The main purpose of the study is to examine the cointegration relationships among economic growth, foreign direct investment and financial sector development in 4 East Asian countries, namely Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand between the years 1971-2008 by autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach. In the existing literature, there is no study examining the causal relationships among economic growth, foreign direct investment and financial sector development by applying ARDL methodology for these East Asian countries. The contribution of this study to the literature, the cointegration relationships are constructed to observe the direct linkage among these variables by ARDL approach. If cointegration relationships exist among these variables, then the effect of each regressor on the dependent variable is also investigated. The results of the study indicate that foreign direct investment and financial sector development could be long run forcing variables of economic growth. Additionally, economic growth and financial sector development could be long run forcing variables of foreign direct investment. However, there is not sufficient evidence that economic growth and foreign direct investment together are long run key determinants of financial sector development in a country as obtained in this study.

<p>Efter upplösningen av Sovjetunionens starka maktkontroll över sina satellitstater den 9:e november 1989, kunde de Centrala och Östeuropeiska länderna (förkortning CEEC på engelska) påbörja sin övergång till marknadsekonomi. Sättet att närma sig en fri marknad är indelat i två olika tillvägagångssätt – chockterapi och gradualism. Den förstnämda metoden genomförs med fokus på snabbhet och en samverkande engångsförvandling av de ekonomiska sektorerna medan den sistnämnda beaktar en grad- och stegvis omvandling. Omvandlingsprocessen i sig består av flera variabler, exempelvis privatisering av statligt ägd egendom, makroekonomisk stabilitet samt liberalisering av priser och handel. Beroende på vilken metod som valdes genomfördes de ovan nämnda variablerna vid olika tidpunkter och med varierande hastighetsgrad. Åsikterna bland ekonomer rörande vilken metod som uppnått bäst resultat är omdebatterad. Följaktligen är syftet med denna uppsats att undersöka vilken av omvandlingsmetoderna som har uppnått högst BNP per capita tillväxt i de valda CEEC under perioden 1992-2003. Tio CEEC valdes ut för att få en rättvis delning mellan de två tillvägagångssätten, med tillhörande fem länder i varje grupp. Därtill valdes fem referensländer ut, för att i en grafisk analys kunna relatera utvecklingen i omvandlingsländer till redan etablerade marknadsekonomier. De erhållna resultaten visar att val av tillvägagångssätt inom omvandlingsprocessen inte har någon signifikant inverkan på BNP per capita utvecklingen. Ländernas grundförutsättningar samt i vilken ordning variablerna implementerades visar sig troligen ha större inverkan på BNP per capita tillväxten. Dessutom visar de empiriska resultaten klara indikationer på att det finns en skillnad mellan CEEC och referensländerna.</p> / <p>After the resolution of the Soviet Unions strict control over its satellite with beginning on the 9th of November 1989, the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEEC) began their transition towards a market economy. How to approach the economic system of a free market has been divided into two major policies – shock therapy and gradualism. The first policy is implemented with speed and one-shock change within the economic sectors as a focus while the second constitutes of slow and gradual implementations. The transformation process in itself consists of several variables, for e.g. privatization of state-owned properties, macroeconomic stabilization and liberalization of prices and trade. Depending on what policy chosen, the variables were implemented at different times and with different speed. The views among economists regarding which of the two models that achieve the best result when transforming differs widely. Hence, the purpose of this thesis is to investigate which of the two models that have had the best effect upon the GDP per capita growth in the chosen CEEC. Ten CEEC were picked to have a fair representation for each policy, with five countries representing each policy group and the years measured were 1992-2003. In addition, for a graphical analysis to be performed and to distinct CEEC from already established market economies, five reference countries were included. The results obtained indicate that the policy choice has no impact on average GDP per capita growth. Instead we concure with earlier research that claim that preconditions and sequential order of the market reforms have a larger impact on GDP per capita growth. Additionally, empirical results indicated that there is a significant difference in the GDP growth over the last decade between our CEEC and the reference countries.</p>

