Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-09-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:43:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 algazi_adf_dr_jabo.pdf: 940112 bytes, checksum: 2ed564ef1af617edc20e4563d7fa8fa4 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Metriona elatior Klug é potencial candidato para o controle biológico de Solanum viarum Dunal (joá-bravo), principalmente em locais onde está planta é caracterizada como invasora e exótica. A especificidade é um forte requisito para a adequabilidade de um organismo como agente de controle biológico. Assim, a preferência alimentar das diferentes fases de desenvolvimento desse inseto em laboratório, foi avaliada em quatorze híbridos de Solanum melogena Linnaeus (berinjela). Adicionalmente, foi realizado à análise citogenética do inseto e do joá-bravo. O estudo iniciou-se pelos testes de dupla e múltipla escolha, em períodos de exposição de 24 e 48 horas, oferecendo discos de tecido foliar, em condições de placas de Petri. As avaliações da sobrevivência e consumo foliar das larvas e adultos (recém emergidos e sem distinção sexual) foram realizadas em folhas de joá-bravo e nos híbridos de berinjela mantidas túrgidas pela imersão do pecíolo em água. A área foliar foi medida antes e após quatro dias de exposição ao inseto e a longevidade avaliada através de observações diárias. Os adultos e as larvas de M. elatior apresentaram maior taxa de alimentação, sobrevivência e consumo na planta daninha. Dentre os híbridos comercias, Minikuro Kowishiki e Redonda Wase Oomaru foram mais preferidos pelos adultos e larvas, respectivamente, do crisomelídeo em estudo. No entanto, estes dados são preliminares para teste de risco. As análises citogenéticas permitiram quantificar o número cromossômico de 2n = 24 para ovos de M. elatior e 2n = 18 nas raízes de S. viarum. / Metriona elatior Klug is a potential agent for the biological control of Solanum viarum Dunal (tropical soda apple), especially in regions where this plant is an exotic and invasive plant. Feeding specificity is an important requirement for the adoption of an organism as a biological control agent. The feeding preference of this insect at different development stages was tested under lab conditions in fourteen Solanum melogena Linnaeus (eggplant) hybrids and S. viarum. In addition, a cytogenetical analysis was performed in tropical soda apple and the insect. The study started with dual and multiple choice testes with exposure times of 24 and 48 hours, by providing leaf disks to insects in Petri dishes. Survival and leaf consumption of larvae and adults (nearly emerged, regardless of sex) were determined in tropical soda apple and eggplant leaves kept turgid by petiole immersion in water. Leaf area was measured before and after four days of exposure to the insect while longevity was determined through daily observations. M. elatior adults and larvae showed higher feeding, survival and consumption rates on the weed specie. The eggplant commercial hybrids Minikuro Kowishiki and Redonda Wase Oomaru were the most preferred by adults and larvae, respectively. However, results are still preliminary for a risk test. Cytogenetical analyses allowed us to count the chromosome number of M. elatior (2n = 24) in eggs and S. viarum (2n = 18) in roots.

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-18T11:32:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 camilasiqueiraneves.pdf: 1794675 bytes, checksum: f6798de20bc50ab506f3f25f990c23c2 (MD5) / Rejected by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br), reason: on 2017-08-24T11:25:19Z (GMT) / Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-24T15:09:20Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-30T14:20:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-30T14:20:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-03-24 / A indução de poliploidia é uma ferramenta muito empregada em programas de melhoramento de plantas, mas geralmente resulta em baixa eficiência e elevada taxa de indivíduos mixoploides ou aneuploides. Poliploides artificiais podem ser obtidos pela utilização de antimitóticos, que interferem na formação do fuso durante a divisão celular. Dentre eles, a colchicina é o mais empregado em estudos de poliploidia. No entanto, os mecanismos responsáveis por sua ação sobre as células ainda não foram totalmente elucidados. Solanum melongena L. (berinjela) apresenta tecidos com elevado potencial de regeneração in vitro, característica interessante para o desenvolvimento de estudos básicos e biotecnológicos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo utilizar a berinjela como modelo para o estudo do processo de duplicação cromossômica em plantas. Foram empregadas técnicas de citogenética, citometria de fluxo e indução de poliploidia in vitro. O capítulo I destinou-se à caracterização citogenética da cultivar Embu de berinjela, que foi empregada em todos os experimentos. Esta cultivar apresentou 24 cromossomos, com tamanho variando entre 1,77 e 2,63 μm. O caritóripo mostrou-se simétrico e foram observadas duas constrições secundárias. Através do bandeamento com fluorocromos CMA3 e DAPI, foram observadas quatro bandas CMA positivas. A técnica de FISH permitiu a visualização de um par de sinais para a sonda DNAr 5S e dois pares para a sonda DNAr 45S. O capítulo II teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da colchicina (0,2% e 0,02%) sobre o ciclo celular de berinjela e a eficiência destas concentrações no processo de indução de poliploidia. De forma pioneira, a hidroxiureia foi utilizada como sincronizador do ciclo celular, com o intuito de aumentar a eficiência da poliploidização. A avaliação do ciclo celular foi conduzida em meristemas radiculares com e sem a sincronização e as análises foram realizadas por microscopia e citometria de fluxo. A indução de poliploides in vitro, por sua vez, foi realizada em sementes e segmentos nodais sincronizados e não sincronizados. