Ce mémoire porte sur la qualité du travail dans l’économie de plateformes. Nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement au transport rémunéré de personnes par automobile, un secteur qui fut fortement bouleversé par l’arrivée massive des plateformes numériques au cours des dernières années. Nous souhaitons comprendre en quoi et par quels moyens les plateformes numériques, bien qu’elles témoignent de nouvelles possibilités de contrôle sur les travailleurs, constituent aussi de nouveaux espaces de pratiques émergentes d’émancipation. À travers ce rapport dialectique, nous porterons une attention toute particulière à l’autonomie, une notion qui nous apparaît transversale pour appréhender la qualité du travail dans cet univers hautement digitalisé. Comment et dans quelle mesure l’autonomie apparente associée au travail de plateforme confère-t-elle aux travailleurs les moyens d’améliorer la qualité de leur travail et de s’émanciper? À l’inverse, cette autonomie apparente dissimule-t-elle de nouvelles modalités de contrôle et d’assujettissement ? Afin d’explorer ces questions, nous avons choisi d’explorer deux plateformes concurrentes : la populaire plateforme Uber, multinationale et figure de proue de cette nouvelle économie, et la plateforme Eva, une alternative coopérative dite « socialement responsable » et québécoise. Des entretiens semi-dirigés avec des chauffeurs travaillant sur l’une ou l’autre des plateformes, ou simultanément avec chacune d’entre elles, permettent une compréhension nuancée de l’expérience des travailleurs et des logiques autonomes et hétéronomes qui traversent celle-ci. La recherche interroge finalement le concept de zone grise d’emploi, récemment mobilisé dans la littérature sur l’économie de plateformes. Nous souhaitons mettre en relief comment les zones grises dans lesquelles sont plongés les travailleurs de plateformes participent à nourrir ces rapports dialectiques d’autonomie/contrôle et d’émancipation/assujettissement. Autrement dit, nous souhaitons voir si ces travailleurs sont en mesure de s’approprier ces zones grises d’emploi de manière à initier des expérimentations émancipatrices, en tension avec l’investissement hétéronome de ce même espace par les employeurs. / This thesis focuses on the quality of work in the platform economy. We are particularly interested in the remunerated passenger transportation by automobile, a sector that has been greatly disrupted by the massive arrival of digital platforms in recent years. We wish to understand how and in what ways digital platforms, although they demonstrate new possibilities of control over workers, also constitute new spaces of emerging emancipatory practices. Through this dialectical relationship, we will pay particular attention to autonomy, a notion that appears to us to be transversal to the understanding of the quality of work in this highly digitalized universe. How and to what extent does the apparent autonomy associated with platform work give workers the means to improve the quality of their work and empower themselves? Conversely, does this apparent autonomy conceal new modalities of control and subjugation? In order to explore these questions, we chose to explore two competing platforms: Uber, a multinational and figurehead of this new economy, and Eva, a local cooperative alternative known as “socially responsible”. Semi-directed interviews with drivers working on either platform, or simultaneously with both, allow for a nuanced understanding of the workers' experience and the autonomous and heteronomous logic that cross it. Finally, the research questions the concept of the grey zone of employment, recently mobilized in the literature on the platform economy. We wish to highlight how the grey zones in which platform workers are immersed contribute to nourishing these dialectical relationships of autonomy/control and emancipation/subjugation. In other words, we want to see if these workers are able to appropriate these grey areas of employment in order to initiate emancipatory experiments, in tension with the heteronomous investment of this same space by employers.

