This master's thesis is about code ownership in software projects and creating a tool that would improve cooperation by identifying code owners. The theoretical foundation for code ownership starts from Extreme Programming, explaining models of code ownership and the impact of code ownership on cooperation among teams and team members. The concept is demonstrated on a concrete software firm, where a potential for improvement is identified. The potential is exploited by a software tool, which is designed in the this thesis. The tool is capable of identifying code owners and experts for specific areas in the code based on data gathered from a version control system. The resulting information is made easily accessible. The tool is used to conduct a code ownership research in several projects, which allows me to confirm accuracy of the results. Usability and benefits of the tool is discussed in the final chapter.

In consequence of the economic restructuring of universities the issue of equality programme implementation to boost the standing of academic organisations in the competition for economic resources and young scientists is focused increasingly. Therefore the importance of expert gender knowledge as well as academic gender knowledge has intensified in the university context. Having this in mind, the following article asks which gender knowledge (cf. Wetterer, 2008; Wetterer, 2009) affects three different academic disciplines (mechanical engineering, disciplines of linguistic, literature and cultural studies and architecture) and to what extent can this become an impediment or an enabler on the shift towards gender-equitable universities.

Les troubles musculo-squelettiques de l'épaule sont notamment le résultat de pratiques restrictives impliquant des postures inappropriées, des efforts musculaires élevés (au-dessus de la tête) et des mouvements répétitifs. Les manutentionnaires comptent parmi les travailleurs les plus à risque. Les experts semblent utiliser des techniques plus avantageuses que les novices pour réduire leur exposition aux facteurs de risque. L'objectif de cette étude est de déterminer la contribution articulaire du membre supérieur pour caractériser les postures et les stratégies optimales à adopter dans le milieu de travail. Trente-deux travailleurs (16 experts et 16 novices) ont participé à une tâche expérimentale de manutention impliquant 24 levées de charge en hauteur selon 4 conditions (2 poids x 2 hauteurs). Les techniques de travail ont été quantifiées en fonction de la contribution tridimensionnelle de chaque articulation à la hauteur de la caisse. Pour localiser les centres articulaires et les axes de rotation et personnaliser le modèle cinématique, une série d'essais statiques et de mouvements a été réalisée. Un pourcentage de la hauteur atteinte a été attribué à chaque articulation. Des différences significatives entre les experts et les novices sont systématiquement apparues, quelles que soient les conditions expérimentales ou l'articulation observée. Les principales différences se sont produites au début de la tâche alors que les experts et les novices ont approché la boîte. Les articulations ont présenté un total de six intervalles avec des différences significatives entre les deux groupes. L’intervalle de 0 % à 19 % de la hauteur présente une différence au niveau du tronc (p= 0,017), de 0 % à 37 %, une différence s'est produite à SCAC (p= 0), de 32 % à 43 % au poignet et aux coudes (p = 0,009) et enfin de 0 % à 26 % des différences se sont produites aux membres inférieurs (p<0,001). D’une part, la technique des experts limite l'utilisation de l'épaule en rapprochant la boîte proche du corps ainsi qu'en privilégiant la contribution des articulations distales du bras. D’autre part, les novices semblent compter davantage sur l'amplitude de l'épaule pour effectuer la tâche. / Musculoskeletal disorders of the shoulder are the result of restrictive practices involving inappropriate postures, high muscular effort (above the head) and repetitive movements. Stevedores are among the most at risk workers. Experts seem to use more advantageous techniques than novices to reduce their exposure to risk factors. The objective of this study is to determine the joint contribution of the upper limb to characterize the optimal postures and strategies to adopt in the workplace. Thirty-two workers (16 experts and 16 novices) participated in an experimental handling task involving 24 load lifts at height under 4 conditions (2 weights x 2 heights). The work techniques were quantified according to the three-dimensional contribution of each joint to the height of the body. To locate the joint centres and axes of rotation and customize the kinematic model, a series of static tests and movements were performed. A percentage of the height achieved has been assigned to each joint. Significant differences between experts and novices systematically appeared, regardless of the experimental conditions or the articulation observed. The main differences occurred at the beginning of the task as the experts and novices approached the box. The articulation contributions presented a total of six intervals with significant differences between the two groups. The range of 0% to 19% of height has a difference at the trunk (p= 0.017), 0% to 37%, a difference occurred at SCAC (p= 0), 32% to 43% at wrist and elbow (p= 0.009) and 0% to 26% of the differences occurred at the lower limbs (p<0.001). On the one hand, the expert technique limits the use of the shoulder by bringing the box closer to the body and by prioritizing the contribution of the distal joints of the arm. On the other hand, novices seem to rely more on the amplitude of the shoulder to perform the task.