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas em relação ao índice mitótico. Maiores percentuais de cmetáfases, metáfases duplicadas e núcleos poliploidizados (2xG2) foram observados em resposta à maior concentração de colchicina (0,2%). Os protocolos de indução de poliploidia testados mostraram-se eficientes, sendo regeneradas plantas poliploides após todos os tratamentos. Dos 480 explantes tratados com colchicina, 342 foram regenerados com sucesso, sendo 45 tetraploides e 90 mixoploides. / Polyploidy induction is an important tool in plant breeding, but usually results in low efficiency and high rates of mixoploid and aneuploid plants. Synthetic polyploids can be obtained by the exposure to antimitotic agents, which interfere with the spindle formation during cell division. Colchicine is the most widely used antimitotic in polyploidy induction studies. However, the underlying mechanisms of its action on cells are not completely clear. Solanum melongena L. (eggplant) has a great in vitro regeneration capacity, an interesting feature to the development of basic and biotechnological studies. This work aimed to use eggplant as a model to study the process of chromosome doubling in plants. Cytogenetic techniques, flow cytometry and in vitro polyploidy induction were performed. Chapter I focused on the cytogenetic characterization of the cultivar Embu of eggplant, which was used in all experiments. This cultivar presented 24 chromosomes with length ranging from 1.77 to 2.63 μm. The karyotype was symmetrical and two secondary constrictions were observed. The CMA3/DAPI banding showed four CMA positive bands. The FISH technique allowed the observation of one pair of sites of 5S rDNA and two pairs of 45S. The objective of chapter II was to evaluate the effects of colchicine (0.2% and 0.02%) on the eggplant cell cycle and the efficiency of these concentrations in the polyploidy induction. Innovatively, hydroxyurea was used as a cell cycle synchronizer, in an attempt to increase the efficiency of polyploidization. The cell cycle evaluation was conducted in root meristems with and without cell synchronization and the analysis were performed by light microscopy and flow cytometry. In vitro induction of polyploidy was performed on synchronized and non-synchronized seeds and nodal segments. No significant differences were detected in the mitotic index. Higher frequencies of c-metaphases, polyploid metaphases and polyploid nuclei (2xG2) were observed after the exposure to the higher treatment with colchicine (0.2%). The polyploidy induction protocols tested were efficient, with the regeneration of polyploid plants after all colchicine treatments. Of the 480 treated explants, 342 were successfully regenerated, being 45 tetraploids and 90 mixoploids.

Biotechnologies potentially have significant benefits for developing countries but many countries lack complete regulatory processes to allow their release. In evaluating the potential benefits of genetically modified crops, one must be able to measure the true cost of regulations in addition to the other costs associated with bringing the crop to market. The objectives of this paper are to (1) identify the direct costs of the regulation of Bt eggplant, Bt rice, ringspot virus resistant (PRSV) papaya and virus resistant tomatoes in the Philippines, and (2) estimate the opportunity cost of time lost in the regulatory process. The study compares the cost of regulations as they differ by factors such as the existence of previous studies on the product or the intention for export or domestic use. It is hypothesized that the costs are greater for products that are intended for export or human consumption or are produced by the private sector. It is also hypothesized that these factors increase the time to complete the regulatory process, therefore increasing the opportunity cost of time. This study evaluates the economic impact of the GMO regulatory process on the change in producer surplus, the net present value and the internal rate return using an economic surplus model. Scientists and other experts in the field of GMOs and regulation were interviewed to obtain the necessary data on the regulatory process. The evaluation was carried out for four different commodities in the Philippines, Bt Rice, Bt Eggplant, PRSV Papaya and MVR Tomato. The results for the open economy model revealed a change in producer surplus, as a result of the GMO research, of $418.3 million for Bt Rice and $353.7 million for PRSV Papaya. The closed economy model of Bt Eggplant has a change in producer surplus of $25.1 million and a change in total surplus of $40.8 million while the result for the change in producer surplus for MVR Tomato is $19.3 million and the change in total surplus is $51.6 million. A sensitivity analysis of the results was then carried out in which the elasticity of supply, the cost of regulation, and the release date were each varied in order to show the welfare impact of such changes. The sensitivity analysis revealed limited changes in surplus when elasticity and regulatory costs were changed. However, changing the date of release or commercialization resulted in monumental changes in surplus. / Master of Science

