L'environnement informationnel d'un entrepreneur innovateur peut se représenter grâce à l'utilisation de cartes de catégories ou taxinomies cognitives (Brännback et Carsrud, 2010). En effet, les informations que mobilise un entrepreneur, à partir d'une invention issue des hautes technologies (Mohr et al, 2003), constituent des " formes de la connaissance " partageables (Walsh, 1995) avec les parties prenantes de l'innovation. Ces formes constituent un système de traitement de l'information à l'origine d'un premier dispositif que nous créons avec les entrepreneurs puis avec les chargés d'affaires d'un incubateur. Ce dispositif est composé de cartes de catégories décrivant l'environnement informationnel de l'entrepreneur innovateur. A partir de ces cartes, il est possible d'extraire les composants d'une taxinomie. Ceux-ci prennent place dans une arborescence décrivant un système quasi-décomposable (Simon, 1969, éd. 1981). La séquence de prise en compte des composants est indiquée par la logique moyens - effets ou logique effectuale ici retenue (Sarasvathy, 2001). L'architecture des composants issus du travail de modélisation permet d'améliorer les cartes de catégories du fait d'une meilleure cohérence interne des catégories que manipule l'artefact évolutif (la méthode) ainsi constitué. En effet, la place de chaque catégorie dans l'artefact est désormais justifiée selon son appartenance à un système ou un sous-système selon les principes d'un système quasi-décomposable et de la logique effectuale (Sarasvathy et Simon, 2000). Cet artefact constitue " un système d'information effectual " dont peuvent se saisir des entrepreneurs et des chargés d'affaires simultanément.

O objetivo desta tese foi verificar se o perfil do empreendedor e seu respectivo comportamento durante o processo empreendedor (processo de criação da empresa) influenciavam o desempenho da empresa criada. Para viabilizar o alcance do seu objetivo, inicialmente verificou-se o tipo de perfil e o respectivo tipo de comportamento predominantes na amostra analisada. O método principal utilizado na pesquisa é descritivo, sendo esta preponderantemente quantitativa. O perfil empreendedor foi medido com o instrumento proposto por McClelland (1987) e o comportamento do empreendedor foi medido por um instrumento criado e proposto pelo autor, visando entender o comportamento explicitado durante a criação da empresa, entre dois extremos, o causal e o effectual. Para identificar o conjunto de características mais presentes no perfil e o comportamento predominante em cada atividade do processo empreendedor foram utilizadas estatísticas descritivas. Na sequência, a análise de clusters foi realizada para identificar a existência de diferentes tipos de comportamento empreendedor. No entanto, para atingir o principal objetivo a técnica utilizada foi a modelagem de equações estruturais, mais especificamente o método de partial least square (PLS-SEM). Os dados foram coletados por meio de um questionário auto-administrado enviado por meio eletrônico para mais de 100.000 pessoas cadastradas em um dos principais sítios brasileiros de auxílio a empreendedores, dos quais 467 retornaram e 457 foram aproveitados após análise de outliers uni e multi variados. Os resultados revelaram que o perfil empreendedor tinha maior ocorrência de características do grupo de planejamento, seguido pelo grupo de realização e depois pelo poder. Também revelaram que o comportamento geral dos empreendedores é mais causal do que effectual, sendo que dezesseis atividades são realizadas com ênfase causal e apenas dez com ênfase effectual. Esse achado diverge da teoria recente do comportamento empreendedor que propõe a prevalência do comportamento effectual. Ainda em relação ao comportamento do empreendedor verificou-se a existência de três tipos distintos de comportamento, um comportamento mais causal (age de forma precavida, com planejamento prévio de suas ações), um comportamento intermediário (alterna a forma de agir entre planejamento prévio e ação não precedida de planejamento) e um comportamento mais effectual (age sem planejamento e posteriormente enfrenta as possíveis consequências). Um achado do estudo em relação aos tipos de comportamento foi constatar que os empreendedores modificam o seu padrão de comportamento ao longo do processo, sendo que os empreendedores que iniciam o processo de maneira mais causal tendem a ser menos causais conforme o seu avanço e os empreendedores que iniciam effectuais, tendem a ser menos effectuais ao longo do processo. Finalmente, respondendo ao objetivo principal da tese, relacionando o perfil, comportamento e desempenho, é possível afirmar que tanto o perfil quanto o comportamento influenciaram o desempenho da empresa criada. O comportamento demonstrou capacidade de exercer maior influência do que o perfil, especialmente o comportamento com ênfase causal. Foi verificado também que o modelo apresentado é mais adequado aos empreendedores do setor de comércio tradicional do que ao setor de serviços. / The purpose of the thesis is to verify whether the profile of the entrepreneur and his behavior during the entrepreneurial process (the creation of a company) influence the performance of the company created. In order to enable the scope of such purpose, there were initially verified the type of profile and the correspondent type of behavior