Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

The purpose of this research was to investigate special educators’ problem solving approaches through the lens of adaptive expertise. An explanatory sequential mixed methods design was used with participants of varying experience levels and teaching contexts from one Mid-Atlantic state. Participants responded to a researcher-developed survey about their orientations to problem solving (N = 162), then a purposive sample completed semi-structured interviews (N = 8). Following survey measure refinement and validation, quantitative data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, z-scores, correlation, and chi-square test of independence. Subsequently, qualitative data were analyzed through iterative cycles of hypothesis and open coding. Finally, quantitative and qualitative data were linked through mixed methods analysis. Results of exploratory factor analysis identified an 18-item, two-factor structure within the survey measure. Survey results indicated most special educators had more adaptive than routine expertise orientations to problem solving; for some these orientations were balanced, while others had a much stronger orientation to adaptive expertise. Though no statistical relationship was found between teaching experience and participants’ degree of adaptive or routine tendencies when problem solving, teachers interviewed spoke of the role of experience in shaping their problem solving approaches. Many also noted that the application of particular approaches were dependent upon characteristics of their teaching contexts. Literature-based indicators of adaptive expertise were evident across examples of problem solving in special educators’ narrative data. Together, survey and interview data captured a more comprehensive and nuanced picture of special educators’ problem solving in practice than either approach could have alone.

La créativité est une caractéristique psychologique importante à l’atteinte de l’expertise. Le développement de la pensée créative étant reconnu comme un atout essentiel à l’atteinte et au maintien de performances supérieures dans le milieu des arts, des sciences, de la santé, des entreprises et de l’éducation, peu de connaissances sont disponibles quant à son rôle dans le domaine sportif. Par conséquent, l’objectif général de cette thèse était d’explorer le rôle de la créativité sur le développement de l’expertise sportive. Une première étude a d’abord identifié certains facteurs qui influencent la créativité chez les athlètes élites. Les résultats montrent que la pratique de plusieurs sports au niveau récréatif lors du développement athlétique ainsi qu’un environnement favorisant la résolution de problèmes sont bénéfiques au développement de la pensée créative. De plus, il semble que l’expertise soit positivement associée à la créativité tandis que l’expérience y est négativement liée. Ensuite, une seconde étude a indiqué que l’engagement dans des activités créatives entraîne l’utilisation de stratégies de coping orientées vers la tâche qui, à leur tour, favorisent l’atteinte de l’état de flow. Les résultats de cette étude indiquent également plusieurs associations positives entre la créativité et la fréquence d’atteinte de l’état de flow. Finalement, une troisième étude présente les impacts de la mise en place d’une intervention composée d’activités d’improvisation sur la performance de patineurs artistiques élites. Suite à l’intervention, des effets positifs ont été observés sur la performance artistique, la performance en compétition, les attitudes et valeurs créatives, l’estime de soi et les habiletés de pleine conscience des patineurs. Dans l’ensemble, ces résultats permettent de conclure que la créativité est une caractéristique importante à l’atteinte de l’excellence sportive. Il serait donc important de stimuler les habiletés créatives des athlètes afin d’assurer une évolution constante des performances sportives. / Creativity is an important psychological characteristic linked to expertise. The development of creative thinking is recognized as a key asset in the achievement and maintenance of superior performances in the arts, sciences, health, business, and education, but little is known about its role in sport. Therefore, the general goal of this thesis was to explore the role of creativity in the development of sports expertise. A first study identified some factors influencing creativity among elite athletes. The results showed that practicing several sports at a recreational level throughout the athletic development and being in an environment that promotes problem solving is beneficial to the development of creative thinking. Moreover, it seems that expertise is positively associated with creativity, whereas experience is negatively associated with this construct. Then, a second study found that investment in creative activities lead to a better use of task-oriented coping strategies, which in turn, promoted the achievement of flow state. The results of this study also indicate several positive associations between creativity and flow state attainment. Finally, a third study examined the influence of the implementation of an intervention composed of improvisational activities on elite figure skaters’ performances. Following the intervention, positive effects were observed on skaters’ artistic performances, performance in competition, creative attitudes and values, self-esteem, and mindfulness skills. Overall, these results suggest that creativity is an important feature of sport excellence achievement. It is thus important to foster creative abilities in athletes to ensure a constant evolution of sport performances.