Tesis por compendio / [EN] Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is one of the vegetables with highest content in phenolic compounds, giving eggplant a high antioxidant power and other bioactive beneficial health properties. This means that there is a growing demand among consumers concerned about a healthy diet. However, despite being a crop with a great economic importance worldwide, it is one of the least-studied Solanaceae (much less than tomato, pepper and potato), so it is necessary to carry out studies that contribute to the genetic improvement of eggplant to the commercial level so that the genetic diversity is increased and that is adapted to the demands of producers and consumers. The work carried out in this Thesis aims to obtain relevant information for the breeding programmes of eggplant through the study of genetic diversity and development and use of tools for the morphological characterization as well as increasing genetic diversity in élite germplasm for the development of programs aimed at obtaining high-value hybrids. For achieving this objective, commercial eggplant (semi-larga) black type, as well as other types, origins and varieties of local material are used. In the first part of the Thesis, we rely on the study of genetic diversity in S. melongena and the application of new tools to perform accurate morphological characterization and improve the process of selection of the breeding programs. This diversity studies have been conducted in three centres of origin side in different regions (Spain, Sri Lanka and China), in local materials of eggplant with different typologies, and new phenomic tools have been used for the morphological characterization of the fruit of the eggplant. In the second part of this work, we deal with the development of plant material to increase the genetic base of eggplant cultivars and with the implementation of various programmes for genetic improvement. For this we plan and develop different breeding programs according to different objectives, including the implementation of a programme of improvement of a local variety with protected geographical indication (IGP), and increasing the diversity and new "elite" material of black type eggplant through a program of genetic improvement. In summary, our work that shows that the study of the genetic diversity and the use of phenomics tools for morphological characterization, as well as the development of new plant material, is very useful for obtaining new varieties of eggplant as well as scientific and technical information of interest to other researchers and breeders. We have also found that "public-private research" interaction allows a synergistic collaboration in obtaining plant material and information of interest for vegetables breeding. / [ES] La berenjena (Solanum melongena L.) es una de las hortalizas más ricas en compuestos fenólicos, lo cual le confiere un alto poder antioxidante y otras propiedades bioactivas beneficiosas para la salud. Ello hace que haya una demanda creciente entre consumidores preocupados por una dieta saludable. Sin embargo, a pesar de ser un cultivo con una gran importancia económica a nivel mundial, es una de las solanáceas menos estudiadas (mucho menos que tomate, pimiento y patata), por lo que es necesario realizar estudios que contribuyan a la mejora genética de la berenjena a nivel comercial de forma que amplíen la diversidad genética y que permitan adaptarse a las demandas de productores y consumidores. El trabajo realizado en esta Tesis pretende obtener información relevante para los programas de mejora genética de berenjena mediante el estudio de la diversidad genética y el desarrollo y uso de herramientas para la caracterización morfológica, así como el aumento de la diversidad genética en el germoplasma élite de los programas de desarrollo de híbridos de alto valor. Para ello se utiliza material vegetal tanto de la berenjena comercial tipo negra (semi-larga), como material de otros tipos, orígenes y variedades locales. En una primera parte de la Tesis, nos basamos en el estudio de diversidad genética en S. melongena y en la aplicación de nuevas herramientas para realizar una caracterización morfológica precisa y mejorar el proceso de selección en los programas de mejora. Para ello se han realizado estudios de diversidad en tres centros de origen secundarios de distintas regiones (España, Sri Lanka y China), en materiales locales de berenjena con distintas tipologías, y se han utilizado nuevas herramientas fenómicas para la caracterización morfológica del fruto de la berenjena. Como segunda parte de este trabajo, abordamos el desarrollo de material vegetal para el incremento de la base genética de los cultivares de berenjena e implementación de distintos programas de mejora genética. Para ello se plantean y ejecutan diferentes programas de mejora según los objetivos explícitos, incluyendo la realización de un programa de mejora para una variedad local con Indicación Geográfica Protegida (IGP), e incrementando la diversidad y la obtención de nuevos materiales de élite de berenjena tipo negra mediante un programa de mejora genética. En definitiva, nos encontramos con un trabajo que muestra que el estudio de la diversidad genética y el desarrollo y utilización de herramientas fenómicas para la caracterización morfológica, además de la obtención de material vegetal nuevo, es de gran utilidad para el desarrollo de nuevas variedades de berenjena, así como para obtener información científico-técnica de interés para otros investigadores y mejoradores. También hemos constatado que la interacción "investigación pública-privada" permite una colaboración sinérgica en la obtención de material vegetal e información de interés en la mejora de hortícolas. / [CA] L'albergina (Solanum melongena L.) és una de les hortalisses més riques en compostos fenòlics, el que li confereix un alt poder antioxidant i altres propietats bioactives beneficioses per a la salut. Aquest fet fa que hi haja una demanda creixent entre els consumidors preocupats per una dieta saludable. No obstant això, a pesar de ser un cultiu amb una gran importància econòmica a nivell mundial, és una de les solanàcies menys estudiades (molt menys que tomaca, pimentó i creïlla) , per la qual cosa és necessari realitzar estudis que contribuïsquen a la millora genètica de l'albergina a nivell comercial de manera que amplien la diversitat genètica i que permeten adaptar-se a les demandes de productors i consumidors. El treball realitzat en esta Tesi pretén obtindre informació rellevant per als programes de millora genètica d'albergina per mitjà de l'estudi de