Dans cette recherche nous nous intéressons aux processus d'échange d'informations entre acteurs au travers de trois approches théoriques : les routines organisationnelles, l'approche par les proximités et la théorie de l'effectuation. Le projet est de rendre intelligible le rôle joué par la dialectique causale/effectuale dans l'articulation des routines organisationnelles d'échanges d'informations dans un contexte de proximité. Nous utilisons une méthode qualitative organisée autour de l'étude des domaines vitivinicoles du territoire provençal. Notre démarche abductive s'organise autour d'une phase exploratoire et d'une phase compréhensive descriptive au cours desquelles nous avons procédé à des analyses textuelles, via des logiciels d'aide à l'analyse de données qualitatives et de contenu, selon la méthode de comparaison continue empruntée à la théorie enracinée. Nos résultats indiquent que la triangulation des différentes informations issues des processus d'échanges avec les différents acteurs dans un contexte de proximité participe, de manière générale, à l'évolution des formes de raisonnement des responsables des domaines vitivinicoles, d'une logique causale à une logique effectuale et vice-versa. En cela la théorie de l'effectuation et plus précisément la dialectique causale/ effectuale peut alors être considérée dans une perspective intégrative pour compléter et agrémenter l'intelligibilité des processus d'échanges d'informations. L'existence d'interactions entre les modes de raisonnements causaux et effectuaux des responsables des domaines vitivinicoles sont en lien avec la médiatisation des routines organisationnelles internes et externes bâties sur des mix de proximités organisationnelles. / In this research, we are looking at information exchanges processes among actors, using three theoretical appoaches : organisational routines (Lewin et al. 2011), proximity approches (Pecqueur et Zimmermann, 2004 ; Torre et Beuret, 2012 ; Torrès, 2003, 2009) and the effectuation theory (Sarasvathy, 2003, 2007). Our itent is to understand the role of causal/effectual modes of reasoning in the articulation of organisational routines within context of proximity among actors. Using a qualitative method based on a single-case involving embedded units of analysis, we are studying small and medium size entreprises (SMEs) of the Provence wine industry. Our abductive approach is organised around an exploratory and a descriptive/ comprehensive phase. We proceeded textual analyses, with the help of softwares and content analyses, using the continuous comparison method borrowed from the grounded theory. Our findings reveal that the triangulation of various informations stemming from exchanges processes developped with different actors in a proximity context, participate to the evolution of the managers' modes of reasoning from causal to effectual and vice-versa. We discussed that the effectuation theory and more precisely, the causal/effectal modes of reasoning, can be considered as in integrative approach which contribute to a better understanding of the informations exchanges processes among actors. We argued more precisely, that interactions between causal and effectual modes of reasoning of wine SMEs managers are related to the mediation of internal and external organisational routines build on mix of proximities.

[pt] O presente estudo tem como objetivo central investigar o processo de reconhecimento de oportunidades no exterior por pequenas e médias empresas brasileiras. Este estudo se caracteriza como uma pesquisa longitudinal, que busca entender o fenômeno investigado a partir da perspectiva de processos. As teorias existentes em Negócios Internacionais assumem implicitamente que a internacionalização das firmas é precedida pelo processo de formação de oportunidades, mas apresentam pouca explicação sobre este processo, independentemente de as oportunidades serem criadas ativamente, descobertas aleatoriamente ou por meio de pesquisas Na literatura de empreendedorismo, apesar do crescente interesse pelo estudo de oportunidades, não foi encontrado nenhum modelo que descrevesse o processo de formação de oportunidades como um processo efetivamente. No campo de Empreendedorismo Internacional (EI) pouca atenção parece ter sido dispensada ao processo de reconhecimento de oportunidades internacionais desde que este subtema emergiu na literatura. Uma vez que EI deve integrar tanto as perspectivas teóricas de Negócios Internacionais quanto de Empreendedorismo, a revisão de literatura se divide em duas partes. A primeira apresenta a discussão ontológica sobre a natureza e formação das oportunidades empreendedoras, bem como o posicionamento teórico adotado. Na segunda parte busca-se identificar os fatores e os mecanismos pelos quais estes influenciariam o reconhecimento de oportunidades internacionais. O presente trabalho adotou a perspectiva teórica de Effectuation, uma vez que esta teoria, originária do campo do empreendedorismo, adota a lente de processos sobre a ação empreendedora e privilegia a lógica de controle