predominant in the sample analyzed. The main method used on the research is descriptive, being the research predominantly quantitative. The entrepreneurial profile was measured by the instrument proposed by McClelland (1987) and the behavior of the entrepreneur was measured by an instrument created and proposed by the author of this thesis, aiming to understand the behavior shown during the creation of the company, between two extremes, the causal and the effectual. In order to identify the group of characteristics predominant in the profile and the predominant behavior in each activity of the entrepreneurial process, there were used descriptive statistics. Following that, the analysis of clusters was made to identify the existence of different types of entrepreneurial behavior. However, in order to achieve the main purpose, the technique used was the structural equation modeling, more specifically the partial least square (PLS-SEM) method. The data were collected through a self-administrated questionnaire sent electronically to more than 100.000 people registered on one of the Brazilian main websites of support to entrepreneurs, 467 of which have returned and 457 were used after analysis of uni and multivariate outliers. The results revealed that the entrepreneurial profile presented more of the planning group characteristics, followed by the achievement group and, after that, by the power one. They also revealed that the general behavior of the entrepreneurs is more causal than effectual: sixteen activities are carried out with causal emphasis and only ten with effectual emphasis. These finding differs from the recent theory of the entrepreneurial behavior that proposes the prevalence of the effectual behavior. Still regarding the behavior of the entrepreneur, it was verified the existence of three different types of behavior, one that is more causal (acts on a cautious way, with previous planning of actions), one intermediate behavior (varies the behavior between acting with previous planning and without previous planning) and one more effectual behavior (acts without planning and, afterward, faces possible consequences). One finding of the study, regarding the types of behavior, was to note that entrepreneurs change their pattern of behavior along the process: entrepreneurs that begin the process on a more causal way tend to be less causal as they advance and the entrepreneurs that begin effectual tend to be less effectual along the process. Finally, answering to the main purpose of the thesis, relating profile, behavior and performance, it is possible to affirm that both profile and behavior influence the performance of the company created. It was demonstrated that behavior may exercise greater influence than the profile, especially the behavior with causal emphasis. It was also verified that the model presented suits better to entrepreneurs of the traditional commerce sector than to those from services\' sector.

During the past decade, entrepreneurship and its implications in a developing country context has gained increased attention in research. In Uganda, women in businesss are leading the way in the entrepreneurial development. In addition, the internationalization of small entrepreneurial firms has lately been given more attention within international business research. The purpose of this thesis is to combine these two emerging phenomena within international business in order to investigate how the female entrepreneur's means at hand influence the internationalization initiation of her small and medium-sized enterprise in Uganda. By investigating the subjects in the matter, important components of the entrepreneur's means has been examined. To ensure a deeper understanding, a qualitative research has been followed. This thesis derives from an abductive approach. Due to the lack of previous research on the subject, it benefitted from a combination of inductive empirical research combined with theoretical insights. The literature review takes off from the concept of entrepreneurship and thereafter explores the concept of opportunity, means and internationalization. A conceptual framework concludes the literature review by illustrating the relations between the concepts. The conceptual framwork provided themes for collecting and was used to analyze the empirical data gathered in Uganda by adopting a multi-case approach. The analysis discusses theoretical concepts and empirical findings in contrast and relation to each other, structured by the conceptual framework. This is followed by a concluding chapter stating implications, limitations and suggestions for further research. The outcome of this study has provided a deeper understanding of who the entrepreneur is, what she knows and how she uses her networks and personal ties to go abroad. The findings have resulted in the main theoretical implication of filling the research gap of female entrepreneurship in developing countries as well as providing an example of how the effectual approach can be used when studying entrepreneurship witin international business. We suggest that entrepreneurs and their SMEs benefit from engaging in business networks at an early stage of the internationalization process. Within networks, effectual means are working together to develop market knowledge and find opportunity for international activities.