la diversitat genètica i el desenvolupament i ús de ferramentes per a la caracterització morfològica, així com l'augment de la diversitat genètica en el germoplasma elit dels programes de desenvolupament d'híbrids d'alt valor. Per a això s'utilitza material vegetal tant de l'albergina comercial de tipus negra (semi-llarga), com material d'altres tipus, orígens i varietats locals. En una primera part de la Tesi, ens basem en l'estudi de diversitat genètica en S. melongena i en l'aplicació de noves ferramentes per a realitzar una caracterització morfològica precisa i millorar el procés de selecció en els programes de millora. Per a això s'han realitzat estudis de diversitat en tres centres d'origen secundaris de distintes regions (Espanya, Sri Lanka i Xina), en materials locals d'albergina amb distintes tipologies, i s'han utilitzat noves ferramentes fenòmiques per a la caracterització morfològica del fruit de l'albergina. Com a segona part d'este treball, abordem el desenvolupament de material vegetal per a l'increment de la base genètica dels cultivars d'albergina i implementació de distints programes de millora genètica. Per a això es plantegen i executen diferents programes de millora segons els objectius explícits, incloent la realització d'un programa de millora per a una varietat local amb Indicació Geogràfica Protegida (IGP), i incrementant la diversitat i l'obtenció de nous materials d'elit d'albergina tipus negra per mitjà d'un programa de millora genètica. En definitiva, ens trobem amb un treball que mostra que l'estudi de la diversitat genètica i el desenvolupament i utilització de ferramentes fenómiques per a la caracterització morfològica, a més de l'obtenció de material vegetal nou, és de gran utilitat per al desenvolupament de noves varietats d'albergina, així com per a obtindre informació cientificotècnica d'interés per a altres investigadors i milloradors. També hem constatat que la interacció "investigació pública-privada" permet una col·laboració sinèrgica en l'obtenció de material vegetal i informació d'interés en la millora d'hortícoles. / Hurtado Ricart, M. (2016). Mejora genética de la berenjena (S. melongena L.) [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/61386 / Compendio

Os compostos antioxidantes naturais têm sido cada vez mais investigados devido à necessidade das indústrias alimentícias suprirem as exigências dos consumidores em relação à saudabilidade dos produtos. A quercetina é um flavonoide cujos benefícios estão relacionados principalmente à sua ação antioxidante. Entretando, tal molécula apresenta, geralmente, baixa absorção no trato gastrointenstinal, o que pode ser um obstáculo para sua efetiva ação biológica. Por este motivo, uma alternativa para melhorar a sua bioacessibilidade é a encapsulação em sistemas coloidais baseados em matrizes lipídicas, como os lipossomas. Os lipossomas possuem a capacidade de incorporar tanto bioativos hidrofílicos quanto hidrofóbicos em sua estrutura, bem como proporcionar liberação controlada e aumentar a bioacessibilidade dos ingredientes encapsulados. No entanto, há necessidade do desenvolvimento de processos de produção de lipossomas em maior escala, e dentre os processos possíveis a serem empregados com este objetivo encontra-se o método de produção de injeção de etanol. O objetivo principal da presente Tese foi a microencapsulação de quercetina em lipossomas através do método de injeção de etanol. A dispersão de lipossomas encapsulando quercetina escolhida foi liofilizada, com a intenção de aumentar a estabilidade dos lipossomas e enriquecer o amido de milho. O enriquecimento do amido de milho foi realizado por aglomeração, especificamente pelo método de alto cisalhamento, sendo que o pó alimentício aglomerado resultante foi caracterizado fisicamente e teve suas propriedades físicas melhoradas. Foi possível realizar a aplicação do amido de milho enriquecido com quercetina no antepasto de berinjela, sendo que tal incorporação não alterou significativamente as características do produto. Além disso, o antepasto de berinjela foi processado a alta pressão hidrostática e teve sua estabilidade avaliada, sendo que a utilização do processamento não-térmico apresentou vantagens em relação ao método de processamento convencional. / The natural antioxidant compounds have been increasingly investigated due to the need of the food industry to provide healthier products. Quercetin is a flavonoid, whose benefits are linked mainly with its antioxidant activity. However, this bioactive generally has a low absorption rate in the gastrointestinal tract, which it can be an obstacle for its biological action effective. For this reason, an alternative to improve such bioavailability is to encapsulate quercetina in lipid-based matrices, e.g, liposomes. The liposomes have the capacity to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic bioactive, as well as to control the release of the encapsulated bioactives, and enhance their bioavailability. However, there is a need to develop liposome production methods in larger scale, and one of the processes feasible to be scaled up is the ethanol injection method. One of the main objectives of this Thesis was to microencapsulate quercetin in liposomes by ethanol injection method. The dispersion of quercetin-loaded liposomes was lyophilized aiming to increase the stability of liposomes and enrich cornstarch. The enrichment of cornstarch was performed by agglomeration, specifically by high shear method, and the agglomerated food powders were characterized and their physical properties was improved. It was possible to incorporate the enriched cornstarch with quercetin in eggplant sauce, and such application did not change the product characteristics. Also, the eggplant sauce was processed by high hydrostatic pressure and had its stability evaluated, indicating the use of nonthermal technology showed advantages if compared to the conventional thermal processing.