Text in English / This work is organised around two main objectives: a) the formulation of a new conceptual framework as the basis for a new scientific aesthetic; and (b) an attempt to explain the possibilities and current limitations of neuroscience in aesthetics. The first part of the work is devoted to the conceptual foundations of aesthetics. In the first chapter, I analyse the philosophical assumptions reflected in neuroaesthetics. In particular, I would like to show that the concept of art on which neuroaesthetics is based is both conceptually and empirically untenable. In the second chapter, I propose a new conceptual framework for a theory of aesthetics; in particular, I present new definitions of key concepts in aesthetics, such as 'art', 'artistic system', 'artistic movement', 'artwork', and so forth. Furthermore, in the second chapter, I advance the view that—even though the neurosciences are an essential part of aesthetics—not every aesthetic problem requires a neuroscientific solution. In other words, there are aesthetic problems that cannot be answered satisfactorily by neuroscience using only its special concepts and terminology. Some questions may require additional sociological, physical and/or semiotic concepts, and explanatory devices. The second part of this thesis deals with the experimental aspects of the neuroscience of artistic appreciation. First, I argue that the conceptual foundations underlying much of the current approaches to neuroaesthetics are still problematic and that the experimental approach cannot be applied in any straightforward manner to conduct neuroaesthetic research. I then review some of the most important results of experimental aesthetics and cognitive neurosciences with regard to the mechanisms of aesthetic appreciation before proposing a new neurocognitive model of artistic appreciation based on the notion of an artistic 'task-set' Finally, I end the second part with a theoretical postulate and a neurocognitive framework pertaining to the interactions between mental images and emotions and their possible role in the process of appreciating literary artworks. In the third and final part of the work, I briefly discuss the central ontological preconditions of the neurocognitive studies of art, namely, the neural hypothesis of identity, ‘mind = brain’, and compare it to other approaches of the mind-brain relationship. I also offer a hierarchical model of mental functions based on both the anatomical and the functional aspects of the brain. / Psychology / Ph. D. (Psychology)

INTRODUCTION The HIV epidemic in South Africa has increased not only the number of ill children but also the number of orphans. Although the establishment of orphanages is not sustainable, the number of residential care facilities continues to increase. Many persons working in South African children s homes can testify to the impact HIV has had on this sector, but no studies have actually measured it. AIMS The primary aim of this research was to determine the impact of HIV on the Johannesburg children s homes. The secondary aims were to make recommendations informed by this research to assist children s homes to mitigate the impact and to inform the activities of the Children s Homes Outreach Medical Programme (CHOMP). METHODS A rapid appraisal of all children s homes in the greater Johannesburg was done by means of a telephonic survey. This was followed by an in depth analysis of 24 children s homes through the use of questionnaires, data collection forms, a pop quiz for residential child care workers and the inspection of facilities. RESULTS A total of 115 residential care facilities with a population (excluding the special needs homes) of 5 934 were identified. In a sample of 24 homes, 31,7% of the children were HIV affected and 20% HIV infected. The morbidity rate in the homes was 10%, and 99% of this morbidity was attributable to HIV/AIDS. Over a 6 month period 57 children died in the children s homes, 93% from HIV related conditions.

