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<p>Government efforts to improve the self-employment prospects of persons with disabilities are increasing, yet there is a dearth of information about the outcomes of these initiatives. Further, methodological limitations in the entrepreneurship literature make it difficult to determine the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education more generally. This three-wave, quasi-experimental study provides the first quantitative examination of the outcomes of entrepreneurship education programs for persons with disabilities, indicating that the programs are effective in helping participants to create their own businesses. Contributions are also made to entrepreneurship pedagogy via the first quantitative assessment of the place-train model applied to entrepreneurship development, showing that this approach when combined with financial incentives yields significantly better results than the train-place approach without financial incentives. The study contributes to theory building in entrepreneurship by investigating theory of planned behaviour relationships that have not been adequately assessed, showing significant relationships between intentions and nascent gestation behaviours. The relationship between nascent gestation behaviours and actual business creation is also shown, thus helping to demonstrate the value of utilizing the theory of planned behaviour in examining education interventions designed to promote business creation. Also, the study assesses whether those persons with disabilities who are successful at creating their own businesses have an associated increase in self-esteem, and thus the potential to reap both economic and social psychological rewards, with results indicating it is the activity of trying to start a business, rather than actual business creation, that best predicts increases in self-esteem.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Alors que les mutations s’accélèrent et l’instabilité semble permanente, l’esprit d’entreprise est valorisé par les acteurs publics et privés. En France, l’auto-entrepreneur, créé par la loi n° 2008-776 du 4 août 2008, favorise l’accès à l’entrepreneuriat au plus grand nombre. Depuis 2009, les créations d’entreprises comptent pour plus de moitié d’auto-entrepreneurs. Aussi, l’existence d’une dynamique entrepreneuriale spécifique à ces créations se pose. La recherche s’inscrit dans une approche constructiviste d’essai d’explication du phénomène par l’identification des caractéristiques des auto-entrepreneurs en comparaison aux autres entrepreneurs. Elle prend racine dans l’examen de 700 dossiers d’évaluation de projets en phase amont de la création/ reprise dans le sud Finistère, soit, de fin 2008 à début 2012 près d’1% des créations / reprises en Bretagne. L’appui sur les paradigmes entrepreneuriaux amène à rapprocher des standards théoriques génériques à des constatations issues du terrain. Une approche hypothético-déductive permet d’identifier les caractéristiques des auto-entrepreneurs en comparaison aux autres entrepreneurs. L’analyse qualitative thématique d’entretiens biographiques d’auto-entrepreneurs triangule et confirme les résultats. La recherche questionne le paradigme de la création/ obtention de valeur nouvelle ou existante. Elle interroge le processus schumpétérien d’innovation créatrice versus destructrice, et sa possible mobilisation dans une lecture du succès de l’auto-entrepreneur. Elle propose une approche effectuale de la création en auto-entrepreneuriat. Elle confirme le rôle de l’accompagnement en phase amont de la création/ reprise d’entreprises. / While mutations accelerate and instability seems to be permanent, entrepreneurship is valued by public and private actors. In France, the auto-entrepreneur, created by Law No. 2008-776 of 4 August 2008, promotes access to entrepreneurship to greater numbers. Since 2009, the auto-entrepreneurs account for more than half of self-employed entrepreneurs. Also, the existence of a specific entrepreneurial approach to business creation projects under this status arises. This research is part of a constructivist approach to explain the phenomenon by identifying the characteristics of auto-entrepreneurs in comparison to other entrepreneurs. It is rooted in the examination of 700 projects evaluated in upstream phase of the creation / buyout in the southern Finistère, from late 2008 to early 2012, almost 1% of the creation / buyout firms on the Brittany area. The support of entrepreneurial paradigms leads to closer generic theoretical standard to findings from the field. A counterfactual approach identifies the characteristics of auto-entrepreneurs in comparison to other entrepreneurs. Thematic qualitative analysis of biographical interviews of auto-entrepreneurs triangulates and confirms the results. The research questions the paradigm of creating / obtaining new or existing value. She questions the Schumpeterian process of creative versus destructive innovation, and its possible mobilization in a reading of the success of the auto-entrepreneur. It offers effectual approach creation depending on the status of auto-entrepreneur. It confirms the role of the accompanying upstream phase of the creation / buyout business.