In den letzten Jahren ist das Interesse der Europäer am Verbrauch „Exotischer Gemüsearten“ gewachsen wie z.B. für asiatische Auberginengenotypen, die sich in der Farbe, im Geschmack und der Form von den standardmäßigen dunklen violetten Auberginenfrüchten unterscheiden. Diese Entwicklung kann die Einführung und die Kommerzialisierung neuer asiatischer Auberginensorten in Westeuropa beeinflussen und dadurch die Vielfalt des Angebots mit diesem Gemüse in den gemäßigten Regionen erhöhen. Aus diesem Grund bestand das Ziel dieser Arbeit darin, einige asiatische Genotypen (hauptsächlich vietnamesischen Ursprung) hinsichtlich ihres Wachstums und Ertrags zu untersuchen und diese mit typischen „europäischen“ Sorten bei einer Kultivierung im Gewächshaus zu vergleichen. Außerdem sollte geprüft werden, ob die genetische Variabilität von Samenherkünften verwendet werden könnte, um Klone zu selektieren, die den Wachstumsbedingungen in den Gewächshäusern unter den Klimabedingungen in Deutschland angepasst sind. In den in vitro Experimenten ist die Reaktion von 5 Auberginengenotypen auf die Mikrovermehrung und auf die in vitro Verfahren ausgewertet worden. Zusätzlich wurden die Einflüsse von Wachstumsregulatoren, NAA und 2.4D, auf die Kallus- und Organbildung und indirekte Pflanzenregeneration in vitro untersucht, um Aussagen hinsichtlich der Nutzbarkeit von biotechnologischen Züchtungsmethoden, zu erhalten. Das in vitro Klonen wurde mit dem Ziel durchgeführt, Klone von ausgewählten 5 asiatischen Auberginengenotypen zu erhalten, um Aussagen zu ihrer vegetativen und generativen Entwicklung sowie dem Ertrag zu erhalten, und mit typischen „europäischen“ Sorten unter Gewächshausbedingungen zu vergleichen. Alle Genotypen wurden einer der hydroponischen Substratkultur im Gewächshaus kultiviert. Die Entwicklung der Genotypen in organischen und mineralischen Substrat wurde verglichen. Das organische Substrat hat zum besseren Wachstum aller Auberginengenotypen geführt. Die aus der in vitro Vermehrung erhaltenen Klone der asiatischen Auberginengenotypen entwickelten sich zu normalen Pflanzen, die einen typischen Habitus erreichten und teilweise einen Ertrag hatten, der mit dem der Kontrolle vergleichbar war. Die besten asiatischen Auberginenklone hatten ähnliche Ergebnisse wie die der Kontrolle sowohl im Stadium des Blühbeginns, als auch im Ertrag. Ein wichtiges Merkmal für die Auswahl einiger asiatischer Klone war ihre Fähigkeit frühzeitig zu blühen, vergleichbar mit den „europäischen“ Sorten. Die asiatischen Genotypen waren charakterisiert durch schmalere und leichtere Früchte mit einem guten Geschmack, weniger Samen und einer guten Konsistenz des Fruchtfleisches im Vergleich mit den „europäischen“ Sorten. Ausgehend von den Ergebnissen die in den Untersuchungen erzielt wurden, scheint es möglich, neue stabile Genotypen zu erhalten, die geeignet sind für eine Kultivierung in der „Substratkultur“ im Gewächshäusern und die ein Potenzial für den Erwerbsanbau unter europäischen Bedingungen haben. Für eine Optimierung der Wachstumsbedingungen, insbesondere das Formierungssystem, sind weitere Forschungsarbeiten erforderlich zumal diese Genotypen sehr starkwüchsig sind. Des Weiteren sollte der optimale Erntezeitpunkt und die Fruchtqualität untersucht werden. / Recently, there has been a growing interest of the Europeans in the consumption of „exotic vegetables“ like those of Asian eggplant genotypes different in colour, taste and shape from the traditional dark violet eggplant fruits. This may influence the introduction and commercialisation of Asian eggplant types in Western Europe, which will contribute to increase the biodiversity of this crop in temperate regions. Therefore, this work aimed at screening 4 Asian eggplant genotypes (mainly of Vietnamese origin) concerning their growth and yield in greenhouses in comparison to „European“ breeds. Moreover, it should be tested whether the genetic variability of seed progenies could be used to select plants adapted to the growing conditions in greenhouses under the climatic peculiarities in Germany. In in-vitro experiments the response of 5 selected eggplant genotypes to micropropagation and in-vitro manipulation has been evaluated. Further on the influence of plant growth regulators, e.g. NAA and 2,4 D, on the callus and organ formation, and indirect plant regeneration in-vitro were studied in preparation of use of biotechnological breeding methods later on. The in-vitro cloning was carried out with the aim to produce clones of 5 Asian eggplant genotypes to evaluate their vegetative and generative development, as well as the yield, in comparison with typical „European“ varieties under greenhouse conditions. All genotypes were cultivated in „substrate culture“ with drip irrigation. The influence of organic and mineral substrates on the growth and development of the eggplant genotypes was compared. The organic substrate favoured better growth of all eggplant genotypes. The in-vitro derived clones of Asian eggplant genotypes developed to normal plants that reached full maturity and some of them had a yield comparable with that of the controls, the typical „European“ varieties. The best Asian eggplant clones gave similar results as the controls in the beginning of flowering and the yield. The early flowering feature characteristic of some clones of Asian origin comparable to that of the typical „European“ varieties is very important for selection. Asian genotypes were characterized by smaller and lighter fruits having good taste, less seeds and good consistency in comparison with the „European“ varieties used as control. Derived from the results obtained in this research, it seems possible to obtain new stable genotypes for „substrate culture“ system in greenhouse with a potential for commercial production under European conditions. The optimization of growing conditions especially the pruning system needs further research for these very vigorously growing plant types. Further on studies regarding optimal harvesting time and fruit quality shall be done.