sobre a lógica de previsão para as decisões estratégicas da firma em contextos de incerteza. De fato a teoria de Effectuation é adequada como embasamento para as teorias de internacionalização dado que a decisão de se internacionalizar é usualmente modelada como um processo e não uma decisão estratégica deliberada e orientada por metas em determinado momento do tempo. A seguinte pergunta orientou o estudo: Como empresas de porte pequeno e médio reconhecem oportunidades no mercado internacional? Observa-se que a pergunta endereçada neste trabalho busca entender como o fenômeno, reconhecimento de oportunidades internacionais, emerge, se desenvolve, cresce ou termina ao longo do tempo. Dessa forma, a perspectiva de processo parece ser a mais adequada para responder a pergunta de pesquisa. Assim sendo, conduziram-se dois estudos de casos longitudinais em empresas em fase de reconhecimento de oportunidades internacionais. Como método de coleta de dados adotou-se a observação em tempo real na qual as duas empresas foram acompanhadas por aproximadamente dois anos. A abordagem longitudinal em tempo real permitiu acompanhar os processos internos das organizações por tempo suficiente para observar como os empreendedores enxergam problemas e oportunidades no mercado externo e como reagem a eles. Os resultados permitiram traçar a evolução do processo de reconhecimento de tais empresas, identificando etapas e eventos importantes. Também foram identificados os fatores e os mecanismos que contribuíram para o reconhecimento das oportunidades no mercado internacional, sendo confrontados com a literatura sobre o tema. Por fim, os resultados obtidos adicionam conhecimento tanto sobre a internacionalização de empresas quanto para o campo do Empreendedorismo Internacional. / [en] The present study has as main objective to investigate the process of recognition of international opportunities by small and medium Brazilian firms. This study is characterized as a longitudinal research, which seeks to understand the phenomenon investigated from the perspective of processes. Existing theories in International Business implicitly assume that the internationalization of firms is preceded by the process of opportunity formation, but presents little explanation of this process, whether opportunities are actively created, discovered randomly or through research. In the entrepreneurship literature, despite the growing interest in the study of opportunities, no model was found that described the process of opportunity formation as a process effectively. In the field of International Entrepreneurship (IE) little attention seems to have been dispensed with the process of recognizing international opportunities since this theme emerged. Since IE sould integrate both the theoretical perspectives of International Business and Entrepreneurship, the literature review is organized into two parts. The first presents the ontological discussion about the nature and the formation of entrepreneurial opportunities, as well as the theoretical positioning adopted. The second part seeks to identify the factors and mechanisms by which these would influence the recognition of international opportunities. The present work adopted the theoretical perspective of Effectuation, since this theory, originating in the field of entrepreneurship, adopts the lens of processes on the entrepreneurial action and privileges the logic of control over the forecasting logic for the strategic decisions of the firm in contexts of uncertainty. In fact, Effectuation theory is adequate as a basis for internationalization theories given that the decision to internationalize is usually modeled as a process rather than a deliberate and goal-oriented strategic decision at a given point in time. The following question guided the study: How do small and medium sized companies recognize opportunities in the international market? The question addressed in this paper seeks to understand how the phenomenon, recognition of international opportunities, emerges, develops, grows or ends over time. In this way, the process perspective seems to be the most adequate to answer the research. Thus, two longitudinal case studies were conducted in companies that are recognizing international opportunities. As a method of data collection, real-time observation was used in which the two companies were monitored for approximately two years. The longitudinal real-time approach has allowed tracking the internal processes of organizations long enough to observe how entrepreneurs see problems and opportunities in the external market and how they react to them. The results allowed the observation of the evolution of the process of recognition of such companies, identifying important steps and events. The factors and mechanisms that contributed to the recognition of opportunities in the international market were also identified, being confronted with the literature on the subject. Finally, the results obtained add knowledge both to International Bussines and to the field of International Entrepreneurship.

