O licenciamento ambiental de linhas de transmissão no Estado de São Paulo é conduzido pela Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB), com uso dos princípios da Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental (AIA). Na fase de planejamento dos projetos de Linhas de Transmissão (LTs), isto é, etapa de obtenção da Licença Ambiental Prévia, são estimados os impactos ambientais da implantação e operação do empreendimento, bem como as medidas mitigadoras ou minimizadoras destes impactos. Nas fases de instalação e operação de LTs ocorre a intervenção ambiental de fato. São implementadas e acompanhadas as medidas propostas pela AIA. O acompanhamento ambiental de empreendimentos licenciados com AIA é feito com base nas exigências expressas nas licenças emitidas e uso de vistorias técnicas. Dentre as exigências expressas nas licenças ambientais de LTs, destacam-se a elaboração de relatórios de acompanhamento das obras. Tais relatórios são elaborados pelo empreendedor responsável pela LT ou consultoria contratada pelo mesmo. Este projeto propõe um procedimento para acompanhamento ambiental de linhas de transmissão em licenciamento na CETESB, composto por Termo de Referência do Acompanhamento Ambiental das Obras de Linha de Transmissão e checklist para uso dos empreendedores e suas consultorias responsáveis pela elaboração dos relatórios de acompanhamento das obras e da operação e manutenção das linhas de transmissão. / Environmental permit for eletric transmission lines in the State of São Paulo is conducted by Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB), using the principles of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). In the planning phase of the transmission lines projects, meaning, the phase of Preliminary Environmental Permit analisys, the environmental impacts of the implementation and operation of the aactivity are estimated, as well as mitigation our minimization measures. At the phases of installation and operation of transmission lines, occurs the environmental intervention itself. The minimization and mitigation measures estimated on the EIA are implemented and monitored. EIA follow up is based on the requirements expressed in the permits and technical inspections. Among the requirements set out in the environmental permits of transmission lines, highlight the construction environmental follow up reports. These reports are managed by the company responsible for the transmission line or consultant hired by it. This project proposes a procedure for environmental follow up of transmission lines in CETESBs permit process, composed by a Guideline for Transmission Line Construction Environmental Follow Up and a checklist meant to be applied by the company and their consultants responsible for that activity. The outcome expected are monitoring reports with standardized format and efficient information for the analysis of the technical team responsible for the CETESB permiting process. The construction of the proposed products was based on the literature review, documentary review and field observation and in a second stage, the development of pilot products, tests, interviews and construction of the final version.

A Política Nacional de Meio Ambiente (PNMA) é a principal lei ambiental do Brasil, a qual estabelece treze instrumentos para alcançar seus objetivos, sendo um dos mais aplicados o licenciamento ambiental. Associado a ele está outro instrumento, a Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental. As esferas federal, estadual e municipal possuem competência para licenciar variadas tipologias de empreendimentos, conforme o estabelecido pela Lei Complementar nº 140/2011. Embora estejam ocorrendo mudanças nos órgãos licenciadores municipais que começaram a exercer sua competência, é reportado pela literatura que faltam legislações, carecem de órgãos específicos, bem como mão de obra qualificada para exercer tal atividade. Os desafios existentes indicam a necessidade de pesquisar a aptidão dos órgãos municipais de meio ambiente, sua capacidade institucional e a existência de legislação específica, a fim de aprimorar o licenciamento ambiental local. Diante disto, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo principal