Тема выпускной квалификационной работы – «Эмоциональная, экспрессивная и оценочная эквивалентность перевода политических речей (на материале предвыборных речей кандидатов в президенты США 2020 года)». Цель исследования заключается в выявлении способов достижения эмоциональной, экспрессивной и оценочной эквивалентности при переводе текстов предвыборных речей, которые позволят создать коннотативно и прагматически эквивалентный оригиналу перевод речей кандидатов в президенты США. Объектом исследования данной работы служит эмоциональная, экспрессивная и оценочная эквивалентность перевода политических речей. Предметом исследования являются переводческие соответствия и приемы, используемые для передачи единиц с экспрессивной, эмоциональной и оценочной коннотацией и фигур речи при переводе политических речей с английского языка на русский. Исследование строится на коммуникативно-прагматической парадигме. Для научной работы использовались такие методы исследования, как описания, герменевтический, стилостатистический, валентностный и методы лингвостилистики, а также психолингвистический метод. В ходе исследования впервые рассматриваются способы достижения сразу трех типов эквивалентности перевода политических речей и объясняются варианты перевода исследуемых единиц. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы в практической деятельности переводчика, для преподавания теории и практики перевода будущим переводчикам и лингвистам, а также могут быть применены в учебно-методической деятельности при создании учебных пособий по переводу и достижению эквивалентности текстов. / The topic of the present graduation thesis is “Emotional, expressive and evaluative translation equivalence of political speeches (by the material of campaign speeches of the 2020 US presidential candidates)”. The purpose of the study is to identify ways of achieving emotional, evaluative and expressive equivalence in translation, which will make it possible to create an equivalent translation of the original speech texts of the US presidential candidates. The subject of the research is emotional, evaluative and expressive equivalence in translation of political speeches. The scope of the research includes translation matches and techniques used to convey linguistic units with emotional, evaluative and expressive connotations and figures of speech while translating political speeches from the English language into Russian. The study is based on communicational pragmatic paradigm. We used a descriptive method, hermeneutic method, statistical technique, valence method and approaches of stylistics and psycholinguistics. The work is novel in that it examines ways of achieving three types of translation equivalence of political speeches at once and explains variants of translation of the studied units. The results of the research may be used in translation and interpreting practice, as a teaching material for students majoring in translation.

L’analyse sémiotique de l’architecture domestique a pour but de voir comment se manifestent, à travers le langage architectural, les comportements codés qui remplacent la communication linguistique, en postulant qu'il y a un déterminisme de l'architecture par les valeurs macro-sociales, et que le signe architectural doit être considéré comme un marqueur anthropologique. L’approche pluridisciplinaire qui allie des champs aussi divers que l’architecture, la sémiologie et l’anthropologie, a pour ambition de contribuer d’une part, à la sémiotique de l’architecture en proposant une méthodologie pour l’analyse et le découpage d’un corpus architectural, et d’une autre, d’élargir le champ de la géographie urbaine à de nouvelles disciplines, et enfin, de proposer une lecture inédite du paysage urbain à Beyrouth à travers l’étude comparative de deux typologies architecturales. L’approche sémiotique proposée peut être appliquée en tant qu’outil de la géographie urbaine à des corpus architecturaux ou des pans du tissu urbain afin d’appréhender les mécanismes de production et d’obsolescence des formes, et par extension de la ville. / The purpose of a semiotic analysis of architecture is to see how non verbal codes manifest themselves through the architectural language, based upon the idea that such a language is conditioned by macro-social values, and therefore the architectural sign should be considered as an anthropological marker. This multi-disciplinary approach combining different fields such as architecture, semiotics and anthropology, is aimed on one hand at contributing to semiotics by proposing a methodology for the analysis of an architectural corpus, and on the other hand, to broadening the field of urban geography to new disciplines, and finally, to providing a new analysis of Beirut’s urban fabric through the comparative case study of two architectural typologies. The proposed semiotic approach can be applied as a tool of urban geography to architectural corpuses and urban fabrics in order to understand the mechanisms of production and obsolescence of form.