<p> </p><p>The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the impact of the EU’s Structural Fund (SF) policy between 2000-2007 on regional economic growth in Sweden. A regional convergence analysis is performed in order to examine if the SF policy’s overall aim of convergence is reached. Furthermore the study examines the growth of important Structural Fund goal indicators as employment, education and new firm formation in the Objective 1, 2 and 3 areas. The main growth- and convergence theories and their connection to regional policies such as the SF policy is used as the theoretical framework and form the study’s hypothesis.</p><p>The results show that absolute β-convergence exists between the Swedish urban areas. The growth of the goal indicators show that the Objective 1 and 2 areas, which received most part of the SF support have achieved their aims in increasing employment and new firm creation. In addition the Objective 2 areas have increased their share of population with higher education compared to the areas that did not receive either Objective 1 or 2 support. The Objective 3 areas, which received the least part of the SF support had a lower mean growth in employment than the areas that received no direct Objective 3 support. In addition the urban areas that only received Objective 3 support had a lower growth in share of population with higher education. From the results we can reach the overall conclusion that the positive impact of the SF policy on the goal indicators seem to be the largest in the areas that received most part of the funding. The final conclusion is that the SF are effective in enhancing economic growth in the areas of intervention.</p><p> </p> / <p>Syftet med denna uppsats är att analysera EU:s Strukturfondspolitiks inverkan på regional ekonomisk tillväxt i Sverige mellan 2000-2007. En regional konvergensanalys utförs för att undersöka om Strukturfondspolitikens övergripande konvergens mål uppnås. Vidare undersöker studien viktiga Strukturfondmålindikatorers tillväxt, såsom sysselsättning, utbildning och nyföretagande, i Mål 1, 2 och 3 områdena. De viktigaste tillväxt- och konvergensteorierna och deras koppling till regional politik, såsom Strukturfondspolitiken används som den teoretiska bakgrunden och formar studiens hypotes.</p><p>Resultaten visar att absolut β-konvergens existerar mellan de svenska kommunerna. Resultaten för målindikatorernas tillväxt visar att Mål 1 och 2-områdena som har mottagit största delen av Strukturfondsstödet har uppnått sina mål att öka sysselsättningen och starta nya företag. Dessutom har Mål 2-områdena haft en högre ökning av andelen av befolkningen med högre utbildning jämfört med områdena som inte mottog något Mål 1 eller 2-stöd. Mål 3- områdena som har mottagit den minsta delen av Strukturfondsstödet hade en lägre tillväxt av sysselsättning jämfört med de områden som inte mottog något direkt Mål 3-stöd. De områden som enbart mottog Mål 3-stöd hade dessutom en lägre tillväxt av befolkning med högre utbildning. Utifrån resultaten kan vi dra den övergripande slutsatsen att den positiva påverkan av Strukturfondspolitiken på målindikatorerna verkar vara störst i de områden som har mottagit största delen av Strukturfondsstödet. Den slutgiltiga slutsatsen är att Strukturfondspolitiken sannolikt främjar den ekonomiska tillväxten i insatsområdena.</p>

<p>This thesis examines the correlation between economic growth and the prevalence of a number of institutions that according to a theory elaborated by economists Christer Gunnarsson and Mauricio Rojas are growth promoting. The economic development and the institutional quality of four African countries, namely Botswana, Zambia, Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau, is examined by comparing index scores for relevant institutional factors. The results show that some correlation between economic growth and the prevalence of the institutions examined can be confirmed, why the theory only gains moderate support. A minor attempt is also made to trace potential correlations between the level of economic equality and the institutions in question, but no correlation is found in this respect.</p>