Mon travail de thèse propose une réflexion au sujet d’un paradoxe ancien mais qui demeure pertinent à travailler dans le contexte renouvelé des "controverses socioscientifiques" publiques. La position épistémique dominante au sein de la communauté scientifique peut être qualifiée de réeliste, à savoir qu’il existe en soi un monde extérieur à la pensée, qu’une connaissance objective et neutre de ce monde est possible, ce qui permettrait un progrès social. Par ailleurs les exigences de la démocratie, comme organisation de gouvernance en vue de construire un monde commun par l'accord du peuple, présupposent que chaque voix individuelle, chaque point de vue singulier est à considérer selon une éthique égalitaire. C'est ainsi que le statut de l'expert en démocratie est paradoxal. En effet, si l’expert est un scientifique appelé à répondre à une question définie par le politique pour laquelle, en contexte de controverse, les données scientifiques disponibles ne permettent pas de conclure, l'expert doit néanmoins proposer une réponse à la question qui lui est posée. C’est ainsi que, même en absence de réponses, l’expert est choisi sur la base de sa présupposée compétence, par le biais d’un accès privilégié au réel. Ce choix suggère que la parole de l'expert est toujours plus intéressante, plus pertinente qu’une parole non-experte, ce qui va à l’encontre du postulat démocratique.Face à la critique de l’expertise, il y a généralement deux craintes, deux spectres (dans le sens « d’apparition effrayante ») de réponses envisageables. D’un côté, il y a le renforcement de la légitimité traditionnelle de l’expertise qui est sous tendue par une épistémologie réeliste, et donc la peur de la confiscation du pouvoir qui en découle. De l’autre côté, altérer les frontières entre science et non-sciences, relativiser le pouvoir de la « grande science » pourrait conduire à une forme de nihilisme, à savoir la perte de la hiérarchie des valeurs, notamment la distinction entre connaissance et croyance, et la perte de la potentialité de fonder une connaissance pertinente nécessaire à une transformation sociale du monde.Mais je me demande également pourquoi l’appel à l’expertise, dont l’une des raisons réside dans la recherche d’une fin (clôture ou finalité, telle est la question) à la discussion, débat au cours duquel on échange des arguments. Selon les partisans d’un réelisme, la discussion scientifique n’est pas de même nature que le débat démocratique, mais dans le cas de mon constructivisme cette différence n’existe pas. Si étymologie de la controverse suppose un face-à-face et une clôture, la discussion pouvant se conclure par une reconstruction ou réarrangement semble plus approprié à une optique constructiviste. L’expertise résistera t-elle à notre enquête dramaturgique ? / My research topics focus on the social responsability of researchers, their involvement and political engagement, all the way from the construction of knowledge to its formulation (research aesthetic) and dissemination.As I study others' engagement and their legitimation strategies, I also aim at formulating mine: a constructivism that holds itself accountable for its creations.This thesis discusses the role of experts in democracy; it is written in French. I highly doubt that I am able to summarize it in English, just as I doubt that exclusively English-speaking readers would be able to understand the manuscript in French.

No description available.

Neste trabalho articulamos as noções psicanalíticas de transferência, transferência de trabalho, saber e conhecimento à nossa prática em um grupo terapêutico heterogêneo. O Grupo Mix é um campo de linguagem que permite e facilita a circulação de crianças em diversas posições subjetivas (psicóticas, autistas e neuróticas) e crianças em diversas posições discursivas (abrigadas, moradoras de comunidades de baixa renda etc.). Como um campo de linguagem, ele é um espaço fecundo para o estabelecimento de relações transferenciais. A transferência pode localizar-se nas relações analista-paciente, professor-aluno e terapeuta de grupo-criança. Estamos propondo, porém, que a transferência de trabalho no grupo terapêutico opere, sobre o adulto, como um modo de fazê-lo endereçar seu desejo para o Outro. Ao assistir a este endereçamento do olhar do adulto para o Outro, ainda que este movimento não seja explicitamente falado, a criança conhece certo tipo de relação com o saber que pode ser inspiradora para ela. Baseando-se na afirmação de Lacan (2003, p. 555) de que a transferência é amor que se dirige ao saber articulamos nossa prática com a teoria nos questionando se a transferência de trabalho, que é um desfecho possível do amor de transferência na análise e que resulta em uma maneira de o adulto se posicionar frente a seu fazer, pode produzir, em um contexto não analítico (um grupo terapêutico com crianças) a emergência da relação com o saber e com o conhecimento. A relação com o saber e com o conhecimento dizem respeito também ao campo educativo, com o qual dialogamos neste trabalho, inserindo-o na interface psicanálise-educação. A metodologia utilizada foi a do exercício de articulação teóricoprático, psicanaliticamente orientado, ou seja, é uma reflexão teórica da experiência clínica. Neste trabalho, buscamos demonstrar, por meio da leitura de fragmentos clínicos extraídos do trabalho do Grupo Mix, que a transferência de trabalho, que sustenta um fazer criativo, autoral e singular do adulto em sua prática, pode ser uma fonte inspiradora para a criança. Conclusão que não cessa de se reabrir, pois está viva e em constante processo de transformação / In this paper, we articulate psychoanalytic concepts of transference, transference of work, knowledge and expertise to our practice in a heterogeneous group therapy. The «Grupo Mix» is a language field that enables and facilitates the movement of children in various subject positions (psychotic, neurotic and autistic) and children in different discursive positions (sheltered, living in low-income communities, among others). As a field of language, it is a fruitful area for the establishment of transference relationships. The transference may be located in the relationships of analyst-patient, teacher-student and group therapist-child. We propose, however, that the transference of work in the therapeutic group operates on the adult, as a way to make him address his desire to the Other. By watching this addressing of the adult sight to the Other, even if that movement is not explicitly stated, the child knows a type of relationship with knowledge that can be inspiring for him/her. Based on the statement of Lacan (2003, p. 555) that the transference is the love that is directed to learn\", we articulate our practice with the theory and we question ourselves whether the transference of work, which is a possible outcome of love transference in the analysis and it results in a way that the adult positions himself facing his doing, it may produce, in a non-analytical context (a therapeutic group with children) the emergence of the relationship with the expertise and with the knowledge. The relationship between knowledge and expertise also concerns the educational field, with which we dialogue in this research, and in this sense, this paper fits in the psychoanalysis - education interface. The methodology used was the exercise of theoretical-practical articulation, psychoanalytically oriented, it means, it is a theoretical reflection on the clinical experience. In this research, we intended to demonstrate, through the reading of clinical fragments extracted from the work of «Grupo Mix», that the transference of work that sustains the creative process, authorial and unique of the adult in his practice, can be a source of inspiration for the child. Conclusion that never ceases to reopen once it is alive and in constant process of transformation