A murcha bacteriana, causada por Ralstonia solanacearum, afeta principalmente as solanáceas, destacando-se as culturas da batata, berinjela, jiló, pimentão e tomate. No presente trabalho foi conduzida a caracterização molecular de isolados de R. solanacearum e sua possível relação com características relacionadas à morfologia, bioquímica, patogenicidade, agressividade e distribuição geográfica. Foram utilizados 51 isolados pertencentes à biovar 2, sendo 9 provenientes de berinjela e 42 de batata, coletados em diversas regiões brasileiras. A análise molecular permitiu separar os isolados em quatro grupos distintos de padrões de bandas para os iniciadores BOX e ERIC, e em cinco para o iniciador REP. Não foi encontrada relação dos grupos de isolados caracterizados molecularmente com tamanho de colônias, ocorrência de mutantes, produção de melanina, capacidade de colonização do sistema radicular e resistência a antibióticos/fungicidas. A identificação de isolados de batata, como biovar 2-A, e de berinjela, como biovar 2-T, com base em teste bioquímico do uso de trealose, foi confirmadas pela análise molecular. Não houve variação de agressividade entre os isolados inoculados em batata e berinjela, exceção feita ao isolado avirulento CNPH-65. Portanto, isolados das biovares 2-A e 2-T podem infectar estas duas hospedeiras com a mesma intensidade sob altas temperaturas. Para todos os isolados, o desenvolvimento da população bacteriana foi significativamente maior no sistema radicular de plantas das cultivares suscetíveis, tanto para batata como para berinjela. No entanto, dentro de cada cultivar, os isolados se comportaram de maneira semelhante, não sendo possível fazer distinção entre os mesmos. A tentativa de se associar grupos de isolados caracterizados molecularmente com os locais de origem revelou alguns aspectos interessantes. O grupo I agregou somente isolados do Paraná. No grupo II ficaram isolados da Bahia, Distrito Federal e do Paraná. No Grupo III, foram reunidos todos os isolados de berinjela e um único de batata, sendo todos procedentes do Distrito Federal. O grupo IV, de forma semelhante ao grupo II, reuniu isolados de locais diversos como Paraná, Goiás, Rio Grande do Sul e Distrito Federal. Portanto, nos grupos I e III parece haver uma tendência de relação entre grupamento molecular e local de origem, enquanto que para os grupos II e IV, isolados de características genéticas similares são provenientes de locais distintos, apontando considerável diversidade genética do patógeno. / The bacterial wilt disease caused by Ralstonia solonacearum affects mainly the solanaceous species, specially potato, eggplant, peppers, tomato and brazilian gilo (Solanum gilo). This work reports the molecular characterization of R. solanacearum biovar 2 isolates and the possible relationship of this molecular data with other characteristics related to morphology, biochemistry, pathogenicity, aggressiveness and geographical distribution. Fifty-one biovar 2 isolates were studied, 9 isolated from eggplant and 42 from potato, all of them collected from different regions of Brazil. According to the molecular analysis, the isolates were clustered in four different groups, with distinct band patterns to the primers BOX and ERIC, and five groups to the primers REP. There was no relationship between the groups clustered through molecular analyses and phenotypic characteristics, such as colony size, presence of mutants, melanin presence, capability of root system colonization and antibiotic/fungicide resistance. The identification of potato isolates as the biovar 2-A, and the eggplant isolates as biovar 2-T, based on biochemical tests using trealose were confirmed with the molecular analyses. There was no variation of aggressiveness in the isolates inoculated on potato an eggplant, except the avirulent isolate CNPH-65. Consequently, isolates of biovars 2-A and 2-T are able to infect both hosts with the same aggressiveness under high temperatures. The population of all isolates developed in significant levels at the root system of susceptible cultivars of both hosts, potato and eggplant. However, considering each cultivar tested, there was no difference between isolates. Interesting results were observed when the isolates clustered based on molecular data were associated with the geographical region of their collection. The group I clustered only the isolates collected in Paraná. The group II clustered the isolates collected in Bahia, Federal District and some in Paraná. The group III clustered all isolates from eggplant and only one of potato, all of them collected in the Federal District. The group IV, as the group II, clustered isolates from different regions, like Paraná, Goiás, Rio Grande do Sul and Federal District. These results suggest a relationship between the isolates clustered through molecular analysis in the groups II and III and their geographical region of collection. The isolates clustered in the same way, with similar genetic background in the groups II and IV, were however collected in different regions, showing the great genetic variation of this pathogen.

