This study investigates and aims to capture a new phenomenon: “celebpreneurship”, a new form of entrepreneurship emerged through the celebrification process. Where ordinary individuals transform into celebrities, and become entrepreneurial when they reach certain amount of “well-knowness”, in order to monetize their activities. The empirical data is obtained based on a complete observational study of two exemplary cases dealing with this phenomenon; Chiara Ferragni, the fashion blogger and yTravel Blog, the travel bloggers. Celebpreneurs start to build up networks and communities online through accessible media as blogs and social networking websites, to create awareness and desire among their audience eventually. They follow the effectuation venturing principle to pursue capitals and resources and transform into stabilized causational ventures at a later stage. The commodification and contemporary fame of these individuals are fundamental in the establishments of further entrepreneurial activities. As result, the phenomenon shows the existence of entrepreneurship in different forms and areas, as the celebpreneurs are involved into various brand partnerships, endorsements, product campaigns and even in the creation of own ventures. The contribution of this study is to show how effectuation, community building and celebrification can extend, re-activate and mobilize the classical approach of entrepreneurship.  Keywords: Celebpreneurship, Entrepreneurship, Celebrification, Effectuation and Causation, Celebrity, Capitals, Online Networks, Social Media, Blogging

Trender är ett fenomen som innebär en tydlig och stabil förändring av något på marknaden. Inom sportens värld finns det en trend som varit speciellt uppmärksammad och aktuell de senaste åren. Sporten det handlar om är padel, vilket för många var ett okänt område för bara 5 år sedan, men som nu växt fram till att vara en uppskattad sport eller motionsform i Sverige. Förmågan att snappa upp och utnyttja en affärsmöjlighet eller en trend är en väsentlig egenskap för att kunna starta och driva en lönsam verksamhet och det är vanligt att det är just de som kallas entreprenörer som besitter denna förmåga. Syftet med denna studie är att skapa medvetenhet kring hur entreprenörer identifierat och värderat trenden padel och dess affärsmässiga potential. Studien har genomförts med en kvalitativ metod, varvid fem semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med fem olika entreprenörer inom padelbranschen. Forskarna har använt sig av en abduktiv ansats, där teori och empiri har samlats in växelvis. Litteraturgenomgången presenterar teorier kring vad en trend och affärsmöjlighet är samt hur en trend kan urskiljas. Även teorier kring en entreprenörs personlighet samt hur man identifierar och värderar en trend behandlas. Resultatet av studien grundar sig i att tillvägagångssättet för entreprenörer som startat verksamhet inom padel skildrar sig från hur det vanligtvis går till vid ett företags framväxt. Där entreprenörens affärsnätverk, identifiering och värdering av affärsmöjligheten tillsammans med dennes personlighet har legat till grund för bedömningen av padelns affärsmässiga potential.

Lean Startup is a widely adopted method nowadays, which contains a consistent approach to unveil a valid business model in a scenario of extreme uncertainty. This process involves a significant amount of effectual reasoning. On the other hand, established companies use planning strategies for their operations where causal reasoning drives the decision-making process based on future market predictions. There is clearly a gap on how growing startups that have discovered a working business model shift their initial effectual methodologies to more causal methods while they grow. In this thesis, common effectual and causal methodologies are explained and mapped against existing frameworks used in the industry. Furthermore, an analysis of how companies can include causality into the effectual methodologies initially used is done, in particular using the Lean Startup framework. Furthermore, the intrusion of causal components in effectual frameworks leads to a question of balancing between the causal and effectual components. A simple method to detect whether a startup needs one or the other during its evolution is presented and explained using game theory. Through non-cooperative game strategies, i.e. Nash equilibrium, a simple rule to evaluate the current balance between causation and effectuation can be used.