The thesis is based on a qualitative research realized in summer 2008 in several municipalities in Šumava. Focus groups organized within this research aimed at the relationship of different stakeholders to the Šumava National Park and more generally to nature and environmentalist thoughts and actors. The research design and the data gathered are presented in the introduction. Then the theory of general principles of consensus is described, which serves as the main theoretical framework for the study of focus groups participants' arguments. Using particular arguments, I show that against the protection of nature as it is realized by Šumava National Park Authority, critical citizens build their arguments on values that are considered legitimate and important in Czech society. The next part of the thesis studies the ecological principle of consensus as a new general principle of consensus: I discuss the conditions for existence of such a principle, its form in the controversy about the management of Šumava and the implications its form can have, supporting broader acceptance of the principle or, on the contrary, its rejection. An important point there is the relationship between expertise and participation, which are, together with the concept of nature, main elements of the ecological principle of...

The Diploma Thesis is based on the Case study of the direct election of the President of the Czech Republic. Due to this Case study it examines expertise of the Czech political parties. Is there any expertise in political parties represented in the Parliament of the Czech Republic? Why analytical capacities have (or not have) influence on policy decisions? In theoretical concept including democracy, policy work, expert capacities, elections etc. the Thesis examines the relationship between the expertise of political parties and enactment of the direct presidential elections.

Selon le droit de l'exécution des peines, un éventail de mesures judiciaires permet de déplacer un détenu vers l’extérieur des murs, de manière temporaire ou pérenne. Il s’agit d’un ensemble assez flou, appelé aménagements de peine. Un paradigme dominant des politiques publiques enjoint à favoriser les demandes de ces mesures de la part des détenus condamnés. L’idée est d’organiser des voies progressives de sortie. Les acteurs professionnels de la prison et de la justice s’accordent à considérer qu’il s’agit de la meilleure transition entre le dedans et le dehors. Pourtant, l’obtention d’une mesure telle que la libération conditionnelle ou la semi-liberté relève d’un processus très sélectif. Les professionnels enrôlés dans ces activités décisionnelles tiennent compte d’ordres de considérations contradictoires polarisées par, d’un côté, l’idéal de la réhabilitation du condamné, et, d’un autre côté, les préoccupations concernant la récidive. Il en résulte des dilemmes, et un chemin exigeant pour le condamné. Ces exigences, les professionnels leur donnent un sens, ils les transforment en épreuve traversée par un détenu singulier. Cette thèse prend pour objet la manière dont le justiciable, candidat à un aménagement de peine, se voit engagé à suivre un programme institutionnel, un curriculum de la réinsertion. Au cours de cette épreuve, le détenu est conduit à se rapprocher des attentes qui s’expriment à son égard, d’un schéma du bon candidat à ’aménagement de peine. Les gages qu’il doit présenter « enveloppent » tout ce qui fait une personne : gages d’insertion socio-économique, mais aussi gages d’une amélioration de son for intérieur, de son intimité psychique. Ces critères sont objectivés, notamment, par les expertises psychiatriques. Or, d’une manière ou d’une autre, l’ensemble des acteurs professionnels en prison, et même les bénévoles, sont mis à contribution dans ce projet institutionnel, qui prétend considérer comment le détenu a “évolué” en tant que personne. La thèse décrit cette économie morale : les relations de travail sous-tendues, en prison, par une politique pénale qui tend à gouverner les détenus en les enrôlant dans un programme dont on considère qu’il doit être voulu par le justiciable. / According to the law, a range of judicial measures allows to move a prisoner towards the outside of walls, in a temporary or long-lasting way. It is called sentencing reductions. One paradigm dominating public policies orders to favor the requests of these measures on behalf of the condemned prisoners. The idea is to organize progressive ways of release. The professional actors of the prison and the justice agree to consider that it is about the best transition between inside and the outside. Nevertheless, the obtaining of a measure such as the release on parole or the relative freedom is a matter of a very selective process. The professionals enlisted in these decision-making activities take into account orders of contradictory considerations polarized by, on one side, the ideal of the rehabilitation of the condemned person, and, on the other hand, the concerns concerning the recidivism. It results from it dilemmae, and demanding path for the condemned person. These requirements, the professionals give them a sense. They transform them into an meaningfull experience crossed by a singular prisoner. This dissertation takes for object the way the citizen, who applies to a sentencing reduction, get committed to follow an institutional program, a curriculum of the reintegration. During these hardships, the prisoner is driven to get closer to expectations which express themselves towards him/her. He is led into a plan of the good candidate for the sentencing reduction. The wages which he has to present "wrap" all which makes a person: wages of socioeconomic insertion, but also wages of an improvement of its heart of hearts, its psychic intimacy. These criteria are objectified, in particular, by psychiatric examinations. Yet, somehow or other, all the professional actors in prison, and even the volunteers, are put in contribution in this institutional project, which claims to consider how the prisoner "evolved". The dissertation describes this moral economy: the tend to govern the prisoners by enlisting them in a program of which we consider that they must desire to get hired into the programm.