descrever e caracterizar o licenciamento ambiental descentralizado e a gestão ambiental local, tendo como estudo de caso a cidade de Uberaba/MG. Para isso foi verificada a efetividade do licenciamento ambiental com AIA descentralizado e qual a influência que este instrumento trouxe para a gestão ambiental do município como um todo. Isto foi realizado por meio de levantamento e análise de legislações e documentos orientadores de 22 processos de licenciamento ambiental classes 3 e 4, realização de entrevistas, revisão de literatura e de legislações ambientais e urbanísticas do município, juntamente com a escolha de critérios apropriados para avaliar a forma como tem funcionado o sistema de licenciamento com AIA municipal em Uberaba, além da verificação da sua efetividade. Assim, constatou-se que Uberaba apresenta indícios de efetividade em seu sistema de licenciamento ambiental com AIA, sob o olhar da efetividade procedimental, visto que atendeu a maioria dos critérios aplicados, como, por exemplo, o fato de possuir os elementos do sistema estabelecidos em lei, assim como o objetivo da AIA, e uma secretaria estruturada e com agentes capacitados. Ademais, percebeu-se que a realização do licenciamento ambiental não trouxe novos elementos para a gestão ambiental do município, pois esta já contava com uma robusta estrutura antes mesmo que o convênio para a realização do licenciamento fosse assinado. Isto remete à importância de estudos desta natureza, a fim de avaliar a efetividade de sistemas de licenciamento e a gestão ambiental, para que sejam identificadas as suas carências para a proposição de melhorias. / The National Environmental Policy (PNMA) is Brazil\'s main environmental law which establishes thirteen instruments to achieve its objectives, one of the most applied being environmental licensing. Associated with its there are another instrument, the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). The federal, state and municipal spheres have the authority to license various typologies of enterprises as established by Complementary Law nº140/2011. Although changes are occurring in the municipal licensing agencies that have begun to exercise their competence, it is reported in the literature that they lack legislation, lack specific bodies, as well as skilled labor to carry out such activity. Existing challenges indicate the need to investigate the suitability of municipal environmental agencies, their institutional capacity and the existence of specific legislation in order to improve local environmental licensing. In view of this, the main objective of this research was to describe and characterize decentralized environmental licensing and local environmental management having as a case study the city of Uberaba/MG. For this, the effectiveness of environmental licensing with decentralized EIA was verified and what influence this instrument brought to the environmental management of the municipality as a whole. This was done by surveying and analyzing legislation and guiding documents of 22 environmental licensing processes classes 3 and 4, conducting interviews, reviewing the literature and environmental and town planning legislation of the municipality, along with choosing appropriate criteria to evaluate the way in which the licensing system with municipal EIA in Uberaba has functioned, in addition to verifying its effectiveness. Thus, it was verified that Uberaba presents indications of effectiveness in its environmental licensing system with EIA, under the view of procedural effectiveness, since it met most of the applied criteria, such as the fact that it has the established system elements in law, as well as the purpose of the EIA, and a structured secretariat with trained agents. In addition, it was realized that the environmental licensing did not bring new elements for the environmental management of the municipality, since it already had a robust structure before the agreement for the accomplishment of the licensing was signed. This refers to the importance of studies of this nature in order to evaluate the effectiveness of licensing systems and environmental management, so that their shortcomings can be identified for the proposition of improvements.