Submitted by talita leucz (talitaleucz@hotmail.com) on 2014-02-24T21:49:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação versão final correções pós banca final.pdf: 1628793 bytes, checksum: 38148435e21ab19630330ea57e5936f4 (MD5) / Rejected by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br), reason: Prezada Talita, Falta a ficha catalográfica; Não consta no verso da Ata alteração do título, qualquer alteração o orientador dever vir na secretaria relatar na Ata. Título anterior: O PROCESSO DECISÓRIO DO EMPREENDEDOR FRENTE À TRANSIÇÃO DA PEQUENA PARA A MEDIA EMPRESA: CASOS DO SETOR HOTELEIRO NA CIDADE DE CURITIBA-PR Att. Suzi 3799-7876 on 2014-02-25T14:55:06Z (GMT) / Submitted by talita leucz (talitaleucz@hotmail.com) on 2014-02-25T16:37:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação versão final para biblioteca.pdf: 1627933 bytes, checksum: 049e2cd9725260efc220f014418074ca (MD5) / Rejected by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br), reason: Prezada Talita, Falta a ficha catalográfica na 3ª página. Att. Suzi 3799-7876 on 2014-02-26T18:05:50Z (GMT) / Submitted by talita leucz (talitaleucz@hotmail.com) on 2014-02-27T14:43:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação versão final correções pós banca final c ficha.pdf: 1737506 bytes, checksum: 400c54fe0341012b13df98409af3cc4a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2014-02-28T14:49:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação versão final correções pós banca final c ficha.pdf: 1737506 bytes, checksum: 400c54fe0341012b13df98409af3cc4a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-02-28T15:11:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação versão final correções pós banca final c ficha.pdf: 1737506 bytes, checksum: 400c54fe0341012b13df98409af3cc4a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-10 / This study sought to understand how the changes caused by the growth of the company affect the decision making process, focusing on the transition from small to medium businesses. We attempted to fill the existing gap over this period of transition between small and medium enterprises, especially in the aspects addressed by the logical Causation and Effectuation, described by Sarasvathy (2001). This research assumes that small businesses have few hierarchical levels and often decisions are centralized in owner - entrepreneur. Even as the company grows and becomes medium enterprise, there is an increase in the formalization of processes and hierarchies. Thus, there is a need to modify the decision-making process, which can be decentralized and involve more people, compared to small businesses. The theoretical research , was based on issues relating to small and medium enterprises ; hospitality industry , organizational structure , the organizational life cycle, decision making , and finally , the use of logical causation and effectuation, focusing on the characteristics of decision-making process of the entrepreneur . The research was qualitative and exploratory in nature and makes use of the method of case studies through interviews with entrepreneurs in the hospitality industry, which is a service sector that has had great visibility and growth in recent years. Two cases were analyzed in the hotel industry of Curitiba - PR, which recently went through the transition from small to medium businesses. In each case the owners, founders, their direct successors and the general manager were interviewed. Also rose client testimonials on avalizações hosting sites. For data analysis, analytical categories were assigned, and content analysis was performed (in contrast to the theoretical framework presented) and cross-case analysis (comparing the information obtained in each case). At the end of the survey, it was concluded that the transition from small to medium business affects decisions to increase the formalization of processes, there is a small delegation of powers, a greater distancing of the employees and senior management, there are a greater concern with training of staff, is considered rational aspects of the decision , there is a support team for decision making, there is concern about the long term , the responsibilities become clearer , and more autonomy is delegated to employees . It can be said that has not changed the fact that the administration remains familiar, the focus of decisions still remains in the short term, decisions remain flexible, remains the centralization of power in strategic decisions, there is still a difficulty separating personal professional, goal setting, and unclear objectives, investment in a project at a time, and use of networking is still important to the company's development / O presente estudo buscou entender como as mudanças ocasionadas pelo crescimento da empresa afetam o processo decisório, com foco na transição de pequena para média empresa. Buscou-se preencher o gap existente sobre esse período de transição entre pequenas e médias empresas, principalmente sob os aspectos abordados pelas lógicas Effectuation e Causation, descritas por Sarasvathy (2001). Esta pesquisa parte do princípio de que as pequenas empresas possuem poucos níveis hierárquicos e geralmente as decisões estão centralizadas no empreendedor-proprietário. Já quando a empresa cresce e torna-se média empresa, há um aumento nas formalizações dos processos e nas hierarquias. Com isso, há uma necessidade de modificar o processo decisório, que pode ser descentralizada ou envolver mais pessoas, se comparado às pequenas empresas. O referencial teórico da pesquisa, teve como base temas relativos à pequenas e médias empresas; setor hoteleiro, estrutura organizacional; ciclo de vida das organizações; processo decisório; e, por fim, o uso das lógicas causation e effectuation, com foco nas características do processo decisório do empreendedor. A pesquisa teve de caráter qualitativo e exploratório e faz uso do método de estudos de casos, através de entrevistas em profundidade com empreendedores do setor hoteleiro, que é um setor de serviços que tem tido grande visibilidade e crescimento nos últimos anos. Foram analisados dois casos no setor hoteleiro de Curitiba- PR, que passaram recentemente pela fase de transição de pequena para média empresa. Em cada um dos casos foram entrevistados os proprietários-fundadores, os seus sucessores diretos e o gerente-geral. Também levantou-se depoimentos de clientes em sites de avalizações