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Studien syftar till att undersöka hur influencer marketing påverkar konsumenternas attityd och trovärdighet gentemot marknadsförda Non-Fungible Token (NFT) projekt. Begreppet influencer marketing syftar till marknadsföringsstrategin som handlar om att utveckla relationer med influencers som sedan marknadsför en produkt eller varumärke för att påverka sina följare. Strategin används av företag inom olika marknadsområden för att kunna förmedla och rekommendera produkter på ett mer trovärdigt sätt. Många konsumenter upplever att marknadsföring av företag är för kommersiellt vilket leder till mindre trovärdighet. Genom att använda sig av influencers för att marknadsföra produkter, kan detta stärka trovärdigheten och information som förmedlas. Influencer marketing används även för att påverka konsumenter vid köp av NFT som blivit en populär trend att investera i eftersom det är en digital tillgång i form av konst och samlarobjekt. NFT köps online genom kryptovalutor och certifierar sedan en unik digital tillgång till sin ägare. Däremot finns det stora kunskapsluckor inom NFT vilket ställer högre krav på influencers expertis för att kunna få en högre trovärdighet av konsumenter, dessutom är NFT-marknaden volatil då priset korrelerar med Herding behavior och inlägg från sociala medier. Den instabila NFT-marknaden ihop med osäkerheten kring influencers trovärdighet skapar en försämrad effekt av förtroende i två olika led, dels influencer marketing och NFT. Studien baseras på kvalitativa intervjuer med totalt 8 respondenter. Frågorna som formats i intervjuguiden har utgått från det teoretiska ramverket med teorier om influencer marketing, AIDA,  Source Credibility, Herding behavior och Electronic word-of-mouth. Teorierna är viktiga faktorer för att förstå och generera kunskap om hur konsumenter påverkas av influencers gällande NFT. Resultatet av studien visar att influencers har en tydlig och allmän stor påverkan på konsumenter. Dock är denna påverkan till en viss gräns och skiljer sig beroende på konsumenters tidigare erfarenheter. Om konsumenter är nya inom NFT har influencers haft en direkt påverkan på köpbeslut, medans för de kunniga konsumenterna, blir påverkan endast till att bli uppmärksamma konsumenterna om NFT-projekt som presenteras. Sedan tas egna analyser och beslut självständigt av konsumenterna. Resultatet visar även att expertis är en vital faktor för att öka influencers trovärdighet, samt att nyansering och perspektiv av NFT-projekt är något som uppskattas av konsumenter. / The purpose of this study is to investigate how influencer marketing affects consumers´ attitudes and credibility towards marketed Non-fungible Token (NFT) projects. Influencer marketing refers to the marketing strategy which develops relationships with influencers who market a product or brand to influence their followers. The strategy is used by companies to recommend products in a more credible way. Many consumers feel that marketing by companies is too commercial, which leads to less credibility. By using influencers to market products, it can strengthen credibility and information can be conveyed. Influencer marketing is also used to influence consumers´purchases of NFT which has become a popular trend to invest in because it is a digital asset in the form of art and collectibles. NFT is purchased online through cryptocurrencies and certifies a digital unique access to its owner. On the other hand, there are knowledge gaps within NFT, which places higher demands on the influence of influencers in order to gain a higher credibility from consumers. In addition, the NFT market is volatile as the price correlates with herding behavior and posts from social media. The unstable NFT market together with the uncertainty surrounding influencer credibility creates a deteriorating effect of trust in two different stages, influencer marketing and NFT. The study is based on qualitative interviews with a total of 8 respondents. The questions formed in the interview guide have been based on the theoretical framework with theories on influencer marketing, AIDA, source credibility, herding behavior and Electronic word-of-mouth. The theories are important for understanding and generating knowledge about how consumers are affected by influencers regarding NFT. The results of the study show that influencers have a clearly large impact on consumers. However, this impact is to a certain extent and differs depending on consumers previous experiences. If consumers are new to the NFT space, the effect on the consumers has led to direct purchase decisions, while for knowledgeable consumers, the influence is only to be made aware of NFT-projects that are presented. Then their own analyzes and decisions are made independently by consumers. The results also show that expertise is a vital factor in increasing the credibility of influencers and that the nuance and perspective of NFT-projects is something that is appreciated by consumers.

