Enligt Skollagen ska åtgärdsprogram (Åp) upprättas för alla elever i behov av särskilt stöd för att uppnå kunskapskraven i alla skolformer. Avvikelser mellan riktlinjerna och implementeringen av Åp förekommer ofta på grundsärskolan och gymnasiesärskolan. Det finns också många utmaningar som påverkar utarbetande respektive genomförande av åtgärdsprogram på särskolan. Denna utforskande samt beskrivande studie syftar att undersöka utvecklingsmöjligheter för processen kring åtgärdsprogram utifrån lärarens upplevelse i grundsärskolan samt gymnasiesärskolan. I föreliggande studie använde vi Agile teori som teoretisk utgångspunkt. Vi genomförde en enkätundersökning för att samla in data från lärare som arbetar i grundsärskolan och gymnasiesärskolan. 62 lärare sammanlagt svarade på frågeformuläret. Vi analyserade det mesta av datamaterialet kvantitativt med Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) samt gjorde en kvalitativ tematisk analys på en öppen fråga i formuläret. Resultaten visar att utmaningarna inför implementering av åtgärdsprogram kvarstår. I strid mot föreskrift i styrdokument ges inte alla elever i behov av särskilt stöd möjlighet att delta i utarbetande av Åp. Vi ser även att inte alla vårdnadshavare till elever i behov av särskilt stöd ges möjligheter att delta i processen. Vi fann att användandet av Åp i lektionsplanering är låg i grundsärskolan och gymnasiesärskolan samt att det saknas koppling mellan Åp processen och undervisningsplaneringen för elever i behov av särskilt stöd. Vår studie belyser behovet av att söka utvecklingsmöjligheter till exempel kompetensutveckling och kollegialt samarbete för personal i särskolan. Sådana förbättringsåtgärder kan fylla en del av klyftan som upplevs mellan riktlinjer och praktik gällande åtgärdsprogram.

AbstractTitle: Inclusive education and evidence based strategies in four Danish schoolsAuthor: Margareta AnderssonDanish schools are supposed to include 96% of all students. They are also supposed to use evidence based strategies to make inclusion happen. This case study consist of a survey based on Mitchells (2014) metastudy and four interviews. The purpose of the study was to investigate to what degree Mitchell’s inclusive strategies were used. Another purpose was to investigate what other strategies were used and how the schools documented effective strategies. The results of the interviews were analyzed by theories of special education, the three perspectives, the compensative, the critical and the dilemma perspective (Nilholm, 2007). The results of the survey (n=31) show that teachers use all of the evidence based strategies included in the survey for including pupils with special needs. The interviews show that many of Mitchells strategies were considered effective, especially collaborative learning strategies. Other important factors were the support of pupil care teams and the personnel’s positive relations to the pupils. The teachers in this study worked informed by evidence not evidence based. Documentation about strategies used at the schools are kept in individual educational plans. The results show that teachers meet several dilemmas in working with inclusive strategies. As educational goals sometimes conflict, because of the context, dilemmas occur as to the degree of individualization versus taking part in class activities, what goal to focus on, inclusive or academic goals. Collaboration with parents is another dilemma, concerning the ethics about openness about a child’s or a group of children’s difficulties. Another dilemma is that information about effective strategies at an individual or group level is not generalized at school level. This study can contribute to the discussion on how schools try to resolve the dilemma that inclusion means. The challenge of making schools an inclusive environment remains. The dominating perspective is compensatory in the way that focus lies in adjusting the pupil to the existing organization.Keywords: evidence, inclusion, special education, educational plans, teams for care for schoolchildren

The individual educational plan (IEP) is a document used in Swedish schools. The purpose of the document is to help and support students who have difficulties in their schoolwork in various ways. In my experience, the student does not always understand the importance of establishing an IEP as a support and help at school. In this study I try to understand the students’ experience of its relevance and purpose and the impact which can be achieved by an IEP. Four students took part in the study, and below you will find a few of the questions asked in the study:   What does it feel like as a student to obtain an IEP? What experiences do students have of IEPs? As a student what are your ideas when it comes to coping with the measures described? Are they opportunities or obstacles?   In my review of surveys and literature IEPs are examined from different points of view by writers who especially bring up the situation of students and young people in the society they live in, which affects their situation in the daily schoolwork in different ways. The result of the study shows that the students expect their IEPs to help them, but they do not seem to find any strategy for the work. The students describe that it feels good that the problems are brought to light, but at the same time they realize that it will be hard work to reach the target, as they look upon their previous achievements in school as a problem. Finally the question is asked whether an IEP should really be made for students who are absolutely fed up with school and who feel that they do not have much choice when it comes to influencing their school situation on the whole?