de hospedagem. Para análise dos dados foram atribuídas categorias analíticas, e foi realizada a análise do conteúdo, (contrapondo com o referencial teórico apresentado) e cross-case analysis (comparativo das informações obtidas em cada caso). Ao finalizar a pesquisa, concluiu-se que a transição de pequena para média empresa afeta as decisões no sentido de aumentar a formalização de processos, há uma delegação de pequenos poderes, um maior distanciamento dos funcionários e a cúpula administrativa, há uma preocupação maior com a capacitação dos funcionários, são consideração de aspectos racionais na decisão, há uma equipe de suporte para tomada de decisões, há uma preocupação com o longo prazo, as responsabilidades tornam-se mais claras, e mais autonomia é delegada aos funcionários. Pode-se dizer que não mudou o fato da administração permanecer familiar, o foco das decisões ainda mantém-se no curto prazo, as decisões permanecem flexíveis, mantém-se a centralização do poder de decisões estratégicas; há ainda uma dificuldade em separar o pessoal do profissional, definição de metas e objetivos não muito claras, investimentos em um projeto por vez, e o uso de rede de contatos ainda é importante para o desenvolvimento da empresa.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:51:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 150183.pdf.jpg: 10483 bytes, checksum: d0cdfcdcec7cbe36fd0e7b9565196348 (MD5) 150183.pdf: 669176 bytes, checksum: 365a4eed6f130d6e129e430bbcda37d7 (MD5) 150183.pdf.txt: 248821 bytes, checksum: 1293cb68dbf95c7f773d531db79c88c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-02T00:00:00Z / The present work studies the entrepreneurs’ decision process when creating new businesses under uncertainty and without clarity of goals based on the notion of effectuation. As a new approach in the study field of strategy and entrepreneurship, the effectual approach suggests that entrepreneurs, when starting a new firm, focus on how much they afford to loose and experience as many distinct strategies and resource combinations as possible, given resources already under control. The purpose, according to this model, is not necessarily to maximize potential financial returns, but to decrease uncertainties embedded in certain strategies and resource combinations. Under effectuation, the entrepreneur, through actions, creates results from these resource combinations and by leveraging on contingencies while surrounding uncertainties decrease. Thus, based on effectuation theory, this work had an ambition not to characterize what would be an entrepreneurial process, but to provide alternative analyses clues, as well as to exploit ideas related to the decision to venture under uncertainty and ambiguity of goals. Therefore, the goal of this work was to understand if, and to what extent, entrepreneurs start firms in the real world using effectuation. A field research was undertaken in one organization (Buscapé), using the case study methodology and narrative in treating and presenting data obtained through eight semi-structured interviews with founders, executives, employees and business partners. The analysis of Buscapé case seems to show that in many occasions of its existence, entrepreneurs made decisions without clarity of goals. In particular, when creating the company, entrepreneurs sought to minimize losses by leveraging on surprises that appeared and fully exploiting resources under control. Despite the inexistence of parameters of analysis for the internet industry and inability to define clear goals for a business model, the entrepreneurs at that time decided to continue and, eventually, created a firm. Regarding these findings, the theory of effectuation helps to explain the decision process used by Buscapé entrepreneurs. As indicated in previous studies, it is possible to estate that some entrepreneurs seem to make decisions according to a common logic, the effectual control logic. / Este trabalho estuda o processo decisório de empreendedores ao criar novos negócios sob incerteza e sem objetivos claros, a partir da noção de effectuation. Sendo uma abordagem nova no campo de estudo da estratégia e empreendedorismo, a abordagem effectual propõe que os empreendedores focam, no início de uma nova empresa, em quanto eles suportam perder e experimentam tantas estratégias distintas e combinações de recursos quanto possíveis, dados os recursos que já estão sob seu controle. O propósito, neste modelo, não é necessariamente maximizar os retornos financeiros potenciais, mas, sim, reduzir a incerteza de certas estratégias e combinações de recursos. Em effectuation, o empreendedor, por meio de ações, cria os resultados a partir destas combinações de recursos e da alavancagem sobre contingências à medida que reduzem as incertezas que o cerca. Com base, portanto, na teoria de effectuation, esta dissertação teve a ambição não de caracterizar o que seria um processo empreendedor, mas, sim, dar pistas alternativas de análise, bem como explorar as idéias inerentes à decisão de empreender sob incerteza e ambigüidade de objetivos. Assim, o objetivo desta dissertação foi o de examinar se, e em que extensão, empreendedores constroem empresas no mundo real usando effectuation. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada em uma organização (Buscapé), tendo como metodologia o estudo de caso e a narrativa no tratamento e apresentação dos dados obtidos por meio de oito entrevistas semi-estruturadas com fundadores, executivos, funcionários e parceiros da empresa. Como resultados, a análise do caso Buscapé parece indicar que, em vários momentos de sua história, os empreendedores tomaram decisões sem clareza de objetivos. Em especial, no momento da criação da empresa, os empreendedores buscavam minimizar perdas, aproveitando as surpresas que surgiam e explorando ao máximo os recursos que, então, controlavam. A despeito da inexistência de parâmetros de análise da indústria de internet e da incapacidade de se definirem objetivos precisos sobre um modelo de negócio, os empreendedores, naquele momento, decidiram continuar e, em última instância, criaram uma empresa. Em vista destas observações, a teoria de effectuation ajuda a explicar o processo decisório utilizado pelos empreendedores do Buscapé. Conforme indicam estudos anteriores, é possível afirmar que alguns empreendedores parecem tomar decisões de acordo com uma lógica comum, a lógica do controle effectual.