Submitted by Marcus Alexandre Yshikawa Salusse (msalusse@gmail.com) on 2014-03-31T16:50:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 (@DISSERTAÇÃO_VERSAO FINAL_31.03.14).pdf: 9682404 bytes, checksum: 74f2c344694c9eae81d4e672f1c1af51 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by PAMELA BELTRAN TONSA (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2014-03-31T16:53:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 (@DISSERTAÇÃO_VERSAO FINAL_31.03.14).pdf: 9682404 bytes, checksum: 74f2c344694c9eae81d4e672f1c1af51 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-03-31T16:58:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 (@DISSERTAÇÃO_VERSAO FINAL_31.03.14).pdf: 9682404 bytes, checksum: 74f2c344694c9eae81d4e672f1c1af51 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-27 / O objetivo desta pesquisa é compreender como professores ao redor do mundo ensinam empreendedorismo com fundamento na teoria effectuation. A pesquisa utiliza a metodologia de estudo de caso múltiplo para análise de cinco experiências em educação empreendedora em nível universitário, realizadas em cinco instituições de ensino de quatro países diferentes com intuito de compreender o contexto dessas experiências, a estrutura dos cursos, as metodologias de ensino utilizadas e as percepções de docentes e alunos sobre essas experiências. O estudo traz inicialmente um breve histórico sobre a evolução do ensino de empreendedorismo nos Estados Unidos e no Brasil. Ato contínuo, o estudo faz uma análise da evolução das perspectivas teóricas utilizadas para compreensão do fenômeno empreendedor e relaciona essas perspectivas às metodologias de ensino utilizadas para o ensino de empreendedorismo, com destaque para a recente discussão sobre a perspectiva do empreendedorismo como método. A teoria effectuation é apresentada em seguida e introduz seus os princípios norteadores e as teorias que deram origem à sua formulação. A análise dos casos resulta em contribuições teóricas referentes à estruturação de perguntas de pesquisa que relacionam a utilização da teoria effectuation no ensino de empreendedorismo ao aumento da intenção dos alunos em empreender e que analisam a influência da cultura e da formação dos alunos no processo de ensino e aprendizado. As contribuições práticas, por sua vez, referem-se à identificação do elemento integrador das metodologias de ensino de empreendedorismo com fundamento na teoria effectuation, da identificação de metodologias de ensino emergentes e da contribuição da teoria para o desenvolvimento do ensino de empreendedorismo no Brasil. Assim, os resultados desta pesquisa contribuem para aumentar o conhecimento existente sobre a utilização da teoria effectuation no ensino de empreendedorismo e sobre os efeitos dessa introdução, bem como por meio da formulação de perguntas de pesquisa para direcionamento de esforços de pesquisa futuros. / This research aims at understanding how professors around the world teach entrepreneurship using effectuation theory. The research utilizes the multiple case study methodology to analyze five entrepreneurship education experiences at the university level, performed at five institutions from four different countries in order to understand the context of these entrepreneurship education experiences, the structure of the courses, the teaching methodologies used and the perceptions from both students and professors regarding their experiences. The study initially presents a brief history on the evolution of entrepreneurship education in the United States and Brazil. Thereafter, the study analyzes the evolution of the theoretical perspectives used to understand the entrepreneurial phenomenon and relate these perspectives to the methodologies used for teaching entrepreneurship, highlighting the recent discussion about the entrepreneurship as method perspective. The effectuation theory is presented in sequence and it guiding principles and theories that led to its formulation are presented. The theoretical contributions from the study relate to the structuring of research questions that analyze the relationship between effectuation teaching and the increase on intention of the students to become entrepreneurs, and the influence of culture and educational background in the teaching and learning process. The practical contributions refers to the identification of the integrating element of effectual teaching methodologies, the identification of emerging teaching methodologies in the field and the contribution from effectuation theory to the development of entrepreneurship education in Brazil. Thus, this research contributes to increase the existing knowledge on effectuation teaching and the effects on introducing effectuation to teach entrepreneurship, as well as through the structuring of research questions for future research efforts.