<p>The individual educational plan (IEP) is a document used in Swedish schools. The purpose of the document is to help and support students who have difficulties in their schoolwork in various ways. In my experience, the student does not always understand the importance of establishing an IEP as a support and help at school. In this study I try to understand the students’ experience of its relevance and purpose and the impact which can be achieved by an IEP. Four students took part in the study, and below you will find a few of the questions asked in the study:</p><p> </p><ul><li>What does it feel like as a student to obtain an IEP? </li><li>What experiences do students have of IEPs?</li><li>As a student what are your ideas when it comes to coping with the measures described? Are they opportunities or obstacles? </li></ul><p> </p><p>In my review of surveys and literature IEPs are examined from different points of view by writers who especially bring up the situation of students and young people in the society they live in, which affects their situation in the daily schoolwork in different ways.</p><p>The result of the study shows that the students expect their IEPs to help them, but they do not seem to find any strategy for the work. The students describe that it feels good that the problems are brought to light, but at the same time they realize that it will be hard work to reach the target, as they look upon their previous achievements in school as a problem. Finally the question is asked whether an IEP should really be made for students who are absolutely fed up with school and who feel that they do not have much choice when it comes to influencing their school situation on the whole?</p>

A pesquisa reflete sobre as tendências temáticas curriculares do campo da Ciência da Informação (CI), evidenciadas pela análise das linhas de pesquisa e dos planos de ensino das disciplinas dos Programas de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Informação do Brasil. As temáticas são tratadas quanto às categorias visualizadas nos títulos e nas ementas das linhas de pesquisa e nas disciplinas que compuseram os currículos dos Programas reconhecidos pela CAPES em 2004. O contexto da pesquisa em Ciência da Informação apresenta o panorama atual dos Programas de Pós-Graduação da área, além dos espaços acadêmicos e institucionais que refletem e produzem conhecimentos em CI. O referencial teórico está fundamentado na literatura sobre a constituição do campo da Ciência da Informação, com suas interfaces, além da estrutura e documentos da pós-graduação da área no Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório quanti-qualitativo, subdividido em duas etapas, utilizando como metodologia a técnica de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados apontam, em relação às linhas de pesquisa, que a pós-graduação em CI está voltada para três vertentes temáticas: da gestão, da organização e da transferência da informação. Em geral, a organização das linhas dos Programas parece pertinente às tendências investigativas de pesquisa da área, dentro da perspectiva sistêmica da CI, e próxima do Paradigma Social da Informação. Verificam-se interfaces entre a CI e a Administração, a Comunicação, a Ciência da Computação e a Sociologia, e também que a CI continua vinculada a disciplinas tradicionais e técnicas de tratamento do fenômeno informacional, como a Biblioteconomia e a Documentação. Da análise das disciplinas, conclui-se que as temáticas também coincidem, em parte, com a visão de sistema da CI. As tendências apontam para os temas do acesso e uso da informação, dos enfoques culturais e sociais do objeto informacional, além da gestão da informação e do conhecimento no âmbito das Ciências Sociais. A distribuição equilibrada das disciplinas entre as temáticas evidencia o enfoque sistêmico da CI, mas pode significar também dispersão de temáticas, dificultando a formação de um núcleo de assuntos nas disciplinas norteadoras das linhas de pesquisa, que demarquem e delimitem as fronteiras da Ciência da Informação. / The research reflects about curricular thematic of Science Information (SCI) field, evidenced by the analysis of the Research Lines and educational Plans of disciplines at the Brazilian Science Information Post-Graduated. The thematics has been treated related to the categories visualized in the headings and summaries of Research Lines Disciplines, which has composed the curriculum of Programs recognized by CAPES at 2004. The context of the research in SCI presents the Post-Graduated Programs, beyond the academic and institutional spaces that reflect and produce knowledge in SCI. The theoretical referee is based on literature about the SCI field constitution, its interfaces, beyond the structure and documents of post-graduation in Brazil. It is an exploratory study, divided in two stages, using as methodology the technique of content analysis. The results have pointed, in relation to the Research Lines, that the SCI Post-Graduation presents three thematic sources: management, organization, and transference. In general, the Lines organization seems pertinent to the investigative trends of research, inside of SCI global perspective, and the approach of Social Information Paradigm. The research has identified interfaces between SCI and Administration, Communication, Computer Science and Sociology, and also with the traditional techniques and treatment of information phenomenon, Library Information Science and Documentation. The disciplines analysis concludes that the thematic also coincided, in part, with the SCI vision of system. The thematic trends have pointed the subjects of information access and use, cultural and social approaches of the informational phenomena, beyond the management and the knowledge in Social Sciences perspectives. The equitative distribution discipline between the thematic evidences the global approach of SCI, but can also means thematic dispersion, difficulting to concentrate subjects between disciplines and research lines, to delimit the borders of Science Information.