A equinocultura é uma atividade de grande importância no Brasil, e no Rio Grande do Sul (RS) se soma sua relevância cultural, no trabalho, esporte e no lazer. A partir disso, este trabalho tem o objetivo de dimensionar e caracterizar a atividade da equinocultura no RS, a partir de dados cedidos pela Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Irrigação, do período de 2010 a 2016. O rebanho equino gaúcho é composto por em torno de 90% de animais com mais de 6 meses de idade, e por aproximadamente 60% de fêmeas. Houve um crescimento de 105.572 animais no período, com um rebanho de 360.257 cavalos em 2010 e de 465.829 em 2016. Quarenta por cento dos equinos estão concentrados na mesorregião sudoeste, que é responsável também pelo maior número de nascimentos anuais. Vem ocorrendo uma queda no número de nascimentos no RS desde 2013, mas, ao mesmo tempo, um aumento expressivo no número de eventos equestres, especialmente os de esporte, assim como no trânsito de cavalos com essa finalidade. No referido período, observou-se um aumento no número de doenças notificadas ao Serviço Veterinário Oficial, especialmente os casos de anemia infecciosa equina e mormo. O aumento no número de eventos, trânsito e doenças notificadas está diretamente relacionado com a maior fiscalização e obrigatoriedade de apresentação de exames negativos para transporte. Diante dos dados analisados, conclui-se que há um crescimento no número de equinos e na circulação dos mesmos dentro do Estado, que a equinocultura é uma atividade importante no RS e que o fluxo de informações sobre a atividade é díficil. / The equine activities and breeding are very important for economy in Brazil, and in Rio Grande do Sul (RS) it is added their cultural, in work and in leisure relevance. Based on that, this study aims to scale out and characterize equine activities and breeding in RS, through data from 2010 to 2016 given by the Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Irrigação. Horse herd in RS is composed by 90% of horses older than 6 months and 60% of mares. There was an increase of 105.572 animals during the referred period, with a herd of 360.257 horses in 2010 and 465.829 in 2016. Forty percent of the horses are located in southweast mesoregion, which is where the majority of annual equine births occur. There is a decrease in birth numbers in RS since 2013 but at the same time, an expressive increase in equestrian events, specially related to sports events, and an increase in horse transportation for sporting purpose. It was possible to observe a raise in number of diseases reported to the Oficial Veterinary Service, especially in equine infectious anemia and glanders cases. The increase in the number of events, transit and notified diseases is directly related to the greater surveillance and obligatory presentation of negative exams for transportation. Considering the analyzed data, it is concluded that there is an increase in the number of equines and their circulation within the State, that the equine breeding is an important activity in RS and that the information flow about the activity is difficult.

Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons au problème de l'interaction des processus multiples nécessaires à la réalisation d'un projet d'ingénierie.<br />L'approche retenue repose sur l'idée qu'il existe une solution générique aux problèmes d'ingénierie. Notre proposition est de formaliser cette solution pour permettre de l'adapter ensuite à des domaines d'activités et à des projets précis par des opérations de transformation de modèles. Pour cela, nous nous reposons sur les concepts de l'IDM et les appliquons dans le cadre de l'ingénierie système. Les étapes de notre proposition sont :<br />• la formalisation d'un processus générique à partir d'un standard de l'ingénierie système (EIA-632) sous la forme d'un modèle SPEM/UML,<br />• sa spécialisation pour l'adapter au contexte d'application d'un projet,<br />• son enrichissement pour en préparer l'exploitation et la conduite. La formalisation des processus est la base d'une démarche nouvelle d'application de l'ingénierie système.<br />Cette démarche assure une cohérence globale et locale dans l'organisation et le déroulement des projets. En se reposant sur des règles de bonnes pratiques issues des standards internationaux elle s'assure d'un comportement global cohérent du projet. En laissant les acteurs du projet libres d'adapter leurs pratiques à leur environnement de travail elle permet à chacun de travailler de manière optimale avec l'assurance que les processus spécifiques qu'il emploie s'insèrent au mieux dans le projet.<br />La démarche que nous proposons répond à la problématique d'application concrète des processus d'ingénierie système posée par l'industrie et, plus généralement, à celle de l'amélioration continue des méthodes et des produits.