Com o monitoramento periódico da solução do solo, pode-se determinar a condutividade elétrica e a concentração de íons específicos, essenciais à nutrição das plantas. Dentre as técnicas de extração da solução do solo, o extrator de cápsula porosa destaca-se pela praticidade em campo, baixo custo, fácil manejo e boa precisão. Com isso objetivou-se estudar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de salinidade do solo sobre as variáveis fenológicas e de produção da berinjela, cultivada em vasos e em ambiente protegido, e averiguar se a manutenção da condutividade elétrica em um determinado nível promove incremento da produção, quando contrastada com o manejo tradicional da fertirrigação. Conduziu-se um estudo em ambiente protegido na área experimental do Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas da ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba, SP. Os tratamentos foram compostos da combinação de dois fatores: 6 níveis de salinidade inicial do solo (S1 = 1,3; S2 = 2,4; S3 = 3,6; S4 = 4,5; S5 = 5,6 e S6 = 6,4 dS m-1) e dois manejos de fertirrigação: com controle da condutividade elétrica da solução do solo (M1), e o tradicional (M2), obedecendo a curva de absorção de nutrientes da cultura anteriormente estabelecida. O delineamento estatístico adotado foi o de blocos casualizados completos, com quatro repetições, ficando os fatores estudados arranjados no esquema fatorial 6 x 2. Os diferentes níveis de salinidade inicial do solo foram obtidos com solos de cultivos anteriores, no qual tinha-se como fonte de variação o nível de condutividade elétrica (CE), ocasionada pela adição de fertilizantes em ambiente protegido. A condutividade elétrica da solução foi medida após o término de cada evento de irrigação, utilizando-se extratores com cápsulas porosas. Os resultados revelaram que os níveis de salinidade do solo provenientes do acúmulo de sais fertilizantes afetou diretamente as variáveis consumo hídrico, produção de frutos, produção de matéria seca, índice de área foliar e o desenvolvimento vegetativo das plantas. O uso dos extratores de solução permitiu auxiliar o manejo da fertirrigação, mantendo os níveis desejados de salinidade da solução do solo ao longo do tempo. Verificou-se que a redução média na produção da cultura da berinjela, em estufa, foi da ordem de 8,65% para o incremento de 1 dS m-1 na salinidade do solo, acima da salinidade limiar, que foi de 1,71 dS m-1. / Periodic monitoring of soil solution allow to determine the electrical conductivity and concentration of specific ions essential to plant nutrition. Among the extraction techniques of soil solution, the porous cup extractors distinguished by their practicality in the field, low cost and good accuracy. This study has to aim to evaluate the effects of different levels of soil salinity on phenological and production of eggplant grown in pots in a greenhouse, and compare whether the control of the electrical conductivity in a certain level promotes increase the yield when compare to the traditional fertigation management . A study was conducted in a greenhouse in the Department of Biosystems Engineering, ESALQ / USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. The treatments consisted of a combination of two factors: six levels of initial soil salinity (S1 = 1.3, S2 = 2.4, S3 = 3.6, S4 = 4.5, S5 = 5.6 and S6 = 6.4 dS m-1) and two fertigation management: electrical conductivity control of soil solution (M1) and traditional (M2) by following the absorption curve of nutrients from the crop previously established. The statistical design was a randomized complete block with four repetitions, the factors studied arranged in 6 x 2 factorial. The different levels of initial soil salinity were obtained with soils where previous crop had been cropped in a source of variation in the level of electrical conductivity (EC), caused by the addition of fertilizer in a pots. The solution electrical conductivity was measured after each irrigation event, using extractants with ceramic cups. The results showed that levels of soil salinity caused by the accumulation of fertilizer salts affected directly the variables: water use, fruit yield, dry matter production, leaf area index and plant growth. The use of extractors solution allowed to control the fertigation management, and maintain the desired levels of salinity in the soil solution during the evaluated period. It appears that the reduction in eggplant yield in greenhouse was approximately 8.65% for step of 1 dS m-1 in soil salinity, the threshold salinity was 1.71 dS m-1.