Submitted by Noeme Timbo (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2017-01-17T18:48:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Evellyn Ruiz Diogo.pdf: 1987859 bytes, checksum: e80eae517efed56fca81f2f430e74457 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-17T18:48:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Evellyn Ruiz Diogo.pdf: 1987859 bytes, checksum: e80eae517efed56fca81f2f430e74457 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-01 / In Brazil, entrepreneurship was driven by the opening up of the foreign market, the privatization of large state enterprises, the heating of the domestic economy through the rise of the C and D classes, and the law of the individual microentrepreneur (MEI). Formalization. Individual microentrepreneurs are part of a changing environment and filled with uncertainties, and in this scenario MEI has to make decisions at all times. Thus, this study brings a theory for assimilation, exposing and discussing the theme of strategies of achievement from an Effectuation perspective. The new economic and political scenario is addressed in the fundamental theory, just as there was this decline of entrepreneurship in Brazil, more specifically in the region of Grande ABC, in São Bernardo do Campo, located in the state of São Paulo, from the first Government Dilma Rousseff (from 2010 to 2015). The general objective of this study is to study how a crisis that established itself in Brazil in the period from 2010 to 2015 affected MEIs in the city of São Bernardo do Campo - SP. And how the entrepreneurial strategies on the Efficacy perspective have helped these MEIs to overcome and face a crisis. In order to analyze with the depth of a situation, they were interviewed semi-structured with microentrepreneurs of the city of São Bernardo do Campo - SP. The results show that the interviewed MEIs did not carry out any business plan or any previous study that the assistants in the opening of the store, nor considered a formal study on the subject. Over time, you have a feeling about the business, and have been so happy with a crisis. / No Brasil, o empreendedorismo foi impulsionado pela abertura do mercado externo, pela privatização das grandes companhias estatais, pelo aquecimento da economia interna por meio da ascensão das classes C e D, e pela lei do microempreendedor individual (MEI), que possibilitou importantes vantagens na formalização. Os microempreendedores individuais são parte de um ambiente mutável e cheio de incertezas e, dentro deste cenário, o MEI tem que tomar decisões a todo momento. Sendo assim, esse estudo traz uma construção teórica para, assim, expor e discutir o tema das estratégias empreendedoras sob a óptica do Effectuation. O novo cenário, econômico e político, é abordado na fundamentação teórica, assim como se deu essa queda do empreendedorismo no Brasil, mais especificamente na região do Grande ABC, em São Bernardo do Campo, situada no estado de São Paulo, a partir do primeiro governo Dilma Rousseff (de 2010 até 2015). O objetivo geral desse estudo é o de estudar como a crise que se estabeleceu no Brasil, no período de 2010 a 2015, afetou os MEIs da cidade de São Bernardo do Campo – SP. E como as estratégicas empreendedoras sobre a ótica do Effectuation tem ajudado esses MEIs a superar e enfrentar a crise.Com o propósito de analisar com profundidade a situação, foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com microempreendedores da cidade de São Bernardo do Campo – SP. Os resultados obtidos mostram que os MEIs entrevistados não realizaram nenhum plano de negócios ou qualquer outro estudo prévio que os auxiliasse na abertura da loja, tampouco tinham algum estudo formal sobre o tema. Com o tempo, desenvolveram um feeling em relação ao negócio, e isso tem os ajudado a superar a crise.