中國自1970年代末期改革以來，經濟的高速成長引起了舉世矚目，而在中國同時進行的多種改革之中，中央政府財政權力的下放地方，被認為是貢獻於其驚人經濟成長的重要因素之一。然而，中央的財政權力下放真的能夠刺激經濟正向的成長嗎？若回顧過去研究單一國家、或是進行跨國分析的相關實證文獻，都無法在財政地方分權化與經濟成長間關係，產生一致的結論；有些實證文獻甚至指出，財政地方分權化對經濟成長產生了負面的影響。若單以中國為研究對象，過去的文獻也沒有一致的結論。 本篇文章之研究目的，即為探討中國的財政地方分權化效果究竟如何。我們將利用中國的省級追蹤資料（panel data）來進行分析，財政地方分權化對於其地區性經濟成長，究竟存在著什麼樣的貢獻。於本研究中，將回顧現有文獻中，關於財政地方分權化對經濟成長影響之相關理論與實證文獻，且特別著重在以中國為研究主體之相關文獻。此外，本文也將清楚地介紹與說明，近幾年來中國財政地方分權化與其地區性經濟成長間關係之現況，且特別著重在地區別之比較。最後，為了確保本研究實證結果之可信度，本文將建立兩種實證模型，並將財政地方分權化變數之平方項加入實證模型中，試圖探析中國的財政地方分權化，對於其地區性經濟成長之完整影響效果如何。這樣的作法可能可以解釋，為何過去文獻對於此一問題之結論的不一致，也可以進一步獲得，使中國地區性經濟成長達最適之財政地方分權程度。 / The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of fiscal decentralization in China’s regional economic growth ever since fiscal reform was embarked upon in 1994. This study uses provincial-level data to analyze whether or not fiscal decentralization provides a positive effect for economic growth. Both theoretical papers and empirical papers related to the relationship between fiscal decentralization and economic growth are reviewed, particularly those focusing on China. However, in order to examine the role of fiscal decentralization in China’s regional economic growth, this study establishes two empirical models with the square term of fiscal decentralization as an independent variable. So doing might explain why past papers have inconstant conclusions to this problem and provides some important policy implications.

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Magistro darbu siekiama apibūdinti tiesioginių užsienio investicijų įtaka regionų plėtrai bei ekonominei situacijai Lietuvoje. Mokslinės literatūros, atliktų tyrimų, teisės aktų analizė parodė, kad yra daug priežasčių skatinančių siekti kaip įmanoma didesnio tiesioginių užsienio investicijų pritraukimo, tačiau turi būti atsižvelgiama ir į tai, kad tiesioginės užsienio investicijos ne tik skatina ekonomikos augimą, bet gali jį ir stabdyti. Atlikta tiesioginių užsienio investicijų pasiskirstymo regionuose pagal ekonominės veiklos rūšis analizė parodė, kad užsienio investicijų į Lietuvos regionus kiekvienais metais pritraukiama vis daugiau, tačiau jų pasiskirstymas regionuose yra labai netolygus. / This master‘s final paper is up to character the influence of foreign investment for regions growth and economic situation in Lithuania. The analysis or nonfiction literature, researches’ and acts of law showed, that here are many reasons which stimulates the in draft of foreign direct investments. But country must consider that foreign direct investment not only influence the growth of economy, but can also block it. The analysis of foreign direct investment distribution by the sort of economic activity in the regions unfolded, that amount of investment growth every year, but their distribution in regions is uneven.

Šio magistro baigiamojo darbo tema nagrinėja pastaraisiais dešimtmečiais makroekonominėje užsienio literatūroje itin populiarią žmogiškojo kapitalo koncepciją ir tiria žmogiškojo kapitalo, kaip ekonomikos augimo veiksnio įtaką Lietuvos ekonomikos augimui 2004-2011 m. laikotarpiu. Darbas susideda iš trijų dalių. Pirmojoje apžvelgiamas ekonomikos augimo veiksnių ir žmogiškojo kapitalo ištirtumas mokslinėje literatūroje, antrojoje pateikiami žmogiškojo kapitalo makroekonominių tyrimų bendrieji bruožai, apribojimai bei detaliai aprašoma bei pagrindžiama šio darbo tyrimo metodologija. Trečiojoje dalyje pateikiami statistinio tyrimo duomenys, interpretuojami jo rezultatai, apibrėžiami ribotumai. Rezultatai parodo aukštojo išsilavinimo darbo jėgos svarbą Lietuvos ekonomikos vystymosi procesuose. / This paper focuses on the the concept of human capital that has been a major topic in modern economic literature in the last few decades. The paper consists of three parts. Firstly, the paper provides with an overview of the human capital discussion in the economic literature. The second part consists of brief summary of methodological and empirical findings of human capital empirics followed by a complete description of this paper‘s statistical model and data. The third part shows the results and thoroughly specifies the econometric model.