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo Bernd Glasenapp.pdf: 1156753 bytes, checksum: 12ce5c06ea724956a19e4e0743747f51 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis aims to demonstrate the possibility of realization of conventionality control by default in our legal system in the absence of regulations and especially the lack of adaptation of the legal rules existing on Human Rights on the legal innovations arising through treaties international human rights. Faced with such a scenario, this thesis develops having to justify the need for effective human rights within our legal system on the certainty that the simple conclusion of international treaties on human rights is no longer just enough. Once demonstrated the existence of conventionality control by default as a way of realization of human rights by virtue of court decisions, the present thesis switches to the possibility of overcoming the legal problems arising from the legislative omission on human rights through the creation reallocated to the President for legislative initiative to adapt the domestic legal system to international human rights treaties. With such legal innovation presented here, and defends, you can become more effective human rights in our country, without the problem of legislative omission to endure in time unconventional way / Esta tese tem por objetivo demonstrar a possibilidade de realização do controle de convencionalidade por omissão em nosso ordenamento jurídico diante da ausência de regulamentação e, especialmente, da ausência de adaptação das normas jurídicas já existentes relativas Direitos Humanos diante das inovações jurídicas advindas por meio de tratados internacionais de direitos humanos. Diante de tal cenário, a presente tese desenvolve-se tendo como justificativa a necessidade de efetivação dos direitos humanos dentro de nosso ordenamento jurídico diante da certeza de que a simples celebração de tratados internacionais de direitos humanos já não é mais só suficiente. Uma vez demonstrada a existência do controle de convencionalidade por omissão como forma de efetivação dos Direitos Humanos por força do Poder Judiciário, a presente tese passa a trabalhar com a hipótese de superação do problema jurídico decorrente da omissão legislativa relativa aos Direitos Humanos por meio da criação de uma nova atribuição ao Presidente da República para iniciativa legislativa de adequação do ordenamento jurídico interno aos tratados internacionais de direitos humanos. Com tal inovação jurídica que aqui se apresenta, e defende, será possível tornar mais efetivos os Direitos Humanos em nosso País, sem que o problema da omissão legislativa se perdure no tempo de forma inconvencional

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Danilo Fontenele Sampaio Cunha.pdf: 3140013 bytes, checksum: 6f2578bd5ed90f9c088944cd6caadc62 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-30 / It is argued that understanding the sense of law must be made with an emphasis on discursive inclusiveness and overcome the functionalist paradigms and utilities, aiming to capture the sense of the law through the sense of fair. New view of such phenomenon is suggested, using metaphor created based on the quantum string theory, emphasizing the intimate character of the judge and the weaving of their social bonds. It is stated that the sense of the law is preceded and consists of a sense of fair that precedes and accompanies, presented here in the form of vibrating triple helical helix composed of consciousness, sensitivity and interpretation of the rules and activated by the agent's will constituted by the culture, ethics and interests, according to their freedom and dreams. It is proposed, therefore, to redefine judicial practices in the pursuit of happiness, freedom and equality, overcoming the mere rationalization of the convictions of the judge or of normative guidelines through the use of what we call exlética topical, with the objective of close as possible to the right applicable to the case. It is proposed to finish the resumption of topical sensitivity and poetic in the dynamic conception of the feeling of