A pesquisa reflete sobre as tendências temáticas curriculares do campo da Ciência da Informação (CI), evidenciadas pela análise das linhas de pesquisa e dos planos de ensino das disciplinas dos Programas de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Informação do Brasil. As temáticas são tratadas quanto às categorias visualizadas nos títulos e nas ementas das linhas de pesquisa e nas disciplinas que compuseram os currículos dos Programas reconhecidos pela CAPES em 2004. O contexto da pesquisa em Ciência da Informação apresenta o panorama atual dos Programas de Pós-Graduação da área, além dos espaços acadêmicos e institucionais que refletem e produzem conhecimentos em CI. O referencial teórico está fundamentado na literatura sobre a constituição do campo da Ciência da Informação, com suas interfaces, além da estrutura e documentos da pós-graduação da área no Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório quanti-qualitativo, subdividido em duas etapas, utilizando como metodologia a técnica de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados apontam, em relação às linhas de pesquisa, que a pós-graduação em CI está voltada para três vertentes temáticas: da gestão, da organização e da transferência da informação. Em geral, a organização das linhas dos Programas parece pertinente às tendências investigativas de pesquisa da área, dentro da perspectiva sistêmica da CI, e próxima do Paradigma Social da Informação. Verificam-se interfaces entre a CI e a Administração, a Comunicação, a Ciência da Computação e a Sociologia, e também que a CI continua vinculada a disciplinas tradicionais e técnicas de tratamento do fenômeno informacional, como a Biblioteconomia e a Documentação. Da análise das disciplinas, conclui-se que as temáticas também coincidem, em parte, com a visão de sistema da CI. As tendências apontam para os temas do acesso e uso da informação, dos enfoques culturais e sociais do objeto informacional, além da gestão da informação e do conhecimento no âmbito das Ciências Sociais. A distribuição equilibrada das disciplinas entre as temáticas evidencia o enfoque sistêmico da CI, mas pode significar também dispersão de temáticas, dificultando a formação de um núcleo de assuntos nas disciplinas norteadoras das linhas de pesquisa, que demarquem e delimitem as fronteiras da Ciência da Informação. / The research reflects about curricular thematic of Science Information (SCI) field, evidenced by the analysis of the Research Lines and educational Plans of disciplines at the Brazilian Science Information Post-Graduated. The thematics has been treated related to the categories visualized in the headings and summaries of Research Lines Disciplines, which has composed the curriculum of Programs recognized by CAPES at 2004. The context of the research in SCI presents the Post-Graduated Programs, beyond the academic and institutional spaces that reflect and produce knowledge in SCI. The theoretical referee is based on literature about the SCI field constitution, its interfaces, beyond the structure and documents of post-graduation in Brazil. It is an exploratory study, divided in two stages, using as methodology the technique of content analysis. The results have pointed, in relation to the Research Lines, that the SCI Post-Graduation presents three thematic sources: management, organization, and transference. In general, the Lines organization seems pertinent to the investigative trends of research, inside of SCI global perspective, and the approach of Social Information Paradigm. The research has identified interfaces between SCI and Administration, Communication, Computer Science and Sociology, and also with the traditional techniques and treatment of information phenomenon, Library Information Science and Documentation. The disciplines analysis concludes that the thematic also coincided, in part, with the SCI vision of system. The thematic trends have pointed the subjects of information access and use, cultural and social approaches of the informational phenomena, beyond the management and the knowledge in Social Sciences perspectives. The equitative distribution discipline between the thematic evidences the global approach of SCI, but can also means thematic dispersion, difficulting to concentrate subjects between disciplines and research lines, to delimit the borders of Science Information.