Finansų krizė, kuri prasidėjo 2007 m. vasarą JAV, parodė, kad problemos, užgriuvusios vieną banką, gali išplisti visame finansų sektoriuje ir toli peržengti vienos šalies ribas. Bankai yra vieni pagrindinių dalyvių finansų sistemoje ir, kai jie nebegali atlikti savo pagrindinių funkcijų, ekonomikos augimas komplikuojasi. Bankų krizių aktualumas nemenksta jau seniai. Tai iš dalies sąlygoja šių krizių dažnumas. Kita vertus, ne mažiau aktualus ir jų tyrinėjimas. Yra suvokiama, jog praeitų krizių scenarijų supratimas gali šalims padėti pasimokyti iš praeities klaidų, išvengti krizių pasikartojimo ateityje. Atskirų šalių bankų krizių atvejų nagrinėjimai padeda geriau suprasti ryšį tarp bankų veiklos ir ekonomikos raidos. Bankų krizių įtaką šalies ekonomikai būtina išsiaiškinti užtikrinant bankų sektoriaus stabilumą, taip pat bankų krizių įtakos analizė padeda geriau nustatyti, kurie ekonomikos sektoriai krizės metu yra labiau pažeidžiami ir įgalina imtis prevencinių priemonių. Darbe sprendžiama problema – ar bankų krizės vienodai veikia skirtingo išsivystymo lygio šalių ekonomikos augimą? Tyrimo objektas: Atskirų Centrinės Europos atskirų šalių bankų krizės 1990-1998 m. poveikis ekonomikos augimui. Tyrimo tikslas: Įvertinti bankų krizės poveikį ekonomikos augimui, analizuojant atskirų šalių krizės padarinius. Siekiant įgyvendinti tyrimo tikslą, išsikelti šie uždaviniai: 1. Apžvelgti krizės teoriją ir taikomuosius tyrimus; 2. Išskirti bankų krizės atsiradimo priežastis bei jų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The financial crises that began in USA 2007 summer has showed that the problems appeared in one bank can spread throughout the financial sector and far beyond the limits of one country. Banks are key players in the financial system and, when they can no longer perform its basic functions, economic growth becomes complicated. Banking crises is the most popular issue. This is in part determined by the frequency of crises. It is known that understanding of last crises scenario can help countries to learn from past mistakes how to avoid recurrence in future crises. Studies of individual countries experience related with banking crises helps to understand relationship between banks‘ activity and economic development. It is necessary to clarify banking crises impact on economic in case to ensure the stability of the banking sector as well as to determine which sectors of the economy during the crisis are more vulnerable and it enable to take prevention measures. Main problem of final master’s work – do bank crises similar influence economic growth of countries with different development level? The object of research: banking crises in 1990-1998 impact on economic growth in selected Central Europe countries. The purpose of work: to evaluate banking crises impact on economic growth by analysing crises consequences appeared in individual countries. Tasks of the work: 1. To overview crisis theory and research. 2. To distinguish the causes and consequences of banking crises. 3. To... [to full text]

This thesis consists of three essays. The first essay, “A Theory of Bank Illiquidity and Default with Hidden Trades”, develops a theory of banking to explore how the availability of trading opportunities for both banks and individual investors affects the link between illiquidity and default in the financial system. The results show that default emerges only in the presence of systemic risk, and when an unpredicted crisis hits the economy. Moreover, in contrast to the previous literature, default is not an efficient outcome of the economy. The second essay, “Financial Liberalization with Hidden Trades”, studies how the availability of unregulated market-based channels for the circulation of liquidity in the financial system affects the process of financial integration, and the efficiency of the corresponding equilibrium, in a two-country economy with comparative advantages. The results show that the only level of integration which the two countries are able to coordinate is the one where the two banking systems are autarkic, but international hidden trades are possible. Moreover, the resulting consumption allocation is constrained efficient. The third essay, “Bank Liquidity, Stock Market Participation, and Economic Growth”, develops a dynamic growth model with fully microfounded banks and markets to explain the observed decreasing trend in the relative liquidity of many financial systems around the world. The main result characterizes the threshold after which the agents in the economy are rich enough to access the market, where the relative liquidity is lower, and shows that the relative liquidity of the whole financial system (banks and markets) drops because of the increasing market participation. Some evidence consistent with this theoretical prediction is provided: a one-unit increase in an index of securities market liberalization leads to a drop in the relative liquidity of between 13 and 22 per cent.