The reason for performing an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is to incorporate environmental concern in different kinds of plans and projects. The purpose of such an assessment is to identify and describe direct, indirect and cumulative environmental impacts. Geographical Information System (GIS) is a tool that can be used to combine spatial extension of both sensitive areas and different environmental impacts in a quick and easy way. Because of that, descriptions of environmental impacts and motivation of different standpoints on a specific issue can be more correct and easier to make if GIS is used as a tool. Hence, GIS can contribute to improve the quality of Environmental Impact Assessments. If the benefits of using GIS are to out weight the costs, geographical information of satisfactory detail, actuality and accuracy need to be available at reasonable prices. In this paper, case studies are carried out for three different geographical analyses to investigate the use of GIS as a tool in EIA. From these case studies, more general conclusions about the benefits and limitations of using GIS for Environmental Impact Assessments are also drawn. The criteria, after which benefits and limitations of GIS have been estimated, are data availability, time consumption for performing the analyses and how the results from the performed analyses can make impact assessments easier, motivate different standpoints and increase the comprehensiveness of the EIA-report. The three different GIS-analyses includes calculation of pollution load in a catchment area, estimation of the visual impact from planned buildings and generation of alternative locations for underwater pipes. These analyses have been applied on one ongoing EIA for a freight terminal and one ongoing EIA for an underwater wastewater transmission pipe. The analyses in these case studies have been undertaken with ArcGIS software using the extensions “Spatial Analyst” and “3D Analyst”. It is shown in this study that due to uncertainty in available model values and the time consuming data manipulation, it is unlikely that calculations of pollution loads with GIS will be used to any larger extent in EIA. To carry out visual assessments with help of GIS to estimate visual impacts is on the other hand assumed to be useful in EIA-work. Both to assess impacts and to estimate how changes in building design can alter those impacts. To use GIS to produce alternative locations for underwater pipes is also considered valuable in EIA-work, even though there is a considerable lack of data to predict the environmental class of marine areas and the connections between available data and real environmental values are weak. However, the risk of damaging vulnerable and high valued marine areas should decrease when applying this type of analyse. / Miljökonsekvensbeskrivningar (MKB) genomförs för att möjliggöra att hänsyn om miljön tas vid olika typer av exploateringsprojekt och exploateringsplaner. Syftet med en miljökonsekvensbeskrivning är att identifiera och beskriva direkta, indirekta och kumulativa miljöeffekter. Geografiska informationssystem (GIS) är ett verktyg som kan användas för att snabbt och enkelt kombinera rumslig utsträckning av både känsliga områden och olika miljökonsekvenser. GIS kan därför användas för att underlätta beskrivningar av miljökonsekvenser och motivera olika ställningstaganden. Därigenom kan GIS bidra till bättre grundade och mer rättvisande miljökonsekvensbeskrivningar. Men för att vinsterna av att genomföra GIS-analyser ska överstiga kostnaderna krävs att geografisk information av tillräcklig detaljeringsgrad, aktualitet och säkerhet finns att tillgå till rimliga kostnader. Syftet med denna studie har varit att genom fallstudier undersöka om tre olika GIS-analyser kan användas som verktyg i miljöbedömningar med idag tillgänglig data, samt att utifrån fallstudierna dra mer allmänna slutsatser om vinster och begränsningar av att använda GIS i miljökonsekvensbeskrivningar. De kriterier som har använts för att bedöma vinster och begränsningar är tidsåtgång för analyserna, tillgång på data samt hur analyserna kan vara ett stöd i MKB-arbetet genom att underlätta beskrivningar av konsekvenser, motivera ställningstaganden som görs och öka rapportens begriplighet. De tre genomförda GIS-analyserna innefattar beräkning av föroreningsbelastning inom ett avrinningsområde, bedömning av byggnaders landskapspåverkan genom synlighetsanalys samt generering av förslag till alternativ ledningsdragning för en undervattensledning. Dessa analyser har tillämpats på en pågående MKB för en detaljplan för en partihall och en pågående MKB för en avloppsvattenledning under vatten. Analyserna i fallstudierna har genomförts i programmet ArcGIS med tilläggen ”Spatial Analyst” och ”3D Analyst”. Studien visar att det på grund av osäkerheter i tillgängliga schablonvärden och tidsåtgång för databehandling är osannolikt att beräkning av föroreningsmängd inom ett avrinningsområde med GIS kommer att användas till någon större utsträckning i MKB. Att med GIS genomföra synlighetsanalyser för att utvärdera landskapspåverkan bedöms däremot kunna användas i MKB, både för att bedöma påverkan och för att utvärdera hur en förändring i en byggnads utformning kan förändra den påverkan. Även att med GIS generera förslag till alternativa ledningsdragningar under vatten bedöms kunna fylla en funktion i MKB trots att tillgången på data för att kunna beskriva olika marina områdens naturvärden är klart bristfällig och kopplingen mellan tillgängliga data och verkliga naturvärden är osäker. Denna typ av analys bör ändå minska risken att värdefulla och skyddsvärda marina områden skadas vid lednignsdragning.

