La thèse interroge la formation des architectes à l’Ecole des beaux-arts au vingtième siècle en privilégiant deux orientations qui fondent une histoire réglementaire et une histoire de la pédagogie. D’un côté, les archives de l’Ecole des beaux-arts et ses règlements font émerger les moments de réforme et de débats comme les phases de stabilité. D’un autre côté, l’enseignement de la théorie de l’architecture éclaire certaines pratiques pédagogiques, notamment à l’articulation entre les cours et les concours d’émulation. Ce regard croisé entre histoire règlementaire et pédagogique traduit l’évolution et les continuités d’un enseignement. Ainsi sont évaluées les capacités de l’institution à se réformer et à questionner ses traditions académiques au fil du temps. Du berceau parisien aux antennes provinciales, des enjeux scolaires à ceux de la profession, des cours aux concours, est ici proposée une lecture inédite de certains traits de l’enseignement de l’architecture à l’Ecole de beaux-arts au XXe siècle. / This PHd thesis is focused on the architect’s formation at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts during the Twentyth century. It is focused on the history of both regulations and pedagogy. Archives of the Ecole de Beaux-Arts and texts of regulations show reformes and period of stability along the century. The teaching of Architectural Theory, expecially the articulation between courses and contests, shows some pedagogical practices. By using a double perspective, continuities and evolutions have been highlighted. Moreover the abilities of the institution to let its academic traditions evolve has been explored. From Paris to provincial schools, from academical contest to professional one, from courses to contests, an innovative way of understanding teaching at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts during the Twentyth century is proposed.

Elève à l’école des Beaux-arts de Paris, premier prix de Rome à l’âge de 23 ans, Théodore Ballu (1817-1885) prolonge sa formation à l’Ecole française de Rome, et en Grèce, avant même l’ouverture de l’Ecole française d’Athènes. Sa carrière d’architecte, longue d’une trentaine d’années, est exceptionnelle. Auteur d’un quart des églises parisiennes construites sous le Second Empire, de l’Hôtel de Ville de Paris en collaboration avec Deperthes, et de plusieurs édifices ou monuments civils, il est un représentant majeur de l’éclectisme architectural. Ses édifices religieux auront une influence sur ses contemporains et sur la jeune génération d’architectes. Formé par son père et par Auguste Magne, Albert Ballu (1849-1939) a une carrière multiple et internationale : auteur du palais de justice néo-classique de Charleroi et de celui plus éclectique de Bucarest, il adapte ses autres productions aux techniques architecturales du tournant du XXe siècle. Architecte diocésain et architecte en chef des monuments historiques, il s’investit beaucoup en Algérie, jusqu’aux années 1920, où il fouille les grands sites romains, restaure les édifices religieux et construit des édifices variés. Chef de file de la valorisation de l’Algérie romaine et musulmane, il est l’architecte restaurateur de très nombreux édifices diocésains et monuments historiques, spécialement dans les départements des Charentes, en Bretagne et en Corse. Il se spécialise, aussi, dès 1889, dans la construction de pavillons d’expositions universelles. Résultant d’une étude détaillée de la vie et de l’oeuvre de ces architectes, cette thèse évalue leur importance dans la mise en place de modèles architecturaux et dans l’orientation des restaurations architecturales des années 1850 à 1920. / Théodore Ballu (1817-1885) was a pupil at the Ecole des Beaux-arts in Paris who won the Prix de Rome at the age of 23. He continued his studies at the French Academy in Rome and then in Greece, even before the opening of the French Academy in Athens. His thirty year career as an architect was exceptional. He designed a quarter of the Parisian churches constructed during the Second Empire. He was a major representative of architectural eclecticism, collaborating with Deperthes on the Hotel de Ville in Paris and working on several other public buildings and monuments. His religious constructions would influence his contemporaries and the next generation of architects. Albert Ballu (1849-1939) was trained by his father and by Magne. He had a varied international career, including designing the neo-classical Charleroi courthouse as well as the more eclectic one in Bucharest. He adapted his other productions to the architectural techniques at the turn of the twentieth century. As a diocesan architect and chief architect for historic monuments, he was heavily involved in Algeria until the 1920’s. Here he explored the great Roman archaeological sites, restored religious buildings and constructed various others. A leader in the movement to increase the status of Roman and Muslim Algeria, he was the restoring architect of large numbers of diocesan buildings and historic monuments, especially in the Charentes departments, as well as in Brittany and in Corsica. As early as 1889 he also specialised in the construction of pavilions for great exhibitions. The result of a detailed study of the lives and works of these architects, this thesis evaluates their importance in establishing architectural models and the direction of architectural restorations between 1850 and 1920.