La culture de l’aubergine est confrontée au flétrissement bactérien, maladie causée par le complexe d’espèces Ralstonia solanacearum. La résistance variétale est la méthode la plus efficace pour contrôler cette maladie. Un QTL majeur (ERs1) a précédemment été cartographié dans une population de lignées recombinantes (RIL) issue du croisement aubergine sensible (S) MM738 × aubergine résistante (R) AG91-25. Initialement, ERs1 a été détecté avec 3 souches du phylotype I, alors qu’il est contourné par la souche PSS4 de ce même phylotype. Les objectifs de cette thèse étaient (i) de préciser la position d’ERs1 et de définir son spectre d’action, (ii) d’identifier d’autres QTLs contrôlant les souches virulentes sur AG91-25, et (iii) d’introgresser certains de ces QTLs dans des cultivars S. Pour cela, 2 populations d'haploïdes doublés (HD), MM152 (R) × MM738 (S) et EG203 (R) × MM738 (S), ont été créées. La population RIL a été phénotypée avec 4 souches supplémentaires appartenant aux phylotypes I, IIA, IIB et III, tandis que les populations HD l’ont été avec les souches virulentes PSS4 et R3598. Les analyses de cartographie génétique ont confirmé l’existence d’ERs1 (renommé EBWR9), défini sa position sur le chromosome (chr) 9 et validé son contrôle spécifique de 3 souches du phylotype I. EBWR2 et EBWR14, 2 autres QTLs à large spectre, ont été détectés sur les chr 2 et 5. Les analyses QTL ont mis en évidence un système de résistance de type polygénique chez EG203. Le transfert de la résistance dans 2 cultivars locaux a été initié et a permis l’introgression d’EBWR9 et d’EBWR2. Ces résultats ouvrent des perspectives quant à la création de variétés à large spectre de résistance. / Eggplant cultivation is confronted by the bacterial wilt disease caused by the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex. Breeding resistant cultivars is the most effective strategy to control the disease but is limited by the pathogen’s extensive genetic diversity. A major QTL (ERs1) was previously mapped in a recombinant inbred lines (RIL) population from the cross of susceptible (S) MM738 × resistant (R) AG91-25 lines. ERs1 was originally found to control 3 strains from phylotype I, while being ineffective against the strain PSS4 from the same phylotype. The objectives of this thesis was to (i) clarify the position of ERs1 and define its spectrum of action, (ii) found other QTLs, promptly to control virulent strains on AG91-25 and (iii) introgress some of the QTLs into two S cultivars. For this purpose, the new doubled haploid (DH) populations MM152 (R) × MM738 (S) and EG203 (R) × MM738 (S) were created. The RIL population was phenotyped with 4 additional RSSC strains belonging to phylotypes I, IIA, IIB and III and the DH populations were phenotyped with virulent strains PSS4 and R3598. QTL mapping confirmed the existence of ERs1 (renamed EBWR9), defined its position on chromosome (chr) 9 and validated its specific control of 3 phylotype I strains. EBWR2 and EBWR14, 2 broad-spectrum resistance QTLs, were detected on chr 2 and 5. QTL analysis reveals a polygenic system of resistance in EG203. The transfer of resistance into 2 local cultivars was initiated and allowed the introgression of EBWR9 and EBWR2 QTLs through a backcross scheme. These results offer perspectives to breed broad-spectrum R cultivars.

Orientador: Robinson Antonio Pitelli / Banca: Sérgio Antonio de Bortoli / Banca: Silvano Bianco / Banca: Ricardo Victoria Filho / Banca: Nivar Gobbi / Resumo: Metriona elatior Klug é potencial candidato para o controle biológico de Solanum viarum Dunal (joá-bravo), principalmente em locais onde está planta é caracterizada como invasora e exótica. A especificidade é um forte requisito para a adequabilidade de um organismo como agente de controle biológico. Assim, a preferência alimentar das diferentes fases de desenvolvimento desse inseto em laboratório, foi avaliada em quatorze híbridos de Solanum melogena Linnaeus (berinjela). Adicionalmente, foi realizado à análise citogenética do inseto e do joá-bravo. O estudo iniciou-se pelos testes de dupla e múltipla escolha, em períodos de exposição de 24 e 48 horas, oferecendo discos de tecido foliar, em condições de placas de Petri. As avaliações da sobrevivência e consumo foliar das larvas e adultos (recém emergidos e sem distinção sexual) foram realizadas em folhas de joá-bravo e nos híbridos de berinjela mantidas túrgidas pela imersão do pecíolo em água. A área foliar foi medida antes e após quatro dias de exposição ao inseto e a longevidade avaliada através de observações diárias. Os adultos e as larvas de M. elatior apresentaram maior taxa de alimentação, sobrevivência e consumo na planta daninha. Dentre os híbridos comercias, Minikuro Kowishiki e Redonda Wase Oomaru foram mais preferidos pelos adultos e larvas, respectivamente, do crisomelídeo em estudo. No entanto, estes dados são preliminares para teste de risco. As análises citogenéticas permitiram quantificar o número cromossômico de 2n = 24 para ovos de M. elatior e 2n = 18 nas raízes de S. viarum. / Abstract: Metriona elatior Klug is a potential agent for the biological control of Solanum viarum Dunal (tropical soda apple), especially in regions where this plant is an exotic and invasive plant. Feeding specificity is an important requirement for the adoption of an organism as a biological control agent. The feeding preference of this insect at different development stages was tested under lab conditions in fourteen Solanum melogena Linnaeus (eggplant) hybrids and S. viarum. In addition, a cytogenetical analysis was performed in tropical soda apple and the insect. The study started with dual and multiple choice testes with exposure times of 24 and 48 hours, by providing leaf disks to insects in Petri dishes. Survival and leaf consumption of larvae and adults (nearly emerged, regardless of sex) were determined in tropical soda apple and eggplant leaves kept turgid by petiole immersion in water. Leaf area was measured before and after four days of exposure to the insect while longevity was determined through daily observations. M. elatior adults and larvae showed higher feeding, survival and consumption rates on the weed specie. The eggplant commercial hybrids Minikuro Kowishiki and Redonda Wase Oomaru were the most preferred by adults and larvae, respectively. However, results are still preliminary for a risk test. Cytogenetical analyses allowed us to count the chromosome number of M. elatior (2n = 24) in eggs and S. viarum (2n = 18) in roots. / Doutor