the fair as a way to reach to human and humane effectuation of the law / Defende-se a ideia de que a compreensão do sentido do Direito deve ser feita com ênfase na inclusividade discursiva e na superação dos paradigmas funcionalistas e utilitários, visando a captar o sentido do Direito mediante a concepção do sentimento do justo. Nova visão de tal fenômeno é sugerida, com utilização de metáfora criada com base na Teoria Quântica das Cordas, enfatizando os caracteres mais íntimos do julgador e a tecedura de seus vínculos sociais. Indica-se que o sentido do Direito é antecedido e composto por um sentimento do justo que o precede e acompanha, aqui denotado na forma de tríplice hélice vibrátil, composta de consciência, sensibilidade e interpretação das normas, bem como ativada pela vontade do agente, constituída pela cultura, ética e interesses, e de acordo com sua liberdade e sonhos. Propõe-se, com efeito, a redefinição de práticas judiciais, na busca da felicidade, liberdade e igualdade, pela superação da mera racionalização das convicções do julgador ou das orientações normativas, mediante a utilização do que se chama de tópica exlética, com o objetivo de aproximar-se o mais possível do justo aplicável ao caso concreto. Sugere-se, ao fim, a retomada da sensibilidade tópica e da poética na concepção dinâmica do sentimento do justo como maneira de se alcançar a efetivação humana e humanitária do Direito

近年來，許多創業者以解決社會問題為己任，投身於社會創業的行列。有些創業者選擇創立社會企業，希望以社會企業的型態營運，同時創造社會價值與經濟價值；有些創業者則選擇以非營利組織的型態運作，不因利潤追求而背離解決社會問題的初衷。無論是何種組織型態，從開始創業到發展至有穩定營運模式的創業歷程，是決定組織是否存活、創造社會價值的關鍵階段。因此本研究欲探討社會創業者如何走過社會創業歷程，提供有志於社會創業者參考。 本研究採個案研究法，選擇「社企流」、「Venture For Taiwan」、「Design For Change Taiwan」、「Teach For Taiwan」作為研究個案，從Timmons Model創業三要素「機會」、「團隊」、「資源」分析個案及討論「三要素動態關係」，並以Effectuation理論檢視「創業者行為」，透過不同面向來探討個案從「志工團隊」發展至「自主創業」的創業歷程。 研究結果發現，社會創業者能持續挖掘機會，重新定義社會問題、找到商業機會；社會創業者能在核心團隊與外部支持體系間，建立良好的內外部成員互動關係；社會創業者能有效槓桿社會資源取得資源，並有意識地累積組織資源，使組織發展具方向性。在創業三要素動態關係間，除了Timmons強調的創意、溝通、領導之外，本研究認為社會創業者更具備運用人脈、策略、彈性的能力，以平衡創業三要素之動態關係。 本研究亦透過實際操作發現，若以Effectuation理論檢視創業歷程，創業實踐始於模糊的機會與有限的資源，而透過與他人互動後形成團隊、累積資源，進而創造出更具體機會，並往下一個循環邁進。此一理論可輔助研究者觀察創業者行為動態，並連結回機會、團隊、資源三要素，有助創業歷程動態研究。

The need to manage an unpredictability and to defuse uncertainties in the market is of great interest for SMEs, especially since many actors are forced to interact almost instantly upon inception. The strategic management of SMEs, within a networking context and through their internationalization process, is the primary focus of this research paper. Building on discoveries from the clean tech industry and facilitators surrounding those actors, the knowledge of firm´s network embeddedness and the importance of a network proficiency for business development is discussed as a point of supply to strategic actions in a highly competitive environment. A conceptual model is constructed, building on existing theories regarding internationalization to further expand current theories regarding networks, entrepreneurial effectuation, International Entrepreneurship (IE), International Business (IB), in order to create an applicability for an industry that is notably influenced by the political sphere. The analysis, stemming from an explorative multiple case study, illustrates the empirical data through the conceptual model. Key findings include that the environment can be said to be partly non-conducive for SMEs international venturings, due to the disruptive nature of the technologies and at times opposing cognitive mindsets. The conclusion points to a general need for an ability to augment a liable position through a mastery within networking realms along with a purposeful cognition, something these authors have labeled a Networking intelligence (NI) in its entirety. NI would, for this reason, be equivalent to obtaining a mastery within three networking dimensions with the additional feed-in mechanism of purposeful cognition. NI would as such constitute an advantage, ultimately leading to firms gaining a greater impact in regards to a commercial development through an internationalization processes. NI would in this regard act as a facilitator for growth, promoting more effective, efficient, and possibly more balanced actions on the international scene. NI would also enable SMEs to mirror the capabilities of an embedded MNC, with its heterogeneous resources.

