalisierung e) Rad- und Fußverkehr f) Umweltbildung, Monitoring und Evaluation g) Soziale Exklusion und Umweltgerechtigkeit im Verkehrsbereich

Environmental problems can have an impact on both the ecological and social spheres for people; yet, depending on social status, the impacts might be felt differently. Latin America is a continent deeply affected by environmental conflicts and inequalities, which continues to affect indigenous peoples in the region. In this study, environmental justice was used as an analytical tool to examine news articles from Ecuador's El Universo, Chile's La Tercera, and Bolivia's La Razón through a qualitative content analysis. The study's goal is to contribute to the debate on environmental justice. It will be accomplished by: (1) identifying recurring topics throughout the newspaper columns on ecology, the environment, and indigenous peoples; and (2) analyzing whether these topics can be addressed in the field of environmental justice. Because it has its roots in a social movement, the definition of environmental justice is broad and varied which is further discussed in this study.  Environmental justice is also a growing focal point within the political and academic arena that it's mentioned in this study.  The findings showed that ecological modernization, sustainable development, and attributing monetary value to nature are recurring themes. Mining, seed, and land rights are also mentioned as issues affecting indigenous peoples in the region. Finally, I argue that the results demonstrate that these issues can and should be addressed in environmental justice discussions. In this regard, I believe that environmental justice can be used to connect issues of equality, social injustice, and environmental issues. More research, however, is required before environmental justice can be considered an interdisciplinary field. Finally, I want to emphasize that environmental justice is a topic that can help to develop new perspectives in societies all over the world, motivate actors to act quickly, and connect social inequalities and environmental issues. / Miljöproblem kan idag påverka den ekologiska och den sociala sfären för människor, beroende på social status kan konsekvenserna dock upplevas olika. Latinamerika är en kontinent som är djupt påverkad av miljörättvisekonflikter och ojämlikheter, som till stor del påverkar ursprungsbefolkningar i regionen. I denna studie har miljörättvisa använts som ett analytiskt verktyg för att studera nyhetsinslag av tre tidningar i Latinamerika. Definitionen av miljörättvisa är bredd och varierad eftersom den har sina rötter i en social rörelse. Miljörättvisa är vidare ett växande huvudområde inom den politiska och akademiska arenan som analyseras i studien. Jag har gjort en kvalitativ innehållsanalys av artiklar från El Universo från Ecuador, La Tercera från Chile och La Razón från Bolivia. Syftet med studien är att bidra till debatten om miljörättvisa. Det kommer att göras genom att; (1) redogöra vilka ämnen som är återkommande i tidningarnas kolumner av ekologi, miljön och ursprungsbefolkningar och (2) analysera om dessa ämnen kan behandlas inom temat miljörättvisa. Resultatet visar på att ekologisk modernisering, hållbar utveckling och att ge naturen ett monetärt värde är återkommande ämne. Gruvarbeten, frö- och lands rättigheter pekas även ut som konflikter som påverkar ursprungsbefolkningar i regionen. Slutligen argumenterar jag att resultaten pekar på att dessa ämnen både kan och bör behandlas inom miljörättviseteman. Avslutningsvis menar jag på miljörättvisa kan användas som ett hjälpmedel för att koppla samman frågor om jämlikhet, sociala orättvisor och miljöproblem. Ytligare forskning behövs dock för att miljörättvisa ska anses som ett tvärvetenskapligt område. Avslutningsvis menar jag på att miljörättvisa är ett ämne som kan bidra till att utveckla nya perspektiv i samhällen runt om i världen och få aktörer att agera i en snabbare takt och koppla samman sociala ojämlikheter och miljöproblem. / Los problemas ambientales pueden tener un impacto tanto en el ámbito ecológico como en el social de las personas; sin embargo, dependiendo del estatus social, los impactos pueden sentirse de manera diferente. América Latina es un continente profundamente afectado por conflictos ambientales y desigualdades, que siguen afectando a los pueblos indígenas. En este estudio, la justicia ambiental se utilizó como herramienta analítica para examinar artículos periodísticos de El Universo de Ecuador, La Tercera de Chile y La Razón de Bolivia a través de un análisis de contenido cualitativo. El objetivo del estudio es contribuir al debate sobre la justicia ambiental. Se logrará mediante: (1) la identificación de temas recurrentes en las columnas de los periódicos sobre ecología, medio ambiente y pueblos indígenas; y (2) analizar si estos temas pueden ser abordados en el campo de la justicia ambiental. Debido a que tiene sus raíces en un movimiento social, la definición de justicia ambiental es amplia y variada, lo que se analiza más adelante en este estudio. La justicia ambiental también es un punto focal creciente dentro de la arena política y académica que se menciona en este estudio. Los hallazgos mostraron que la modernización ecológica, el desarrollo sostenible y la atribución de valor monetario a la naturaleza son temas recurrentes. La minería, las semillas y los derechos sobre la tierra también se mencionan como problemas que afectan a los pueblos indígenas de la región. Finalmente, argumento que los resultados demuestran que estos temas pueden y deben abordarse en las discusiones sobre justicia ambiental. En este sentido, creo que la justicia ambiental puede usarse para conectar temas de igualdad, injusticia social y problemas ambientales. Sin embargo, se requiere más investigación académica antes de que la justicia ambiental pueda considerarse un campo interdisciplinario. Finalmente, quiero enfatizar que la justicia ambiental es un tema que puede ayudar a desarrollar nuevas perspectivas en las sociedades alrededor del mundo, motivar a los actores a actuar rápidamente y conectar las desigualdades sociales y los problemas ambientales.