In recent years, ¡§Boost the economy and cut down the unemployment rate¡¨ has become a common understanding of the people in Taiwan, which is the government¡¦s goal for economic development as well. One of the most effective strategies to boost the economy is to encourage investment. However, the rising concern of environmental protection and the consciousness of living peacefully with the mother natural have become a trend nowadays. Furthermore, not only business but also the government and the neighboring residents have increased their standards for environmental protection. Therefore, the industry has tended to be more prudent to any new development project. What deserves to be mentioned is, no matter how wonderful a proposed project is, without the support of local residents, no project can be executed. Therefore, we should regard the citizen participation and environmental impact assessment (EIA). China Petroleum Corporation (CPC) proposed at the end of 2002, aiming to make the transformation from an oil plant to a hi-tech petrochemical zone on Kaohsiung Oil Refinery, with new petrochemical equipment and nono-technology. Ministry of Economic Affairs has agreed with the proposed transformation with the condition that CPC has to obtain approval from the local residents, representatives and government. According to the analysis of power interaction, this study intends to provide related policy suggestions to the government and CPC with the purpose of economic prosperity. For the evolution of modern society, sustainable development and business continuity will play important roles. Besides adopting opinion poll, Delphi Technique is also applied as the research methodology to carry on experts¡¦ interviews and questionnaires investigation.

<p>In recent years, the general awareness of the environmental impacts that industrial production gives rise to has radically increased throughout the world. Finding ways to minimise these impacts has become a major concern of the authorities in many countries. In order to promote a more sustainable industrial production, different incentives can be used. Among these incentives, the consideration of environmental issues in public procurement is increasingly being emphasised.</p><p>While much attention regarding sustainable procurement has centred on the purchase of products, this thesis focuses on green procurement of construction contracts. The construction industry is a major contributor to environmental pollution. It consumes about half of all resources humans take from nature and accounts for about 25 – 40 per cent of all energy used and about 30 – 50 per cent of all waste generated in OECD countries.</p><p>In the procurement of products, the environmental impacts of the available products can be estimated and compared, for example by using tools such as life cycle assessments. When construction contracts are procured, assessing the suppliers’ environmental capabilities can be more challenging, as the contract to be procured has not yet been performed. However, at the same time, there are considerably more opportunities to steer the construction towards more environmentally friendly alternatives.</p><p>In the thesis, it is suggested that the environmental requirements and the environmental criteria for tender evaluation should be used in combination, in order to safeguard environmental performance in the construction project and at the same time stimulate a green development within the industrial sector. In addition, the role of the client in ensuring that the environmental requirements are fulfilled during construction work is emphasised.</p>

Ce travail de thèse porte sur la problématique d'élaboration de modèles de systèmes hétérogènes. Il a associé le laboratoire de recherche LAAS-CNRS et la société MENTOR GRAPHICS. Il prend place au sein d'un processus de conception qui se fonde sur les recommandations de l'EIA-632 et sur une ingénierie guidée par les modèles. L'objectif de notre travail est de montrer en quoi le langage VHDL-AMS est adapté à la problématique de modélisation et de simulation de la solution physique au sens des recommandations de l'EIA-632. Dans un premier temps, ce manuscrit présente un état de l'art sur les besoins en modélisation pour la conception système, et dresse un bilan sur les différents langages de modélisation susceptibles d'y répondre. Afin de proposer la norme VHDL-AMS (IEEE 1076.1-1999) comme solution, notre travail s'est attaché à présenter et proposer une méthode à mettre en oeuvre pour converger vers