Submitted by Anderson Queiroz Lemos (andersonqadm@gmail.com) on 2016-03-17T19:35:27Z No. of bitstreams: 2 tese versão final.pdf: 5562225 bytes, checksum: e86c338d9f08e328752f3f0a94d334ce (MD5) tese versão final.pdf: 5562225 bytes, checksum: e86c338d9f08e328752f3f0a94d334ce (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2016-03-17T19:37:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 tese versão final.pdf: 5562225 bytes, checksum: e86c338d9f08e328752f3f0a94d334ce (MD5) tese versão final.pdf: 5562225 bytes, checksum: e86c338d9f08e328752f3f0a94d334ce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-17T20:03:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 tese versão final.pdf: 5562225 bytes, checksum: e86c338d9f08e328752f3f0a94d334ce (MD5) tese versão final.pdf: 5562225 bytes, checksum: e86c338d9f08e328752f3f0a94d334ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-23 / This study examines the contribution of centrality in the raising of supermarkets organizational structure complexity, and the possible effects of this change in entrepreneurial decision-making process. Causation and effectuation are distinct decision-making processes that have their proper usage time. However, when they have not been studied in business network environments. To resolve the gap, this research focuses on the associative cooperation network type (BALESTRIN; VARGAS, 2004; BALESTRIN; VERSCHOORE, 2008). It uses the concepts of centrality (FREEMAN, 1979; WASSERMAN; FAUST, 1994), relational ties (BURT, 1992; GRANOVETTER, 1973), complexity of the organizational structure (HALL, 2004), and causation and effectuation decision-making processes (SARASVATHY, 2001a). Data was inductively collected in six cases of micro and small supermarkets in the state of Ceará. After analyzing the contents of each case, the researcher conducted a Qualitative Comparative Analysis. The necessary conditions for entrepreneus adopt Causation and effectuation were: a) centrality contributes to raise the organizational structure complexity and/or adoption of management control mechanisms, when relationships are driven more by social ties than by strategic ties; b) causation and effectuation are used regardless the rising of the organizational structures complexity. As a new finding, in addition to experienced entrepreneurs, novice also vary the use of Effectuation and Causation in the early new ventures stage. However, in time, after implement management control mechanisms, entrepreneurs tend to reduce the use of certain efetuais practices, such as the ability to experiment actions and take risks and losses. New data were collected and tests were performed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) based on Partial Least Squares (PLS). The results confirm that: C) social ties influence more than the strategic ones in the transformation of the organizational structure of the supermarkets; d) this change influences positively the implementation of management control mechanisms; e) and that supermarkets with management control mechanisms will have entrepreneurs more inclined to adopt the process of Causation, and less likely to experiment new actions and take risks and losses. These results help us to understand when relationships generated in business networks, affect the foundation and growth of enterprises, and the evolution of entrepreneurial decisionmaking behavior as well. The research teaches entrepreneurs that they don’t need to generate many relationships to develop their businesses, i.e, the relative network position is not important since social bonds are up and they are engaged in activities of their association. It also teaches that entrepreneurs tend to develop causal reasoning in business networks. / Este estudo analisa a contribuição da centralidade em redes de negócios, na elevação da complexidade da estrutura organizacional de supermercados e os possíveis efeitos dessa mudança no processo decisório empreendedor. Causation e Effectuation são processos decisórios distintos que possuem sua hora adequada de utilização. Porém, faltam estudos sobre quando os empreendedores utilizam tais processos em ambientes de redes interorganizacionais. Para preencher esse gap, a pesquisa centra-se na tipologia de rede de cooperação associativa (BALESTRIN; VARGAS, 2004; BALESTRIN; VERSCHOORE, 2008). O referencial teórico foi construído a partir dos conceitos de centralidade (FREEMAN, 1979; WASSERMAN; FAUST, 1994), laços relacionais (BURT, 1992; GRANOVETTER, 1973), complexidade da estrutura organizacional (HALL, 2004), e dos processos decisórios de Causation e Effectuation (SARASVATHY, 2001a). Inicialmente, os dados foram coletados de forma indutiva em seis casos de micros e pequenos supermercados em redes de negócios no estado do Ceará. Após analisar o conteúdo de cada caso, o pesquisador procedeu uma Análise Qualitativa Comparativa (Qualitative Comparative Analysis – QCA). As condições necessárias à adoção dos processos decisórios foram: a) a centralidade contribui para elevar a complexidade da estrutura organizacional e/ou adoção de mecanismos de controle gerencial, quando as relações são conduzidas mais por