Submitted by Gabriel Ribeiro (ribeirogabriel@gmail.com) on 2015-01-14T19:32:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Ribeiro-Lean-Startup-MPA-FGV-2014.pdf: 844785 bytes, checksum: b0b1c9209292a833e8683d31db2f58bd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Luiza Holme (ana.holme@fgv.br) on 2015-01-14T19:34:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Ribeiro-Lean-Startup-MPA-FGV-2014.pdf: 844785 bytes, checksum: b0b1c9209292a833e8683d31db2f58bd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-01-15T10:32:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ribeiro-Lean-Startup-MPA-FGV-2014.pdf: 844785 bytes, checksum: b0b1c9209292a833e8683d31db2f58bd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12 / Recentemente diversos empreendedores passaram a empregar uma nova abordagem na criação de empresas, denominada 'Lean Startup' que, começou a ser difundida no Brasil em 2012 com o livro de Eric Ries. Seguindo a perspectiva do empreendedorismo como método, ela representa uma ruptura nos estudos de empreendedorismo, pois é diferente da abordagem preditiva utilizada até então em que elabora-se um plano de negócios e, somente depois da busca de investimentos, o produto é testado com clientes. Embora muito utilizada, existem poucos estudos acadêmicos sobre as práticas Lean aplicadas a Startups, daí a relevância do presente estudo. Com caráter exploratório, a pesquisa utiliza uma metodologia quantitativa e se vale de uma survey, respondida por 115 empreendedores, sócios de empresas de base tecnológica com até 42 meses de existência, com o objetivo de descobrir se eles conhecem a Lean Startup, o quanto suas ferramentas são adotadas e se elas trazem efeitos positivos. Como resultado, constatou-se que a Lean Startup é amplamente conhecida e utilizada, foram encontradas sinalizações de resultados positivos obtidos pelo uso de algumas de suas ferramentas - feedback acelerado, produto mínimo viável (PMV) e métricas da contabilidade para inovação, que medem o aprendizado no lugar de lucro. Dessa forma, a pesquisa contribui com o aumento do conhecimento sobre a Lean Startup, bem como por meio da formulação de perguntas para direcionar estudo futuros. / Since 2012, several entrepreneurs in Brazil have adopted an approach to business creation called 'Lean Startup', which began to be disseminated with the publication of the book The Lean Startup by Eric Ries. Following the perspective of entrepreneurship as a method, it represents a break in entrepreneurship studies because of its difference from the traditional predictive approach in which a business plan is developed. Only after the pursuit of investments is the product tested with customers. Although widening in use, there are few academic studies on lean startup practices, hence the relevance of this study. Using an exploratory character, this research uses a quantitative methodology and relies on a survey answered by 115 entrepreneurs from technology-based companies with up to 42 months of existence, in order to find out the extent of their knowledge of the lean startup method, how its tools were adopted and if they brought positive effects. As a result, it was discovered that the lean startup method is widely known and used. Evidence was found of positive experience from using some of the practices, such as fast feedback, minimum viable product (MVP) and in accounting for innovation - metrics that measure the entrepreneur’s learning instead of profit. Thus, the research contributes to the increase of knowledge about the Lean Startup, as well as through the formulation of questions to guide future study.