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-24T17:22:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EmanuellyAP_DISSERT.pdf: 1287434 bytes, checksum: da04f54d2054cf5251b00032ce8ebde5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-19 / This study analysed the creation of businesses by entrepreneur women in the Currais Novos city, looking for verifying if they used making decision processes aligned to the Effectuation logic throughout the creation of their companies. To this, was accomplished a multiple cases and exploratory study, whit a qualitative approach of analyse, using the thematic life history technique that match accounts and semi-structured interview route, being accomplished like a long interview, where the researcher interact with the informer continuously. The semi-structured interview route was created by the adaptation of the interview route used by Tasic (2007). The present study appealed to a intentional selection of individuals in function of their importance in relation to the boarded theme. This means that the individuals were chosen in function of their social and theoretical representatively inside the considered situation. The participant individuals of this research were five entrepreneur women that act in the Currais Novos city, owners of five different companies. To the data treatment and analyse, was chosen the content analyse technique. This study worked with a priori theoretical categories. The categories of analyse in this study was obtained with base in the Effectuation approach (SARASVATHY, 2001a, 2001b, 2008), that is an alternative model of making decision to the classic model based in the causality principle. These categories are Clarity of Initial Aims , Tolerance to the Lost and Initials Investments , Control of Resources ( who I am , what I know and who I know ) and Promoting Over Contingencies . As result, the entrepreneur women researched, in a general way, hadn t clear initial aims at the companies creation moment, hadn t aversion to the risk to lose the time and the money that they were investing in the company in formation, they highlighted the products and services identity that offered with a strong link with Serid? region, they had experience in the field of activity in which they decided to open their companies, had the commitment of partners in the beginning of the business and they knew to transform the initial difficulties in opportunities. By the end, this study conclude that the entrepreneur women studied used, in a big part, making decision processes aligned to the Effectuation logic throughout the creation of their companies / Este estudo analisou a cria??o de empresas por mulheres empreendedoras no munic?pio de Currais Novos/RN, tendo como objetivo verificar se elas utilizaram processos decis?rios alinhados ? l?gica Effectuation ao longo da cria??o de suas empresas. Para tanto, realizou-se um estudo de casos m?ltiplos, explorat?rio e com abordagem de an?lise qualitativa, utilizando a t?cnica de hist?ria de vida tem?tica que combina relatos e roteiro de entrevista semi-estruturado, e, ? realizada como uma entrevista prolongada, na qual o pesquisador constantemente interage com o informante. O roteiro semi-estruturado de entrevistas foi concebido a partir de uma adapta??o do roteiro de entrevista utilizado por Tasic (2007). O presente estudo recorreu a uma sele??o intencional de sujeitos em fun??o da relev?ncia que estes apresentavam em rela??o ao tema abordado. Isso significa que os sujeitos foram escolhidos em fun??o de sua representatividade social e te?rica dentro da situa??o considerada. Os sujeitos participantes desta pesquisa foram cinco mulheres empreendedoras, que atuam no munic?pio de Currais Novos/RN, propriet?rias de cinco empresas distintas. Quanto ao processo de tratamento e an?lise dos dados, foi escolhida a t?cnica de an?lise de conte?do. Este estudo trabalhou com categorias te?ricas a priori. As categorias de an?lise deste estudo foram obtidas com base na abordagem Effectuation (SARASVATHY, 2001a, 2001b, 2008), que ? um modelo de tomada de decis?o alternativo ao modelo cl?ssico baseado no princ?pio de causalidade. Estas categorias s?o Clareza de Objetivos Iniciais , Toler?ncia ?s Perdas e Investimentos Iniciais , Controle de Recursos ( quem eu sou , o que eu sei e quem eu conhe?o ) e Alavancagem Sobre Conting?ncias . Como resultado, tem-se que as mulheres empreendedoras pesquisadas, de maneira geral, n?o possu?am objetivos iniciais claros no momento da cria??o de suas empresas, n?o demonstraram avers?o ao risco de perder o tempo e o dinheiro que estavam investindo na empresa em forma??o, ressaltavam a identidade dos produtos e servi?os que ofereciam com forte liga??o com a regi?o Serid?, tinham experi?ncia no ramo de atividade em que decidiram abrir suas empresas, contaram com o comprometimento de parceiros no in?cio do neg?cio e souberam transformar as dificuldades iniciais em oportunidades de neg?cios. Por fim, conclui-se que as mulheres empreendedoras estudadas utilizaram, em grande parte, processos decis?rios alinhados ? l?gica Effectuation ao longo da cria??o de suas empresas