A pesquisa reflete sobre as tendências temáticas curriculares do campo da Ciência da Informação (CI), evidenciadas pela análise das linhas de pesquisa e dos planos de ensino das disciplinas dos Programas de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Informação do Brasil. As temáticas são tratadas quanto às categorias visualizadas nos títulos e nas ementas das linhas de pesquisa e nas disciplinas que compuseram os currículos dos Programas reconhecidos pela CAPES em 2004. O contexto da pesquisa em Ciência da Informação apresenta o panorama atual dos Programas de Pós-Graduação da área, além dos espaços acadêmicos e institucionais que refletem e produzem conhecimentos em CI. O referencial teórico está fundamentado na literatura sobre a constituição do campo da Ciência da Informação, com suas interfaces, além da estrutura e documentos da pós-graduação da área no Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório quanti-qualitativo, subdividido em duas etapas, utilizando como metodologia a técnica de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados apontam, em relação às linhas de pesquisa, que a pós-graduação em CI está voltada para três vertentes temáticas: da gestão, da organização e da transferência da informação. Em geral, a organização das linhas dos Programas parece pertinente às tendências investigativas de pesquisa da área, dentro da perspectiva sistêmica da CI, e próxima do Paradigma Social da Informação. Verificam-se interfaces entre a CI e a Administração, a Comunicação, a Ciência da Computação e a Sociologia, e também que a CI continua vinculada a disciplinas tradicionais e técnicas de tratamento do fenômeno informacional, como a Biblioteconomia e a Documentação. Da análise das disciplinas, conclui-se que as temáticas também coincidem, em parte, com a visão de sistema da CI. As tendências apontam para os temas do acesso e uso da informação, dos enfoques culturais e sociais do objeto informacional, além da gestão da informação e do conhecimento no âmbito das Ciências Sociais. A distribuição equilibrada das disciplinas entre as temáticas evidencia o enfoque sistêmico da CI, mas pode significar também dispersão de temáticas, dificultando a formação de um núcleo de assuntos nas disciplinas norteadoras das linhas de pesquisa, que demarquem e delimitem as fronteiras da Ciência da Informação. / The research reflects about curricular thematic of Science Information (SCI) field, evidenced by the analysis of the Research Lines and educational Plans of disciplines at the Brazilian Science Information Post-Graduated. The thematics has been treated related to the categories visualized in the headings and summaries of Research Lines Disciplines, which has composed the curriculum of Programs recognized by CAPES at 2004. The context of the research in SCI presents the Post-Graduated Programs, beyond the academic and institutional spaces that reflect and produce knowledge in SCI. The theoretical referee is based on literature about the SCI field constitution, its interfaces, beyond the structure and documents of post-graduation in Brazil. It is an exploratory study, divided in two stages, using as methodology the technique of content analysis. The results have pointed, in relation to the Research Lines, that the SCI Post-Graduation presents three thematic sources: management, organization, and transference. In general, the Lines organization seems pertinent to the investigative trends of research, inside of SCI global perspective, and the approach of Social Information Paradigm. The research has identified interfaces between SCI and Administration, Communication, Computer Science and Sociology, and also with the traditional techniques and treatment of information phenomenon, Library Information Science and Documentation. The disciplines analysis concludes that the thematic also coincided, in part, with the SCI vision of system. The thematic trends have pointed the subjects of information access and use, cultural and social approaches of the informational phenomena, beyond the management and the knowledge in Social Sciences perspectives. The equitative distribution discipline between the thematic evidences the global approach of SCI, but can also means thematic dispersion, difficulting to concentrate subjects between disciplines and research lines, to delimit the borders of Science Information.

This thesis deals with the implementation of the European language policy in the Czech Republic, specifically in the area of basic education. In the first part are defined basic concepts, especially language policy, language planning and language management. Furthermore, the work described principles of European language policy and the concept of bi/ multilingualism. The second part is devoted to a specific form of European language policy in the Czech Republic, especially in the area of basic education. The fundamental legal and curricular documents on this topic are described. Qualitative research aims to explore the decision making processes of heads of schools in teaching foreign languages. The work examines what has influence on these decisions and how they are formed. Keywords: Language policy, language management, language planning, education of foreign languages, second foreign language, educational plans, Czech Republic

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