Thèse réalisée en cotutelle avec la faculté de droit de l'Université d'Orléans en France. / Menée pour la première fois, l’étude des différentes dimensions de la prévention (la précaution, la cessation et la dissuasion) est rendue possible par la découverte des sanctions préventives en droit de la responsabilité civile. Les sanctions préventives sont nombreuses en jurisprudence en vue de prévenir le dommage à différents stades : avant la réalisation du fait dommageable (mesure de prévention et de précaution), au cours de sa réalisation (mesure de cessation), après sa réalisation (dommages et intérêts provisionnels) et après sa reconnaissance juridique (dommages et intérêts punitifs). Concevoir une notion de sanction préventive devient alors essentiel pour comprendre les évolutions contemporaines du droit. Définie comme l’effet de droit résultant d’une interprétation de la norme susceptible d’être violée, la sanction préventive démontre que l’action introduite précocement par le justiciable peut aboutir. Si ces évolutions bouleversent les conditions classiques de la responsabilité, elles s’expliquent en revanche par une représentation de la responsabilité civile à partir de ses effets. Sous l’angle des effets, l’existence des sanctions préventives met en lumière une mise en effet judiciaire des normes dans une finalité préventive. La mise en effet est une opération effectuée en pratique par le juge entre l’interprétation et l’exécution de la norme. Ce temps de la mise en effet est celui durant lequel le juge choisit l’effet de droit apte à résoudre le litige. Or, le choix de la sanction par le juge n’est pas entièrement libre. En effet, les sanctions préventives naissent d’un besoin sécuritaire. Cette effectivité désirée par les justiciables exerce une influence sur la mise en effet de la norme par le juge par l’introduction précoce de l’action en justice. Qualifier les manifestations préventives de la responsabilité civile de sanctions juridiques naissant d’une opération judiciaire de mise en effet des normes permet ainsi de mieux rendre compte de la pratique du droit au sein d’une théorie renouvelée du procès. / The discovery of Preventive Sanction in the Law of civil responsibility is made possible by studying, for the first time, the various aspects of prevention (deterrence, cessation, precaution). To prevent harm at different stages of realization, case law makes a broad use of Preventive Sanction: before harm is done (precautionary and preventive measures), while it is done (stop and cease order), after it is done (temporary damages) and after is has been legally recognized (punitive damages). Crafting a notion of Preventive Sanction becomes then central to the understanding of contemporary legal developments. Preventive Sanction defined as the legal effects arising from the construction of a norm which might be broken, show that early action brought by a plaintiff can be successful. The transformation of traditional requirements for responsibility by these developments can be explained by reframing civil responsibility from its effects. This perspective allows for the preventive goal of judicial effectuation to be brought to light by the existence of Preventive Sanction. In practice, effectuation is performed by the judge and takes place between the construction and implementation of legal norms. The moment of effectuation occurs when the judge selects the legal effects destined to resolve a dispute. However, the judge is not entirely free when choosing a sanction. Preventive sanction originates from a need of security. Through early introduction of legal action, effectivity sought by plaintiffs impacts judicial effectuation of legal norms. The practice of law, within a renewed theory of judicial action, is better accounted for by reframing “preventive expression” of the Law of civil responsibility as “legal sanction” arising from the judicial effectuation of legal norms.