L'effectuation est la première théorie originale de l'entrepreneuriat dont les problématiques entourant sa nature ont compromis le développement de ses hypothèses d'utilisation. Basées sur l'incertitude initiale du couple produit-marché, elles n'ont pas fait l'objet de suffisamment de tests empiriques. L'ambition de cette recherche est d'améliorer la capacité normative de l'effectuation, en poursuivant l'exploration de son lien avec l'incertitude du couple produit-marché. L'objectif scientifique est double :- Tester les hypothèses d'utilisation sur des couples produits-marchés à l'incertitude initiale variée.- Proposer et tester de nouvelles hypothèses d'utilisation fondées sur l'incertitude du couple produit-marché en création.Des choix théoriques ont été fait, traduisant notre volonté de dépasser les approches philosophiques successives et d'ancrer la recherche à trois nouveaux modèles : ceux d'Hogarth, de Davidson et de Bhaskar. La méthodologie quasi-qualitative retenue permet de concilier la double finalité de la recherche, avec la nécessité de recourir à la méthode des cas pour capturer l'intégralité du concept. La stratégie de recherche repose sur les préconisations de Yin et les techniques de Miles et Huberman, garantissant un bon niveau de validité et de fiabilité des résultats. La thèse s'appuie sur l'analyse et la comparaison de six cas de création d'entreprises, présentant au démarrage une incertitude variée de leur couple produit-marché. Les résultats obtenus s'articulent autour de deux points :- L'enrichissement de la thèse effectuale avec des sous-bassement théoriques nouveaux.- Le renforcement de sa capacité normative avec deux nouvelles séries d'hypothèses d'utilisation fondées sur 1) l'incertitude initiale du couple produit-marché et 2) l'incertitude du couple produit-marché mesurée durant le processus.Plus généralement, nous avons montré l'importance de l'utilisation de l'effectuation dans la création d'entreprises par des entrepreneurs novices. / Effectuation is the first original theory of entrepreneurship, but the problems surrounding its very nature have compromised the development of its hypotheses of usage. Based on the initial uncertainty of the product-market couple, it has not be the subject of sufficient empirical testing. The objective of this research is to improve the normative capacity of effectuation, by furthering the exploration of its link with the uncertainty of the product-market couple. The scientific goal is twofold:- To test the hypotheses of the usage of the product-market couples against the variable initial uncertainty.- To propose and test the new hypotheses of usage, founded on the uncertainty of the product–market couples in creation.Theoretical choices have been made, translating our wish to surpass the successive philosophical approaches and to anchor the research in three new models: those of Hogarth, Davidson and Bhaskar. The quasi-qualitative methodology retained, enables the conciliation of the double finality of the research, with the necessity to use the case study method to seize the whole concept. The research strategy relies on the recommendations stated by Yin and the techniques of Miles and Huberman, guaranteeing a high level of validity and reliability of the results. The theory relies on the analysis and the comparison of six cases of enterprise creation, presenting at the start a varied uncertainty of their product-market couple. The results obtained hinge on two points:- The enrichment of the effectual theory with new theoretical foundations.- The reinforcement of its normative capacity with two new series of usage hypotheses founded on 1) the initial uncertainty of the product-market couple and 2) the uncertainty of the product-market couple measured during the process.More generally we have shown the importance of the use of effectuation in the creation of enterprises by novice entrepreneurs.