La direction artistique de l’Académie de France à Rome et de ses pensionnaires est placée sous le patronage de l’Académie des beaux-arts. Elle détermine et réglemente les conditions de séjour et le programme des travaux annuels, les envois de Rome. Ce privilège est interrompu le 13 novembre 1863 par un décret qui lui retire sa tutelle pour la confier à l’Etat. Cette rupture est révélatrice d’une crise majeure de l’enseignement des beaux-arts en France et bien que l’Académie récupère la totalité de ses prérogatives huit ans plus tard, elle devra désormais composer avec les exigences que l’époque lui imposera, entre tradition et modernité. C’est dans cette perspective que vienne s’inscrire les pensionnaires peintres et leurs envois de Rome. Tributaires d’un enseignement et d’un système académique des beaux-arts, les lauréats des grands prix de Rome de peinture sont le symbole de la tradition. Ils sont peintres d’histoire et achèvent leur formation artistique en Italie, à Rome, au contact des grands maîtres de la Renaissance et des chef-d’œuvres de l’antiquité. Mais ils sont aussi enfants de leur siècle et à ce titre partagent les problématiques artistiques contemporaines. La question est de savoir dans quelle mesure cette présence au monde se manifeste dans leurs envois et de quelle nature sont les formes qu’elle revêt. / The artistic direction of the Académie de France à Rome and its artists in residence is placed under the patronage of the Academy of fine arts. The Academy determines and regulates the conditions of stay and the programme of annual work, the « envois de Rome ». This privilège is interrupted on the 13th November 1863 by a decree witch withdraws its guardianship to entrust it to the government. This rupture shows major crisis in fine arts education in France. even though the Academy recovers the totality of its prerogatives eight years later, from then on it has to take into account the demands that epoch imposes, oscillatin between tradition and modernity. It is in this perspective that the painters in residents and their « envois de Rome » position themselves. tributaries of the education and of the academic system of fine arts, laureates of the prix de Rome in painting are the symbol of the tradition. They are history painters and complete their artistic training in Italy, in Rome, in touch with the old masters of the Renaissance and the masterpiecies of antiquity. But they are also children of their century and for this reason they share the contemporary artistic issues . The point is to know to what extent this presence in world is manifested in their work and what is the nature of the forms it takes on.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:35:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3043.pdf: 13472377 bytes, checksum: 643372ef6a8710eaf7b934def17e7b5e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-31 / The Fine-Arts Teaching System, founded by the École des Beaux-Arts of Paris in its Architecture Course, which lasted from 1671 to 1968, is considered to be a supreme asset of cultural and symbolic importance in which the traditional school, related to the French capitalist state, was expressed. Furthermore, it is also understood to be cultural capital which merits preservation. The history of the École, the world's most famous institution for the teaching of art and which has influenced the installation of ramifications of its model in various countries, reveals a series of crises which culminated with the final catastrophe in 1968, when the Architecture Course was closed and the competition for the Great Prize of Rome was discontinued. Throughout its history the École always maintained its base in relationships with powerful groups related to the nobility and influenced by prestige, status, pleasure and knowlege. These facts serve to explain the political and cultural processes which have preserved the important relevance of the Fine-Arts Teaching System. Power is an intrinsic factor of art and of the understanding of its essence, originality and knowledgepower, and this is evident and explicit in the formation of the systematised enlightenment of Graeco-Roman classicism conceived in the neoclassic style and practised rightly by the