Menée pour la première fois, l’étude des différentes dimensions de la prévention (la précaution, la cessation et la dissuasion) est rendue possible par la découverte des sanctions préventives en droit de la responsabilité civile. Les sanctions préventives sont nombreuses en jurisprudence en vue de prévenir le dommage à différents stades : avant la réalisation du fait dommageable (mesure de prévention et de précaution), au cours de sa réalisation (mesure de cessation), après sa réalisation (dommages et intérêts provisionnels) et après sa reconnaissance juridique (dommages et intérêts punitifs). Concevoir une notion de sanction préventive devient alors essentiel pour comprendre les évolutions contemporaines du droit. Définie comme l’effet de droit résultant d’une interprétation de la norme susceptible d’être violée, la sanction préventive démontre que l’action introduite précocement par le justiciable peut aboutir. Si ces évolutions bouleversent les conditions classiques de la responsabilité, elles s’expliquent en revanche par une représentation de la responsabilité civile à partir de ses effets. Sous l’angle des effets, l’existence des sanctions préventives met en lumière une mise en effet judiciaire des normes dans une finalité préventive. La mise en effet est une opération effectuée en pratique par le juge entre l’interprétation et l’exécution de la norme. Ce temps de la mise en effet est celui durant lequel le juge choisit l’effet de droit apte à résoudre le litige. Or, le choix de la sanction par le juge n’est pas entièrement libre. En effet, les sanctions préventives naissent d’un besoin sécuritaire. Cette effectivité désirée par les justiciables exerce une influence sur la mise en effet de la norme par le juge par l’introduction précoce de l’action en justice. Qualifier les manifestations préventives de la responsabilité civile de sanctions juridiques naissant d’une opération judiciaire de mise en effet des normes permet ainsi de mieux rendre compte de la pratique du droit au sein d’une théorie renouvelée du procès. / The discovery of Preventive Sanction in the Law of civil responsibility is made possible by studying, for the first time, the various aspects of prevention (deterrence, cessation, precaution). To prevent harm at different stages of realization, case law makes a broad use of Preventive Sanction: before harm is done (precautionary and preventive measures), while it is done (stop and cease order), after it is done (temporary damages) and after is has been legally recognized (punitive damages). Crafting a notion of Preventive Sanction becomes then central to the understanding of contemporary legal developments. Preventive Sanction defined as the legal effects arising from the construction of a norm which might be broken, show that early action brought by a plaintiff can be successful. The transformation of traditional requirements for responsibility by these developments can be explained by reframing civil responsibility from its effects. This perspective allows for the preventive goal of judicial effectuation to be brought to light by the existence of Preventive Sanction. In practice, effectuation is performed by the judge and takes place between the construction and implementation of legal norms. The moment of effectuation occurs when the judge selects the legal effects destined to resolve a dispute. However, the judge is not entirely free when choosing a sanction. Preventive sanction originates from a need of security. Through early introduction of legal action, effectivity sought by plaintiffs impacts judicial effectuation of legal norms. The practice of law, within a renewed theory of judicial action, is better accounted for by reframing “preventive expression” of the Law of civil responsibility as “legal sanction” arising from the judicial effectuation of legal norms. / Thèse réalisée en cotutelle avec la faculté de droit de l'Université d'Orléans en France.

Abstract The rapid development of digital technology and software in recent years has created great variety of totally new business opportunities. Software startups are commonly considered to be the fastest in exploiting the new opportunities and the most innovative in creating new products and services. At the same time, software startups are often small, immature enterprises with limited resources and inexperienced teams. The initial team plays a key role in the early stages of a software startup. This research focuses on the initial team from the perspective of human capital – the knowledge, experiences, skills, and other cognitive abilities. It studies the initial team empirically, utilizing the multi-case study and triangulation methods applying the human capital, resource-based view, capability, and the opportunity discovery and creation theories. The empirical data were gathered from thirteen software startups in Italy, Norway and Finland, and from a student experiment. From the analysis