Debatten om miljöns överlevnad är idag spridd i samhället. Redan 1987 fick FN ett stort genomslag med Brundtlandrapporten där en hållbar utveckling definieras (Frostenson & Helin, 2018). För att företag ska ta sitt ansvar och skapa ett hållbart företagande krävs en integration av ekonomiska, ekologiska och sociala aspekter i en organisations kort- och långsiktiga planering (Dyllick & Hockerts, 2002). Studien fokuserar på den ekologiska aspekten då utveckling och tillväxt måste äga rum på miljöns villkor (FN, 2012). Små och medelstora företag, SME, som är studiens andra avgränsning, står idag för ca 70 % av de globala föroreningarna (Hillary, 2017). Hur sektorn ska skapa ett hållbart företagande är svårt då verktygen som finns för ekologisk hållbarhetsstyrning är svåra att implementera direkt från stora företag (Johnson & Schaltegger, 2016), då sektorn fungerar fundamentalt annorlunda (Jenkins, 2009; Kechiche & Soparnot, 2012). Studiens utgångspunkt är att undersöka hur SME utformar sin ekologiska hållbarhetsstyrning, hur de förhåller sig till ett hållbart entreprenörskap samt hur de överkommer de interna och externa barriärer som definierats (Johnson och Schaltegger, 2016). Forskningsfrågorna undersöktes i en fallstudie hos ett medelstort tillverkande företag. Det utfördes fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer med ledande personer inom företaget samt interna styrdokument och externa rapporter undersöktes. Resultatet indikerar att små och medelstora företag utformar sin ekologiska hållbarhetsstyrning utifrån den arbetsmodell som beskrivs i ISO 14001 standarden (International Standards Organization [ISO], 2015). En miljöpolicy lägger grunden för allt fortsatt arbete och beskriver de åtaganden som görs. Arbetsgången fortsätter med analyser som mynnar ut i miljömål och en handlingsplan med ansvarsfördelning och tidsramar. Nyckeltal används för uppföljning och regelbundna revisioner utförs av externa revisorer. Fallstudien indikerar också att den mest framträdande barriären inom små och medelstora företags implementering av verktyg för hållbarhetsstyrning är bristen på kompetens. Det övervinns genom anlitande av expertkompetens hos konsulter. Det undersökta fallföretaget har ekologisk hållbarhet som konkurrensstrategi vilket innebär att de ser affärsmöjligheter i att lösa hållbarhetsproblem och på så sätt förhåller sig till ett hållbart entreprenörskap (Shepherd & Patzelt, 2011). Av effectuation och causation så är causation den dominerande logiken i beslutsprocesser när företag huvudsakligen utgår från målstyrning. / The debate about the survival of the environment is spread throughout society today. Already in 1987, the UN had a major impact with the Brundtland Report, which defines sustainable development (Frostenson & Helin, 2018). For companies to take responsibility and create sustainable business, integration of economic, ecological and social aspects into an organization's short and long-term planning is required (Dyllick & Hockerts, 2002). This study focuses on the ecological aspect because development and growth must take place on environmental conditions (UN, 2012). Small and medium-sized companies, SMEs, which are the second boundary of this study, currently account for about 70% of global pollution (Hillary, 2017). How SMEs should be able to create a sustainable business is difficult as the tools available for ecological sustainability management are difficult to implement directly from large companies (Johnson & Schaltegger, 2016), as SMEs are fundamentally different (Jenkins, 2009; Kechiche & Soparnot, 2012). The study examines how SMEs design their ecological sustainability management and how they relate to sustainable entrepreneurship. How SMEs overcome the internal and external barriers defined in previous studies (Johnson & Schaltegger, 2016), will also be investigated. The research questions were investigated in a case study in a medium-sized manufacturing company. Four semi-structured interviews were conducted with managers and internal control documents and external reports were also investigated. The results indicate that SMEs design their ecological sustainability management based on the working model described in the ISO 14001 standard (International Standards Organization [ISO], 2015). The environmental policy lays the foundation for all continued work and describes the commitments that are made. The process continues with analyzes that lead to environmental goals and an action plan with responsibilities and time frames. Key performance indicators are used for monitoring and regular audits are performed by external auditors. The case study also indicates that the most prominent barrier in SMEs implementation of sustainability management tools is the lack of competence. It is overcome by employing expertise from consultants. The surveyed company has ecological sustainability as a competitive strategy, which means that they see business opportunities in solving sustainability problems and thus relate to sustainable entrepreneurship (Shepherd & Patzelt, 2011). By effectuation and causation, causation is the dominant logic in decision-making processes when companies are primarily based on goal management.