O objetivo desta tese foi verificar se o perfil do empreendedor e seu respectivo comportamento durante o processo empreendedor (processo de criação da empresa) influenciavam o desempenho da empresa criada. Para viabilizar o alcance do seu objetivo, inicialmente verificou-se o tipo de perfil e o respectivo tipo de comportamento predominantes na amostra analisada. O método principal utilizado na pesquisa é descritivo, sendo esta preponderantemente quantitativa. O perfil empreendedor foi medido com o instrumento proposto por McClelland (1987) e o comportamento do empreendedor foi medido por um instrumento criado e proposto pelo autor, visando entender o comportamento explicitado durante a criação da empresa, entre dois extremos, o causal e o effectual. Para identificar o conjunto de características mais presentes no perfil e o comportamento predominante em cada atividade do processo empreendedor foram utilizadas estatísticas descritivas. Na sequência, a análise de clusters foi realizada para identificar a existência de diferentes tipos de comportamento empreendedor. No entanto, para atingir o principal objetivo a técnica utilizada foi a modelagem de equações estruturais, mais especificamente o método de partial least square (PLS-SEM). Os dados foram coletados por meio de um questionário auto-administrado enviado por meio eletrônico para mais de 100.000 pessoas cadastradas em um dos principais sítios brasileiros de auxílio a empreendedores, dos quais 467 retornaram e 457 foram aproveitados após análise de outliers uni e multi variados. Os resultados revelaram que o perfil empreendedor tinha maior ocorrência de características do grupo de planejamento, seguido pelo grupo de realização e depois pelo poder. Também revelaram que o comportamento geral dos empreendedores é mais causal do que effectual, sendo que dezesseis atividades são realizadas com ênfase causal e apenas dez com ênfase effectual. Esse achado diverge da teoria recente do comportamento empreendedor que propõe a prevalência do comportamento effectual. Ainda em relação ao comportamento do empreendedor verificou-se a existência de três tipos distintos de comportamento, um comportamento mais causal (age de forma precavida, com planejamento prévio de suas ações), um comportamento intermediário (alterna a forma de agir entre planejamento prévio e ação não precedida de planejamento) e um comportamento mais effectual (age sem planejamento e posteriormente enfrenta as possíveis consequências). Um achado do estudo em relação aos tipos de comportamento foi constatar que os empreendedores modificam o seu padrão de comportamento ao longo do processo, sendo que os empreendedores que iniciam o processo de maneira mais causal tendem a ser menos causais conforme o seu avanço e os empreendedores que iniciam effectuais, tendem a ser menos effectuais ao longo do processo. Finalmente, respondendo ao objetivo principal da tese, relacionando o perfil, comportamento e desempenho, é possível afirmar que tanto o perfil quanto o comportamento influenciaram o desempenho da empresa criada. O comportamento demonstrou capacidade de exercer maior influência do que o perfil, especialmente o comportamento com ênfase causal. Foi verificado também que o modelo apresentado é mais adequado aos empreendedores do setor de comércio tradicional do que ao setor de serviços. / The purpose of the thesis is to verify whether the profile of the entrepreneur and his behavior during the entrepreneurial process (the creation of a company) influence the performance of the company created. In order to enable the scope of such purpose, there were initially verified the type of profile and the correspondent type of behavior predominant in the sample analyzed. The main method used on the research is descriptive, being the research predominantly quantitative. The entrepreneurial profile was measured by the instrument proposed by McClelland (1987) and the behavior of the entrepreneur was measured by an instrument created and proposed by the author of this thesis, aiming to understand the behavior shown during the creation of the company, between two extremes, the causal and the effectual. In order to identify the group of characteristics predominant in the profile and the predominant behavior in each activity of the entrepreneurial process, there were used descriptive statistics. Following that, the analysis of clusters was made to identify the existence of different types of entrepreneurial behavior. However, in order to achieve the main purpose, the technique used was the structural equation modeling, more specifically the partial least square (PLS-SEM) method. The data were collected through a self-administrated questionnaire sent electronically to more than 100.000 people registered on one of the Brazilian main websites of support to entrepreneurs, 467 of which have returned and 457 were used after analysis of uni and multivariate outliers. The results revealed that the entrepreneurial profile presented more of the planning group characteristics, followed by the achievement group and, after that, by the power one. They also revealed that the general behavior of the entrepreneurs is more causal than effectual: sixteen activities are carried out with causal emphasis and only ten with effectual emphasis. These finding differs from the recent theory of the entrepreneurial behavior that proposes the prevalence of the effectual behavior. Still regarding the behavior of the entrepreneur, it was verified the existence of three different types of behavior, one that is more causal (acts on a cautious way, with previous planning of actions), one intermediate behavior (varies the behavior between acting with previous planning and without previous planning) and one more effectual behavior (acts without planning and, afterward, faces possible consequences). One finding of the study, regarding the types of behavior, was to note that entrepreneurs change their pattern of behavior along the process: entrepreneurs that begin the process on a more causal way tend to be less causal as they advance and the entrepreneurs that begin effectual tend to be less effectual along the process. Finally, answering to the main purpose of the thesis, relating profile, behavior and performance, it is possible to affirm that both profile and behavior influence the performance of the company created. It was demonstrated that behavior may exercise greater influence than the profile, especially the behavior with causal emphasis. It was also verified that the model presented suits better to entrepreneurs of the traditional commerce sector than to those from services\' sector.