of this data, a generic structure of a software startup’s initial team was identified, consisting of three different roles, with each having a specific human capital profile. This team structure sought a balance between the team’s human capital and problems and challenges to be solved. The level of the initial human capital of the team and the means to strengthen it varied, and affected the progress of the work in the studied startups. Though the components of the team’s human capital were not rare and inimitable in terms of the resource-based view, building a balanced startup team created a unique and task-specific setup, which is a key capability of a software startup. The balanced startup team structure is proposed to be the generic human capital model of a software startup’s initial team. / Tiivistelmä Digitaalitekniikan ja ohjelmistojen nopea kehitys viime vuosina on synnyttänyt suuren joukon kokonaan uusia liiketoimintamahdollisuuksia. Ohjelmistostartup-yrityksiä pidetään yleisesti nopeimpina hyödyntämään uusia mahdollisuuksia ja erityisen innovatiivisina luomaan uusia tuotteita ja palveluita. Kuitenkin samalla, ohjelmistostartup-yritykset ovat usein pieniä, kehityksensä alussa olevia yrityksiä, joilla on pienet resurssit ja kokematon henkilökunta. Varhaisen vaiheen ohjelmistostartup-yrityksissä alkutiimin merkitys on keskeinen. Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan alkutiimiä inhimillisen pääoman, osaamisen, kokemuksen ja taitojen, näkökulmasta. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan alkutiimiä kokeellisesti, käyttäen monitapaustutkimuksen ja triangulaation menetelmiä ja soveltaen inhimillisen pääoman, resurssipohjaisen näkemyksen, kyvykkyyden ja liiketoimintamahdollisuuksien hyödyntämisen teorioita. Kokeellinen tutkimusaineisto on kerätty kolmestatoista yrityksestä Italiasta, Norjasta ja Suomesta ja yhdestä opiskelijoilla tehdystä kokeellisesta tutkimuksesta. Tutkimuksessa löydettiin alkutiimin yleinen malli. Mallissa on kolme roolia, kullakin oma inhimillisen pääoman profiili. Mallissa on tiimin inhimillisen pääoman ja ratkaistavien ongelmien tasapaino. Tiimien inhimillisen pääoman määrä ja sen kehitystavat vaihtelivat, ja vaikuttivat tutkittavien yritysten edistymiseen. Vaikka alkutiimien inhimillisen pääoman komponentit eivät olleet ainutkertaisia resurssipohjaisen näkemyksen kannalta, tasapainossa olevan alkutiimin rakentaminen synnytti ainutkertaisen, tehtävänmukaisen tiimirakenteen, jota voidaan pitää yrityksen keskeisenä kyvykkyytenä. Havaittu tiimirakenne esitetään yrityksen alkutiimin inhimillisen pääoman yleiseksi malliksi.

[EN] This thesis investigates the type of domestic network strength and type of decisionmaking logic as causal conditions for achieving accelerated internationalisation in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) located in context of institutional voids. Furthermore, this dissertation explore the micro-mechanisms that connect the impact institutional voids, effectual networking and networks strength on the accelerated internationalisation of SMEs from Latin America. The existing literature shows discrepancies among researchers about the individual effect of networks strength, decision-making logic and institutional voids on accelerated internationalisation. Moreover, scholars argue that accelerated internationalization is a complex phenomenon that should be studied by identifying the complex relations among variables. However, it seems that no studies have explore this complex interaction and the connection among these factors. Consequently, researchers advise to increase the investigation about the effects of these variables on the accelerated internationalisation of SMEs. They have also suggest to incorporate effectuation and institutional voids to clarify these discrepancies. On this matter, researches warn that research on effectuation and internationalization is an emerging scientific field that lacks conceptual clarity. Recent studies also advice to move beyond foreign networks to explore the role of domestic networks on accelerated internationalization. Finally, there have been calls to advance research on Latin America that usually has been neglected in the existing literature. Therefore, this thesis aims to provide an approach based on three different methodologies: First, a bibliometric analysis to contribute to classify the literature of effectuation and internationalization, and identify its structure and key trends. Second, a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to investigates which causal conditions contribute to accelerated internationalization among 33 contrarian cases (21 from Colombia and 12 from Peru) of SMEs from context with institutional voids. Results show that the combination of weak domestic ties and effectuation logic accelerated the internationalization of SMEs with fewer resource constraints. In contrast, strong domestic ties and causation behaviour