Deux types de processus entrepreneurial se distinguent dans la littérature : la causalité et l’effectuation. La causalité consiste à rechercher les ressources nécessaires pour atteindre un but prédéfini tandis que l’effectuation consiste à démarrer avec les moyens dont on dispose sans but prédéfini. Peu de littérature traite de l’entrepreneuriat des femmes au Burkina Faso, encore moins sous l’angle de l’effectuation. Ainsi, le but principal de cette thèse est de répondre à la problématique suivante : Comment l'effectuation affecte le processus entrepreneurial des femmes entrepreneures Burkinabè ? Pour répondre à cette question de recherche, nous avons eu recours à une étude quantitative menée auprès de 272 entrepreneurs (213 hommes et 59 femmes) afin d’identifier le profil des entrepreneurs au Burkina Faso et tout particulièrement celui des femmes. En deuxième lieu, nous avons réalisé des entretiens semi directifs avec 20 femmes entrepreneures afin d’identifier leurs motivations mais aussi le type de processus entrepreneurial qu’elles adoptent, ainsi que leur place dans l’environnement socio-culturel Burkinabé. Pour la collecte et le traitement de nos données nous avions utilisé successivement les logiciels SPHINX, SPSS et NVIVO 11. Nos résultats montrent que les femmes ne représentent que 21,7 % du paysage entrepreneurial Burkinabé. Cette faible représentativité est liée en grande partie au fait qu'elles subissent les normes sociales qui les renvoient vers le rôle de mère et de femme au foyer dépendante de l'homme. Nos résultats prouvent aussi que les femmes créent leurs entreprises pour des raisons « pull » car, très souvent c'est pour exploiter une compétence ou exercer un métier ou une activité qu'elles aiment. De plus, les femmes créent leurs entreprises sans un but prédéfini à l'avance. Elles se basent plutôt sur les ressources dont elles disposent notamment leur personnalité, leur savoir-faire et le soutien familial. Le processus entrepreneurial des femmes burkinabè s’inscrit donc dans une logique effectuale. C'est pourquoi de nouveaux outils qui prennent en compte cette dynamique effectuale et la place de la femme dans la société burkinabè doivent être mis en place pour mieux les accompagner / Two kinds of entrepreneurial process are proposed in the literature. The causal one is to search for the resources needed to achieve a predefined goal and the effectual one is to start with the means that are available without a pre-defined purpose. Few articles discuss the women entrepreneurship in Burkina Faso especially on the effectual level. So, the aim of our thesis is to answer the question: How the effectuation affects the entrepreneurial process of women entrepreneurs in Burkina Faso? To answer this question, we conducted a quantitative study with 272 entrepreneurs (213 men and 59 women) to identify the profile of the entrepreneurs in Burkina Faso and quite particularly that of the women. In the second place, we realized semi directive interviews with 20 women entrepreneurs in order to identify their motivations, but also the type of entrepreneurial process whom they adopt, as well as their place in the Burkinabe sociocultural environment. The data was processed with SPHINX software, SPSS and NVIVO 11. Our results show that the women represent only 21,7 % of the entrepreneurial landscape Burkinabe. This low representativeness is largely connected to the fact that they undergo the social standards which send back them towards the role of mother and housewife dependent on the men. Our results also show that women create their businesses for "pull" reasons, since they do it with the aim to exploit a skill or to exercise a trade or activity that they like. In addition, women create their businesses without a predefined goal in advance. Rather, they rely on the resources they have, in particular their character, know-how, and family support. The women entrepreneurial process in Burkina Faso is therefore a part of an effectual rationale. That is why new tools that take into account this dynamic and the place of women in the Burkinabe society, must be put in place to better accompany them.