O cadastramento de peritos cíveis junto ao Poder Judiciário atualmente não é feito eletronicamente e o rol de profissionais não é divulgado pela internet, sendo necessário que os profissionais se cadastrem pessoalmente em cada fórum. Também não existe atualmente uma avaliação dos trabalhos periciais realizados, o que faz com que o resultado dos trabalhos periciais, ou seja, o laudo pericial tenha muitos defeitos e acabe por não ter a qualidade necessária para auxiliar o juiz em sua tomada de decisão. Após a realização de uma pesquisa com peritos sobre suas impressões quanto à forma de cadastramento atualmente utilizada, aplicou-se o método Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) para auxiliar na identificação do perfil dos profissionais que desejam modificações no sistema. Foram então feitas observações e sugestões para que este modelo atualmente utilizado seja modificado e possa assim atender aos princípios constitucionais da publicidade, eficiência e finalidade. / The registration of experts on the Judiciary is not currently done electronically and the role of professionals is not posted on the Internet, requiring professionals to enroll in person at each forum. Also there is not currently a review of expert work performed, which causes problems with the result of expert work: the expert report frequently presents many defects, not having the desired quality to assist the judge in his decision making. After conducting a study with experts on their impressions on how to registration currently used, was applied the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to help identify the profile of professionals who want to change the system. Comments and suggestions were made to this model currently used to be modified and go to meet the constitutional principles of Advertising, Efficiency and Finality.

Second language (L2) learners of English must learn to produce English phonemes, words, and sentences. These L2 learners make many errors when learning English; they may change the place or manner of articulation, insert vowels, or delete consonants. Obstruent sounds, such as fricatives, affricates, and stops, can be especially difficult for L2 learners. This study analyzed native English speakers<'> perception of the quality of obstruents produced by native Mandarin Chinese and Korean speakers. Target words containing obstruents had been produced in three different tasks: in a carrier phrase, in a paragraph, and in a spontaneous speech sample. Obstruents were produced in word-initial position and word-final position. Raters with differing levels of expertise listened to these words and rated the perceptual quality of the obstruents within the words. This study found that overall, English obstruent productions by native Mandarin and Korean L2 speakers learning English were rated most clear when produced in word-initial position in a carrier phrase or a paragraph. The lowest ratings given were of obstruents in word-final position in spontaneous speech. No significant differences were found for listener expertise level. Combined with future research, results from this study will help educate the field of second language instruction as to how the speech of Korean and Mandarin learners of English is perceived. It also provides additional information on the effect that listener expertise has on the judgment of L2 speech production.