famous French school. The "rigid"classic rules, on being systematised, became powerknowledge to benefit primarily the aristocracy, the monarchical State and afterwards the interests of an authoritarian State regime. The closure of the Architecture Course and the extinction of the Great Prize of Rome Competition , while confirming the phenomenon of genealogical power, exposes the problem of non-flexibilisation of Education in the political and cultural areas in order to defend, above all, the knowledge-power of art in the classic model of Fine-Arts. The industrialisation and growth of the cities and the emergence of new social and political structures, together with their "utopias", are facts which have changed the positive power of classic works to that of technology and of engineering, thus giving origin to modern archtecture. These developments were not considered in relation to the principles of Graeco-Roman culture, which were founded in humanism as represented in the poetry of expression of sensitivity and of emotion. In this respect research indicates defence of the educational principles of a school interested in art and archtecture and focused on the potential it has for the communication of knowledge. In such connection, it should be remembered that schools in general, obsessed as they are by the spirit of commercial objectivity, tend to favour the power-knowledge attitude. Nevertheless, the knowledge-power of the Fine-Arts Teaching System can be saved and should be appreciated as the basic teaching value of a school disinterested in power without knowledge, which is to say power that is not intrinsically art. / O Sistema de Ensino Belas-Artes, instituído pela École des Beaux-Arts de Paris no Curso de Arquitetura de 1671 a 1968, é compreendido como um capital simbólico e cultural valioso, no qual a tradicional escola, relacionado ao Estado capitalista francês, se expressou. A história da École a mais famosa instituição de ensino da arte do mundo, que influenciou a criação de ramificações de seu modelo em vários países revela um processo de crises que culminaram no abalo fatal de 1968, no qual aconteceu o fechamento do Curso de Arquitetura e a extinção do concurso O Grande Prêmio de Roma. Essa história teve sempre como base as relações de poder, vinculado à nobreza, ao prestigio, ao status, ao prazer e ao saber, e serve para explicar os processos políticos e culturais que operaram a pertinência do Sistema de Ensino Belas- Artes. O poder intrínseco à arte, do saber na sua essência e originalidade, saber-poder, evidencia-se e explica-se na construção do conhecimento sistematizado do classicismo grecoromano, concebido no estilo neoclássico, operado justamente pela famosa escola francesa. Os rígidos cânones clássicos, ao serem sistematizados, tornaram-se poder-saber para servir primeiramente à aristocracia, os quais compunham o Estado monárquico, e depois aos interesses de um Estado autoritário. O fechamento do Curso de Arquitetura e a extinção do concurso O Grande Prêmio de Roma, ao confirmarem o fenômeno do poder na sua genealogia, expõem o caráter do problema da não flexibilização do Ensino no campo político e cultural, a fim de defender, sobretudo, o saber-poder da arte no modelo clássico das Belas- Artes. A industrialização e o crescimento das cidades, o surgimento de novas estruturas sociais e políticas, bem como suas utopias, são fatos que deslocaram o poder de construção de obras clássicas para o da tecnologia e da engenharia, dando assim origem a arquitetura moderna. Esses acontecimentos, não foram refletidos e relacionados aos princípios da cultura greco-romana, fundados no humanismo e implicados na poética da expressão do sensível e na emoção. Assim, a pesquisa aponta a defesa do processo educacional de uma escola interessada na arte e na arquitetura no sentido do potencial que elas tem de instaurar o saber, considerando que as escolas, de modo geral, tendem a ser interessadas no poder-saber, envolvidas, como são, pelo espírito da objetividade mercantilista. Todavia, o saber-poder no Sistema de Ensino Belas-Artes pode ser resgatado e deve ser prezado como base, em uma escola de um ensino desinteressado do poder que não seja saber, isto é, que não seja da arte intrinsecamente.