Submitted by Bruno Rondani (brunorondani@gmail.com) on 2012-05-23T21:37:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 Tese Doutorado Rondani - RevBIBLIOTECA.docx: 3154226 bytes, checksum: 3e706cdfaaa262e324e815e4db09ba2f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão (vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2012-05-23T22:29:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 Tese Doutorado Rondani - RevBIBLIOTECA.docx: 3154226 bytes, checksum: 3e706cdfaaa262e324e815e4db09ba2f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-05-24T11:26:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 Tese Doutorado Rondani - RevBIBLIOTECA.docx: 3154226 bytes, checksum: 3e706cdfaaa262e324e815e4db09ba2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-26 / Since Chesbrough (2003) first coined the concept of open innovation it has attracted a growing attention both in academia and in practice. Despite the increasing efforts to explore open innovation, many questions remain unanswered. Academic research has spread its focus into different topics such as innovation management, business strategy, organizational behavior and public policies. Practitioners, on the other hand, have been exploring the concept of open innovation in diversified ways. Taking into account the variability of open innovation practices, this study seeks to provide microfoundations for open innovation by adopting the effectuation theory. Effectuation theory was originally developed in the field of entrepreneurship research and can be defined as a set of teachable and learnable decision-making principles that together form an overall logic that expert entrepreneurs are observed to employ in situations of uncertainty in order to create new ventures and new markets. (SARASVATHY, 2001; 2008). We have shown that the effectuation theory has the strength to provide strong contribution to build a consistent micro level conceptual basis for open innovation practices. By performing an extensive case study of an open innovation management organization dedicated to foster collaborations between Brazil and Sweden, we examine the decision-making processes of 13 expert R&D and innovation managers representing eight different entities involved in the startup of this new organization. As a result of our research we identified and described a decision-making methodology used by expert innovation managers involved in the creation of an open innovation management organization. The research insights that emerged from this case study enabled us to develop a decision-making framework based on effectuation and open innovation theories that could support managers to start-up new organizations dedicated to open innovation. / Desde que Chesbrough (2003) cunhou o termo inovação aberta, o conceito tem atraído uma atenção crescente tanto no meio acadêmico quanto no mundo empresarial. Apesar dos esforços crescentes em explorar práticas de inovação aberta, muitas perguntas permanecem sem resposta. A pesquisa acadêmica expandiu o foco abordando o tema de forma bastante ampla como gestão da inovação, estratégia empresarial, comportamento organizacional e políticas públicas. Ao mesmo tempo, gestores também têm explorado na prática o conceito de inovação aberta de formas muito diversificadas. Levando em conta a variabilidade das práticas de inovação aberta, este estudo visa fornecer microfundamentos para a inovação aberta, adotando a teoria de effectuation. A teoria de effectuation foi originalmente desenvolvida no campo da pesquisa sobre empreendedorismo. Pode ser definida como um conjunto de princípios de tomada de decisão que pode ser ensinado e aprendido, formando uma lógica global empregada por empreendedores com expertise frente a situações de incerteza durante a criação de novos empreendimentos e novos mercados (SARASVATHY, 2001; 2008). Nós demostramos que a teoria effectuation tem a consistência para fornecer uma contribuição sólida no nível micro das práticas de inovação aberta. Neste trabalho, realizamos um estudo de caso extensivo sobre uma organização de gestão da inovação aberta destinada a promover a colaboração entre Brasil e Suécia. Examinamos os processos de tomada de decisão de 13 especialistas em R&D e gerentes de inovação que juntos representam oito diferentes entidades envolvidas em sua criação. Como resultado de nossa pesquisa, identificamos e descrevemos a metodologia de tomada de decisão utilizada pelos gestores de inovação envolvidos na criação de uma organização dedicada à gestão da inovação aberta. As percepções frutos da pesquisa realizada nos permitiu desenvolver um quadro de tomada de decisão com base nas teorias de effectuation e inovação aberta, capaz de apoiar gestores na criação de novas organizações dedicadas à gestão da inovação aberta.