laços sociais do que por laços estratégicos; b) empreendedores adotam Effectuation e Causation independentemente da complexidade da estrutura organizacional dos supermercados. Um novo achado foi que, além dos empreendedores novatos, os experientes também variam o uso de Effectuation e Causation no início dos novos empreendimentos. Mas ao longo do tempo, ao implementarem mecanismos de controle gerencial, eles tendem a reduzir a utilização de algumas práticas efetuais, como as capacidades de experimentar e aceitar riscos e perdas. Dados complementares foram coletados e testes foram realizados por meio de Modelagem de Equações Estruturais (MEE) baseada em partial least squares (PLS). Os resultados confirmaram que: c) os laços sociais exercem mais influência que os estratégicos, na transformação da estrutura organizacional dos supermercados; d) essa transformação influencia positivamente na implantação de mecanismos de controle gerencial; e) supermercados com mecanismos de controle gerencial terão empreendedores mais propensos a adotarem o processo de Causation, e menos propensos a experimentar e aceitar riscos e perdas. Os resultados contribuem para entender quando as relações geradas em redes de cooperação, afetam a fundação e o crescimento de pequenas empresas, e onde ocorre a evolução do comportamento decisório empreendedor no tempo. De forma prática, a pesquisa demonstra aos micros e pequenos empreendedores que eles não precisam gerar muitas relações para desenvolverem seus negócios, ou seja, a posição relativa do supermercado na rede não é importante, desde que os laços sociais estejam ativos e haja engajamento nas atividades das associações. Também ensina que os empreendedores tendem a desenvolver o raciocínio causal em redes de negócios.

Crowdfunding is a transformative service innovation, a novel and revolutionary way for entrepreneurs to obtain funding for their start-up ventures. This study explores the phenomenon of reward-based crowdfunding in relation to entrepreneurial behaviour and decision-making, as well as the relationship between the entrepreneur and the community. Following a case-study approach, the phenomenon is described based on existing literature and collected empirics from five qualitative in-depth interviews with entrepreneurs performing on Kickstarter. The findings of this study reveal, that reward-based crowdfunding reveals several mechanisms, which attract entrepreneurs to execute their activities and deal with uncertainty in a safer way. These activities refer to (1) independency from traditional investors, (2) creative and effectual reasoning at affordable loss, (3) extending the entrepreneur’s social network via the internet, and (4) utilizing web-based platforms for co-creation of marketing, communication, product design, and brand development. This may lead to adapted forms of entrepreneurship in the future.

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to assess the process of early pre-internationalised and pre-market established born global company and to provide viable advice as to how to internationalise the Indian market which is psychically and geographically distant from the Swedish market. Design/methodology/approach - This study follows a qualitative research approach with an inductive single case study design in order to examine in-depth the Swedish start-up, TurtleCare AB, throughout its internationalisation process. In terms of data collection, a triangulation method has been employed comprising both primary and secondary data. Findings - The evidence suggests the entrepreneur partly acts under the effectuation logic, in the sense of reaching out and attempting to create network and partners, however, more notable is the market research and step-by-step causation process carried out by the decision-maker. Hence, the effectiveness of logic (causation or effectuation) applied is heavily dependent on the situation the company finds itself in. Among the possible market segments to be addressed in India, the most prominent ones are hospitality and tourism together with healthcare. In fact, the Indian market presents numerous opportunities for the foreign brand, however, crucial cultural factors influencing consumer behaviour must be considered when formulating a market entry strategy. Research limitations - Research biases stem from chosen method and nature of data gathering as well as the extent of company research on foreign market/market entry and short observation time might have limited the outcome. Practical implications - A real-life example of an entrepreneur's journey may not only serve as inspiration for future entrepreneurs but also, provide several insights for further research on born global internationalisation, particularly, in what concerns customer segmentation and market entry strategy within a challenging yet promising international business context. Originality/value - The originality dwells in the assessment of the processes happening in a pre-internationalised Swedish born global firm that attempts to enter the Far East market, with a focus on entrepreneurial actions, opportunity perception and decision-making logic.