The purpose of the study is to depict experienced entrepreneurs' financial literacy and gain an understanding of how effectuation and causation interact with their way of running companies. To achieve this, the empirical material will be based on interviews with entrepreneurs who have run companies for at least ten years.  The study has been based on an abductive research and on a qualitative research method. To answer the question “How do entrepreneurs, who have been active for at least ten years and run SMEs, perceive their financial literacy and how can their behavior be linked to effectuation and causation?” and thus fulfill the purpose of this study, previous research has been collected within the subject and presented under the theoretical framework. Furthermore, semi-structured interviews were conducted on questions based on the theoretical framework. The respondents are six entrepreneurs who have run companies for at least ten years.  The result of the study shows that the level of the financial literacy does not affect if the entrepreneurs consider effectuation or causation in the running of their company. However, it is noticed that financial education can have an impact on the logic that the entrepreneurs apply. It turns out that regardless of the logic the entrepreneurs use, there are several working paths to the same goal, a successful company. / Syfte: Studiens syfte är att beskriva erfarna entreprenörers finansiella kompetens och få en förståelse för hur logikerna effectuation och causation interagerar med deras sätt att driva företag. För att uppnå detta kommer det empiriska materialet baseras på djupgående intervjuer med entreprenörer som drivit verksamhet i minst tio år. Metod: Studien har baserats på en abduktiv forskningsansats utefter en kvalitativ undersökningsmetod. För att besvara frågeställningen och därmed uppfylla studiens syfte har tidigare forskning samlats in inom ämnet och presenterats under den teoretiska referensramen. Vidare har semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts utifrån frågor med utgångspunkt i den teoretiska referensramen. De tillfrågade respondenterna är sex entreprenörer som drivit företag i minst tio år. Slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att nivån på den finansiella kompetensen inte påverkar om entreprenörer utgår ifrån effectuation eller causation vid drivandet av företag. Det konstateras dock att ekonomisk utbildning kan ha en inverkan på vilken logik som entreprenörer tillämpar. Det framkommer att oavsett vilken logik entreprenörer använder så finns det flera fungerande vägar till samma mål, det vill säga ett framgångsrikt företag.

This study explores the entrepreneurial logic applied in the opportunity evaluation phase in a research-based startup company (RBSO) faced with multiple business opportunities recognized by external actors. Entrepreneurial logic, measured through the enactment of entrepreneurial behavior, is investigated from the theoretical perspectives of causation and effectuation. Making use of a qualitative, single embedded case study consisting of participant observations and interviews conducted during a seven-month period in a Swedish RBSO, this study contributes to research in the field of entrepreneurship by exploring the logic of opportunity evaluation in RBSOs. Our findings show that the combinations of causal and effectual logical patterns are applied in the opportunity evaluation process but that effectual logic prevails. The effectual logic is related to the operational aspect of the evaluation process and is applied internally while causal logic is related to the general strategic aspect and serves as a way to communicate with the company's stakeholders. The primary driver behind the prevalence of the effectual versus causal logic is uncertainty which in turn is related to the knowledge-intensive nature of the RBSO and the dynamic environment in which it operates. The causal logic is mainly found in the company’s acquisition of human resources aimed to support technology-related knowledge gain.

Sweden is today faced with one of the most extensive refugee waves in the history of the nation. The refugees’ attain valuable competences which are not being exploited, and alienation is becoming a serious societal problem. Researchers have stressed the importance of entrepreneurship and its positive effects on national socio-economic growth. The experience of immigrating has shown to trigger entrepreneurial activities, and it has become an apparent strategy of immigrant entrepreneurs’ to include home country resources and networks in their businesses in order to stay competitive. This has come to be known as transnational entrepreneurship, and the concept has proven to be even more favorable due to its positive socio-economic effects on dual contexts. This thesis considers the idea of refugees engaging in transnational entrepreneurship as a strategy to diminish the ongoing crisis. To enable this, a qualitative study was conducted to analyze the process of already established entrepreneurs with a refugee background. By doing so, practical and theoretical implications were able to be identified, subsequently contributing today’s refugees with valuable information on how to successfully engage in transnational entrepreneurship. By applying the theory of Effectuation on four individual cases, the authors were able to identify key aspects, allowing them to draw generalizations and final conclusions.   The outcome of this study suggests a distance to the homogeneous perspective given transnational entrepreneurs, and instead an added dimension considering the immigrants’ motives to migration. The findings in this thesis present how the resources and networks held by the transnational entrepreneurs relocate as a consequence of the additional aspect of the immigrants’ background as refugees. Furthermore, the findings of this thesis have added the dimension of multiple contexts to the theory of Effectuation and thereby enabled the theory to be applicable on an international business level.