lead to accelerated internationalization of SMEs with greater resource constraints. Based on these findings, an integrative model that linked the causal configurations to reach accelerated internationalization is developed. Finally, an ordered logistic regression of 2.987 SMEs from Argentina, Colombia and Peru, to examine the micro-mechanisms that connect institutional voids, effectual networking, networks strength and location on the accelerated internationalisation of SMEs from Latin America. Results show that (1) rural cities, instead of first- and second-tier cities, accelerated the internationalization process of the firm. (2) Institutional voids, effectual networks and strong local ties increase the likelihood of accelerated internationalization. Finally, (3) we found a robust and high interaction effect between effectual networking, significant institutional voids, strong local ties, size of the firm and rural cities location on accelerated internationalization. Based on the findings, a conceptual model is presented. / [ES] A partir del tipo de las relaciones de la red de contactos locales y la lógica en la toma de decisiones, esta tesis investiga las condiciones causales necesarias para que las pequeñas y medianas empresas (Pymes) que están situadas en contextos caracterizados por vacíos institucionales, logren tener una internacionalización acelerada. Adicionalmente, esta disertación explora los micro-mecanismos que conectan los vacíos institucionales, las redes efectúales y el tipo de relaciones (fuertes o débiles) con la internacionalización acelerada que presentan las Pymes de Latinoamérica. La literatura existente muestra discrepancias sobre el efecto individual que tienen las relaciones de la red de contactos locales, la lógica en la toma de decisiones y los vacíos institucionales sobre la internacionalización acelerada. Así mismo, los investigadores argumentan que este es un fenómeno complejo y por lo tanto, debería analizarse identificando las relaciones complejas que puedan existir entre las variables. Sin embargo, al parecer, ningún estudio ha explorado esta compleja interacción y la conexión que existe entre estos factores. En consecuencia, diversos estudios aconsejan ahondar en la investigación sobre los efectos que pueden tener estas variables sobre la internacionalización acelerada de las Pymes. Adicionalmente, han sugerido incorporar la efectuación y los vacíos institucionales como variables que pueden contribuir a aclarar estas discrepancias. Sobre este asunto, los investigadores advierten que la efectuación y la internacionalización, es un campo científico emergente que carece de claridad conceptual. Estudios recientes también aconsejan que la investigación vaya más allá de las redes internacionales para explorar el papel de las redes locales sobre la internacionalización acelerada. Finalmente, ha habido diversos llamados para avanzar en la investigación sobre América Latina, que es una región que generalmente se ha descuidado en la investigación existente. Consecuentemente, esta tesis tiene como objetivo desarrollar la investigación bajo tres metodologías diferentes: Primero, a través de un análisis bibliométrico que permite contribuir con la clasificación de la literatura, la identificación de la estructura y las tendencias de la investigación sobre la efectuación y la internacionalización de las Pymes. En segundo lugar, a través de un Análisis Cualitativo Comparativo (fsQCA por sus siglas en inglés) que contribuye a identificar las condiciones causales que favorecen la internacionalización acelerada de 33 casos contrarios (21 de Colombia y 12 de Perú) de Pymes localizadas en contextos con vacíos institucionales. El resultado de este estudio demuestra que la combinación de redes locales con lazos débiles y la lógica de la efectuación, contribuyen con la internacionalización acelerada de las Pymes que tienen menores limitaciones en sus recursos. En contraste, las redes locales con lazos fuertes y la lógica de causación, asisten la internacionalización acelerada de las Pymes que tienen una mayor limitación en sus recursos. En base a estos hallazgos, se desarrolla un modelo integrador que vincula las configuraciones causales que permiten obtener una internacionalización acelerada. Finalmente, a través de una regresión logística ordenada de 2.987 Pymes de Argentina, Colombia y Perú, se examinan los micro-mecanismos que conectan los vacíos institucionales, las redes efectúales, el tipo de relación con las redes de contacto y la localización con la internacionalización acelerada de las Pymes de Latinoamérica. Los resultados demuestran que las ciudades rurales, en lugar de las ciudades de primer y segundo nivel, aceleran la internacionalización de las empresas. Adicionalmente, los altos niveles de vacíos institucionales, las redes efectúales, las redes locales de lazos fuertes y localizarse en el área rural, aumentan la probabilidad de una