L’enjeu de cette thèse est d’étudier la chanson non dans sa dialectique parole/musique, mais par la saisie d’une troisième entité : l’interprétation vocale. Il s’agit à la fois d’en faire émerger l’importance fondamentale et la richesse et de lui conférer sa légitimité d’objet d’étude par la mise en place d’un protocole méthodologique et lexical spécifique qui en autorise l’analyse – au même titre que la composition – malgré son caractère mouvant et réputé réfractaire à la théorisation. Abordée comme objet complexe (selon la terminologie d’Edgar Morin), elle est soumise au feu croisé des disciplines (musicologie, linguistique, rhétorique, acoustique) pour pousser autant qu’il est possible son objectivation. Sous l’égide de la musicologie, l’utilisation d’outils informatiques permet d’établir une complémentarité entre les perspectives des sciences humaines et des sciences exactes, de capter et d’analyser les spécificités interprétatives, aussi bien dans leurs caractères dominants qu’agogiques, leurs rapports à la partition, leur complexité combinatoire au sein des méta-paramètres (timbre, rythme, phrasé) et les tensions dialogiques qui les parcourent (variation/répétition, mélodicité/insertion du bruit, chanté/parlé). Le large corpus de chanteurs d’expression française (du style Rive gauche à la Nouvelle chanson française) permet d’appréhender, au travers d’analyses d’enregistrements en studio ou en concert, la spécificité irréductible de chacun, émanation d’un corps unique, mais aussi de grands réseaux tendanciels de parentés stylistiques. Mise en avant par la perspective sémiologique, autour des notions de stratégie et de visées interprétatives, de rhétorique vocale, de suscitation du pathos et d’expression de l’ethos, se fait jour une typologie des styles interprétatifs, ouverte sur la prise en compte de l’originalité intrinsèque de chaque interprète et sur l’intégration des évolutions génériques ultérieures. / The present thesis focuses on the study of the song not in its word and music dialectic but through the acquisition of a third entity : the vocal rendition. The point is to reveal its critical importance and richness and make it legitimate as a subject of study as the result of the implementation of a specific methodological and lexical protocol that allows the analysis – as with the composition – although its changeable nature is not conducive to theorizing. Considered as a complex object (according to Edgar Morin’s terminology), vocal rendition is submitted to the crossfire of various disciplines (musicology, linguistics, rhetoric, acoustics) in order to favour as far as it is possible its objectivization. Within the framework of musicology, the use of computer tools makes it possible to establish a complementarity between the perspectives of social sciences and exact sciences, to catch and analyse the peculiarities of the performances both in their dominant or agogic characters, their connexions to the score, their combinatorial complexity within the meta-parameters (timbre, rhythm, phrasing), as well as the dialogical tensions which run through them (variation and repetition, melodicity and noise integration, singing and speaking parts). Thanks to the existence of a large body of French-speaking singers (from Rive Gauche style to Nouvelle chanson française) it is possible by studying studio and concert recordings to grasp the irreducible specificity of everyone (what is issued from a unique body) as well as the great underlying networks of stylistic relationships. Disclosed by the semeiological perspective, around the notions of strategy and performance designs, vocal rhetoric, the way to induce pathos and to express ethos, there emerges a typology of performing styles that is open to considering the intrinsic originality of each performer and integrating further generic developments.

This thesis interprets four of Schumann’s works in the light of the Hoffmann fictions with which they seem to be associated. Unlike previous studies, it deals with each of the four works, treating them as aesthetic entities enhanced by literary relationships that are not primarily programmatic, nor primarily a matter of formal parallels. Each work emerges both in a new light and as it always was. Carnaval (1834-37) appears as a dizzying comedy of theatrical vignettes and character, in the spirit of the German literary understanding of Italian carnival (including in Hoffmann), and Fantasiestücke (1837-38) as a humorous sequence of dream images, resonating with literary tales of the artist’s development, not least those in Hoffmann’s Fantasiestücke. Kreisleriana (1838), a finished masterpiece, suggests improvisations on melodic fragments appearing also in popular tunes used both in trivial variation sets and in Bach’s Goldberg Variations – which figure in Hoffmann’s Kreisleriana as opposed emblems of the philistine and the profound. Nachtstücke (1839-40) creates from plain rondos a paradoxically unsettled set, expressive of profound mental disturbances explored by Hoffmann’s book of that name. I bring out in each work previously unexamined patterns of melody, tonality, metre, sonority and form, showing how these become threads expressive of drama, emotion or symbolism. Unusually, I do not take Schumann’s approach over the 1830s as static: increasingly powerful musical means gave the music greater independence from supporting words, and what Schumann called ‘poetic’ threads increasingly coincide with core musical processes. Equally unusually, I describe those processes as resonating simultaneously with Schumann’s titles, with his culture including Hoffmann, and with his concerns around the time of composition as documented in his letters, criticism, diaries and Mottosammlung. Unlike previous work the thesis treats its subject consistently at three levels. My approach to the interpretation of the individual works at the first level is consonant with Schumann’s aesthetics as described at the second: there I focus more sharply than previous treatments on his stated view that musical works can ‘express’ ‘remote interests’ including literature, and on how he thought that possible – points that, given sensitivity to contemporary connotations and to context, emerge from his writings. Finally, at a third level, I reflect on the approach in the light of strands of musicological and intellectual thought in Schumann’s day and since.

This thesis investigates the expressiveness of specification languages for stochastic safety-critical systems, addressing the need for expressiveness in describing system behaviour formally. Through a case study and specification language enhancements, the research explores the impact of different frameworks on a set of specifications. The results highlight the importance of continuous development in the specification languages to meet the complex behaviours of systems with probabilistic properties. The findings emphasise the need for extending the chosen specification languages more formally, to ensure that the languages can capture the complexity of the systems they describe.  The research contributes valuable insights into improving the expressiveness of specification languages for ensuring system safety and operational reliability.