Abstract Entrepreneurship education in non-business studies has not been extensively studied. The requirements and special features of engineering education of applied sciences is a fairly unaddressed research topic. Yet, there is a growing need to develop the entrepreneurial behaviour of graduates, as voiced in feedback from stakeholders and other actors in society. The competence requirements of graduates are constantly evolving; they are specified globally as well. The aim and motivation for this study is to develop a new framework for fostering entrepreneurship in engineering education. The developed framework could be used for developing, firstly, entrepreneurial behaviour, and secondly, the entrepreneurial mind-set of the engineering graduates. The main focus of entrepreneurship education research has been on content issues and primarily from the perspective of business studies. Therefore, this study has focused on pondering the methodological challenges of entrepreneurship education in the chosen target field, engineering education. The context for outlining the framework is constructed by first introducing the operational environment of the target organisation. Thereafter, the central concepts of entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship education and technology-based entrepreneurship are processed in a literature review in order to build the theoretical basis. In addition, research methods with ontological and epistemological choices are displayed. Due to the multilevel structure of the research phenomenon, the study approaches the phenomenon through four essays. The first essay opens up the aspects and background in order to understand the role and expectations of stakeholders as regards entrepreneurship education. The second essay concentrates on the pedagogical issues and possibilities of action-based learning methods with respect to entrepreneurship education especially. The third essay combines effectuation and causation perspectives on opportunity recognition and offers a framework for effectuation-based entrepreneurship education. The fourth essay is an empirical study covering effectuation and causation from the point of view of local technology-based companies. The conclusions of the study suggest that the outlined effectual entrepreneurship education, if combined with action-based learning methods like enquiry-based learning for instance, could support the development of entrepreneurial behaviour, and ensuing entrepreneurship, among engineering students. It is also suggested that adoption of the new framework requires renewal of the learning environment, and the involvement of the entire organisation in the change process. / Tiivistelmä Yrittäjyyskasvatusta ja -koulutusta ei juurikaan ole tutkittu muutoin kuin liiketaloustieteen koulutuksen kannalta. Erityisesti aiheen tutkiminen ammattikorkeakoulujen insinöörikoulutuksen näkökulmasta on ollut vähäistä. Kuitenkin niin sidosryhmät kuin yhteiskuntakin odottavat yhä enemmän valmistuvien omaksuvan koulutuksen aikana yrittäjämäistä käyttäytymistä ja yrittäjyysajattelua. Valmistuvien osaamisvaatimukset kehittyvät jatkuvasti ja ne on määritelty myös maailmanlaajuisesti. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoitus ja motivaatio on kehittää uusi insinöörikoulutukseen soveltuva yrittäjyyskasvatuksen ja -koulutuksen viitekehys. Sitä voitaisiin käyttää ensinnäkin kehittämään valmistuvien insinöörien yrittäjämäistä käyttäytymistä ja toiseksi heidän yrittäjyysajatteluaan. Näyttää siltä, että yrittäjyyskasvatuksen tutkimuksen painopiste on ollut sisältöön liittyvissä kysymyksissä liiketalouden näkökulmasta tarkasteluna. Siksi tässä tutkimuksessa on keskitytty sen sijaan pohtimaan yrittäjyyskasvatuksen ja -koulutuksen pedagogisia haasteita valitun kohderyhmän, insinöörikoulutuksen yhteydessä. Viitekehyksen kontekstia on hahmoteltu esittelemällä ensinnäkin kohdeorganisaation toimintaympäristöä. Sen jälkeen on käsitelty kirjallisuuskatsauksessa teoreettisen taustan muodostamiseksi tutkimuksen kannalta sellaisia keskeisiä käsitteitä kuten yrittäjyys, yrittäjyyskasvatus ja -koulutus sekä teknologiayrittäjyys. Lisäksi on esitelty valittujen tutkimusmetodien ontologisia ja epistemologisia perusteita. Tutkittavan ilmiön monitahoisuudesta johtuen aihetta on lähestytty neljän esseen kautta. Ensimmäinen essee selvittää sidosryhmien roolia ja odotuksia yrittäjyyskasvatuksen ja -koulutuksen kentässä. Toinen essee tarkastelee pedagogisia näkökulmia ja etenkin aktivoivien opetusmenetelmien antia yrittäjyyskasvatuksen ja -koulutuksen näkökulmasta. Kolmas essee selvittää effektuaation ja kausaation näkökulmien yhteyttä liiketoimintamahdollisuuksien tunnistamiseen ja esittelee effektuaatiota hyödyntävän yrittäjyyskasvatuksen ja -koulutuksen viitekehyksen. Neljäs essee on empiirinen tutkimus, joka lähestyy effektuaatiota ja kausaatiota paikallisten teknologiayritysten näkökulmasta. Tutkimuksen johtopäätöksissä esitetään, että hahmoteltu effektuaatioon perustuva yrittäjyyskasvatus ja -koulutus yhdistettynä aktivoiviin opetusmenetelmiin, esimerkiksi tutkivaan oppimiseen, voisi kehittää valmistuvien insinöörien yrittäjämäistä käyttäytymistä ja yrittäjyysasennetta, ja lisätä myöhemmin myös yrittäjyyttä. Sen lisäksi ehdotetaan, että uuden viitekehyksen käyttöönotto edellyttää niin oppimisympäristöjen uudistamista kuin koko organisaation sitoutumista muutosprosessiin.