cette norme. Notre démarche s'appuie sur l'ingénierie guidée par les modèles avec une place prépondérante jouée par les transformations de modèle. Nous avons développé ce concept de transformation en vue d'une convergence vers le VHDL-AMS : nous développons la notion de meta modèle avec, entre autre, la création d'un meta modèle du langage VHDL-AMS. Celui-ci va permettre une vérification de la conformité des modèles créés, mais aussi l'écriture de règles de transformations au niveau meta modèle. L'intérêt des industriels possédant un existant de modèles écrits dans un langage de description de matériel propriétaire autre (par exemple le langage MAST) en vue d'une migration vers la norme VHDL-AMS, nous a permis d'éprouver cette méthodologie dans de nombreux cas concrets. Nous avons aussi comparé cette approche à une méthodologie que nous avions précédemment définie, nécessitant une expertise dans les deux langages source et cible. Cela nous a permis de conclure positivement sur la faisabilité d'une telle transformation avec une semi-automatisation et une expertise encore n écessaire à certaines étapes. A titre de démonstration, nous avons développé de nombreux modèles mixtes confirmant les aptitudes du VHDL-AMS à pouvoir être le support principal du prototypage virtuel, ainsi que la validité de notre méthode de transformation. Nous avons notamment réalisé la modélisation VHDL-AMS d'un système très hétérogène de mise à feu d'une charge pyrotechnique, qui valide notre méthodologie. La validation des modèles en conformité avec les spécifications est une des perspectives identifiées de nos travaux, à approfondir.

A detailed development plan (DDP) is a legally binding plan that regulates the municipalities land use on a detailed level. The purpose with the DDP is to evaluate the suitability for development on land access, in order for municipalities to manage spatial planning and minimize environmental harm. If a DDP would likely cause a significant impact on the environment, an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) has to be produced. The aim of this thesis was to investigate how DDP and EIA processes are working on a local level in Sweden, and how the quality is reflected in the processes. More specifically, I investigated the role of EIA actors involved in the DDP process, as well as whether these processes are inadequate from an environmental conservation perspective. To investigate these issues, a document study was conducted as well as an interview study. The results from the study presents several shortcomings in both processes; examples of shortcomings were the lacking knowledge among the DDP and EIA actors in how to conduct the process, as well as interpreting and understanding the law.  Other observed shortcomings were the different levels of engagement among the plan administrators, the EIA performers and the County Administrative Board reviewers. Three important factors were recognized for achieving good processes. Firstly, the people involved need to have broad knowledge and good qualifications. Secondly, the actors must be able to communicate in a good and clear manner. Lastly, the third factor is a good process leader who brings together the DDP and EIA process.

Organisationer med komplexa projekt som sträcker sig över ett flertal år finner svårigheter att förhålla sig till projektens fördefinierade parametrar tid, kostnad och omfattning. Skenande kostnader och förseningar är vanligt förekommande i dessa typer av projekt, då projekten omfattar ett samspel av ett flertal aktiviteter och där projektets omfattning ofta förändras. Det finns metoder som verksamheter kan tillämpa för att kontrollera ovannämnda parametrar och i ett tidigt skede kunna identifiera när någon av parametrar tenderar att överskridas. En metod som styrker prestationsmätningar är Earned Value Mangament, EVM. Syftet med studien var att identifiera vart organisationer brister gentemot branschstandarden inom EVM, ANSI/EIA-748. Standarden innehåller viktiga steg för att kunna utföra en korrekt prestationsmätning tillsammans med teorin från Earned Value Management. Resultat studien presentera indikerar på att organisationer måste skapa tydliga riktlinjer hur ANSI/EIA-748 skall tillämpas. Till exempel att alla bryter ner arbetet och fördelar sina budgetar på samma sätt. Studiens resultat antyder också att Rolling Wave är ett lämpligt verktyg för komplexa och långa projekt. Av den anledningen att projektledare inte planerar för mycket i onödan eftersom projektets omfattning ständigt förändras.