Целью данного исследования является повышение качества проектной документации за счет разработки требований к цифровым информационным моделям конструктивных решений, входящим в состав информационных моделей объектов капитального строительства, для проведения автоматизированной экспертизы проектной документации в программном комплексе Solibri Model Checker. В рамках исследования был проведен обзор существующих программ проверки ЦИМ и комплексных решений по верификации информационных моделей. Для проведения автоматизированных проверок было выбрано ПО Solibri Model Checker, в котором были разработаны правила проверок ЦИМ на соответствие требованиям СП. На основе создания правил проверок и анализа этого процесса были разработаны требования к ЦИМ конструктивных решений, входящим в состав информационных моделей объектов капитального строительства. Данные требования разработаны для проектных организаций с целью подготовки ЦИМ, представляемой в ГАУ СО «Управление государственной экспертизы» для успешного прохождения государственной экспертизы проектных решений. / The purpose of this study is to improve the quality of project documentation by developing requirements for digital information models of design solutions, which are part of information models of capital construction objects, for conducting automated examination of project documentation in the Solibri Model Checker software package. As part of the study, a review of existing CIM verification programs and integrated solutions for verifying information models was carried out. Solibri Model Checker software was chosen to carry out automated checks, in which the rules for checking CIM for compliance with the requirements of the SP were developed. Based on the creation of inspection rules and the analysis of this process, requirements were developed for the CIM of design solutions that are part of the information models of capital construction objects. These requirements have been developed for design organizations in order to prepare the CIM, which is submitted to the GAU SO "State Expertise Department" for the successful passing of the state examination of design solutions.

В исследовательской работе проанализированы существующие программные комплексы и системы по верификации информационных моделей, разработаны алгоритмы создания автоматизированных проверок, рассмотрены инструменты работы программного комплекса Solibri Model Checker и созданы автоматизированные проверки в нем. На основе создания и использования правил проверок в данном комплексе и анализа этого процесса разработаны требования к ЦИМ архитектурных решений. / In the research work, the existing software systems and systems for verifying information models are analyzed, algorithms for creating automated checks are developed, the tools for the Solibri Model Checker software package are considered and automated checks are created in it. Based on the creation and use of check rules in this complex and the analysis of this process, requirements for the CIM of architectural solutions have been developed.