Recently, there has been a growth in digital technology use and an upward trend in the adoption and use of social media by individuals and corporations, changing the way people communicate and interact. Despite this evolution, little is known about how the adoption of online social interaction affects entrepreneurial processes, especially opportunity evaluation. This empirical study sought to fill the gap in the literature by investigating the effect of social interaction via social media on opportunity evaluation. In reviewing the studies done on opportunity evaluation as indicated in the paper by Wood and Mckelvie (2015), it would seem that the effect of online social interaction on opportunity evaluation has not been studied and hence, to the best of the researcher’s knowledge, there was no model in the literature to measure the effect. The study used a mixed-method approach. Survey questionnaires were used to collect data from a random sample of young entrepreneurs in Ghana. The questions were evaluated with SPSS and later exported to STATA for data analysis. Factor analysis and various normality tests were performed to ensure the accuracy of the data. A total of 383 questionnaires were analysed. This was then followed by key informant interviews with 13 entrepreneurs, and the analysis done using Nvivo 11. The main contribution of this research is the development of a model that measures the effect of online social interaction on opportunity evaluation. The study found that online social interaction helps entrepreneurs build networks which subsequently has an impact on opportunity evaluation either directly, or indirectly through mediation by resource availability. This study has made an important contribution to practice by showing the positive effect that basic tools that aid daily activities, like social media, has on entrepreneurial opportunity evaluation. ii It is recommended that future research understands other factors that may facilitate the opportunity evaluation process and the extent to which those factors facilitate the opportunity evaluation process, as this may lead to better insight with regards to targeting entrepreneurial training for optimum results. The use of the mediation analysis process was adopted for this study because of evidence from other disciplines that suggest the efficacy of targeting interventions at the intermediate process. Using this approach for future studies will help target interventions, taking into consideration mediation mechanisms for more impact. / Graduate School of Business Leadership / D.B. L.

Sustainability and eco-innovation trends in business are increasingly diffused globally. The quest for sustainable materials to overcome the alarming global tendency of plastic ubiquity is one of the main reasons for such trends. It draws the attention of international actors in the business ranging from a big incumbent multinational company to a small but international firm. The phenomenon of a small firm that quickly becomes global is pervasive and contributes crucially to the global economy. Due to the born global (BG) novelty, internationalization in BG firms has been elaborated primarily in a general context, excluding the firms and industry-particular characteristics. The study aims to understand the internationalization process of a BG firm equipped with an eco-innovation context at the early stage in the biocomposite industry, using an effectual approach as conceptual lenses. The conceptual lens creates interplay among the combined international business area,  international entrepreneurship, and emerging eco-innovation field through the embedded effectuation principles. The study embraces an inductive case study approach which involves 12 participants from international actors and members of BG firms in semi-structured interviews. Furthermore, the industrial context of the study revolves around the biocomposite industry and its network to view eco-innovation nuance. The research found that Eco-innovation technology competence becomes the available means to internationalize for BG firm. Moreover, it is concluded that the effectuation theory is reliable both to be used by researchers in analyzing the phenomenon and dominantly used by the entrepreneur in internationalizing their business in uncertain time such as the early stage of internationalization. BG firm utilizes the contingencies through a learning process iteratively but at a quick pace due to their alliance with the network, but the business form is more effectually transformed instead of incrementally changing and well-planned.  The use of a formal causation approach was present yet limited during the process. The findings of this study add to the existing literature of internationalization by incorporating eco-innovation, as well as bridging the gap between eco-innovation, international business, and entrepreneurship literature.