internacionalización acelerada. Además, la investigación evidencia que existe un efecto de interacción fuerte y robusta entre las redes locales de lazos fuertes y los altos niveles de vacíos institucionales sobre la internacionalización acelerada. Este mismo efecto de interacción se da entre las redes locales de lazos fuertes y las redes efectúales y las redes locales de lazos fuertes con la localización en áreas rurales. Basados en estos resultados, se propone un modelo conceptual. / [CA] A partir de la mena de les relacions de la xarxa de contactes locals i la lògica en la presa de decisions, aquesta tesi investiga les condicions causals necessàries perquè les petites i mitjanes empreses (Pimes) que estan situades en contextos caracteritzats per buits institucionals, aconseguisquen tindre una internacionalització accelerada. Addicionalment, aquesta dissertació explora els micro-mecanismes que connecten els buits institucionals, les xarxes efectua'ls i el tipus de relacions (fortes o febles) amb la internacionalització accelerada que presenten les Pimes de Llatinoamèrica. La literatura existent mostra discrepàncies sobre l'efecte individual que tenen les relacions de la xarxa de contactes locals, la lògica en la presa de decisions i els buits institucionals sobre la internacionalització accelerada. Així mateix, els investigadors argumenten que aquest és un fenomen complex i per tant, hauria d'analitzar-se identificant les relacions complexes que puguen existir entre les variables. No obstant això, pel que sembla, cap estudi ha explorat aquesta complexa interacció i la connexió que existeix entre aquests factors. En conseqüència, diversos estudis aconsellen aprofundir en la investigació sobre els efectes que poden tindre aquestes variables sobre la internacionalització accelerada de les Pimes. Addicionalment, han suggerit incorporar l'efectuació i els buits institucionals com a variables que poden contribuir a aclarir aquestes discrepàncies. Sobre aquest assumpte, els investigadors adverteixen que l'efectuació i la internacionalització, és un camp científic emergent que manca de claredat conceptual. Estudis recents també aconsellen que la investigació vaja més enllà de les xarxes internacionals per a explorar el paper de les xarxes locals sobre la internacionalització accelerada. Finalment, hi ha hagut diverses demandes per a avançar en la investigació sobre Amèrica Llatina, que és una regió que generalment s'ha desatès en la investigació existent. Conseqüentment, aquesta tesi té com a objectiu desenvolupar la investigació sota tres metodologies diferents: Primer, a través d'una anàlisi bibliomètrica que permet contribuir amb la classificació de la literatura, la identificació de l'estructura i les tendències de la investigació sobre l'efectuació i la internacionalització de les Pimes. En segon lloc, a través d'una Anàlisi Qualitativa Comparativa (*fsQCA per les seues sigles en anglés) que contribueix a identificar les condicions causals que afavoreixen la internacionalització accelerada de 33 casos contraris (21 de Colòmbia i 12 del Perú) de Pimes localitzades en contextos amb buits institucionals. El resultat d'aquest estudi demostra que la combinació de xarxes locals amb llaços febles i la lògica de l'efectuació, contribueixen amb la internacionalització accelerada de les Pimes que tenen menors limitacions en els seus recursos. En contrast, les xarxes locals amb llaços forts i la lògica de causació, assisteixen la internacionalització accelerada de les Pimes que tenen una major limitació en els seus recursos. Sobre la base d'aquests resultats, es desenvolupa un model integrador que vincula les configuracions causals que permeten obtindre una internacionalització accelerada. Finalment, a través d'una regressió logística ordenada de 2.987 Pimes de l'Argentina, Colòmbia i el Perú, s'examinen els micro-mecanismes que connecten els buits institucionals, les xarxes efectuals, el tipus de relació amb les xarxes de contacte i la localització amb la internacionalització accelerada de les Pimes de Llatinoamèrica. Els resultats demostren que els alts nivells de buits institucionals, les xarxes efectuals, les xarxes locals de llaços forts i localitzar-se en l'àrea rural, augmenten la probabilitat d'una internacionalització accelerada. A més, la investigació evidencia que existeix un efecte d'interacció forta i robusta entre les xarxes locals de llaços forts i els alts nivells de buits institucionals sobre la internacionalització accelerada. Aquest mateix efecte d'interacció es dona entre les xarxes locals de llaços forts i les xarxes efectuals i les xarxes locals de llaços forts amb la localització en àrees rural. Basats en aquests resultats, es proposa un model conceptual. / Gil Barragán, JM. (2020). Effectuation, domestic network strength, institutional voids and accelerated internationalization: Evidence from Latin American SMEs [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/152489