Ett viktigt mål för Sveriges näringsliv är att det ska finnas samma möjligheter för kvinnor som män att driva företag, men trots detta finns det tydliga exempel på att kvinnor diskrimineras både på arbetsmarknaden och som företagare. Tidigare forskning konstaterar att företagande har en stark manlig identitet och att det kvinnliga företagandet ifrågasätts än idag. Vidare fastställer tidigare forskning även att kvinnans roll i samhället är att dra den tyngre lasten med hemarbetet utöver sitt företagande och sin karriär. Denna studie syftar därför till att undersöka och skapa en ökad förståelse för hur jämlikheten mellan kvinnligt och manligt företagande har sett ut under perioden 1990–2020. Undersökningsperioden är intressant eftersom flertalet statliga satsningar på svenskt företagande gjordes under tiden. Studiens empiriska material är hämtat från de två dagstidningarna Aftonbladet och Dagens industri som båda var prominenta under perioden. Materialet skildrar hur kvinnligt och manligt företagande uppfattas i den offentliga diskussionen, och det empiriska underlaget analyseras i sin tur utifrån den teoretiska referensramen om genus och diskursiva formationer. Undersökningen har dels genomförts genom en kvantitativ ansats för att beskriva företagandets närvaro i det offentliga samtalet, dels genom en kvalitativ fördjupning av källmaterialet för att lyfta vilka värderingar som uttrycktes om kvinnligt företagande. Den kvantitativa slutsatsen är att begreppens frekvens korrelerar med de politiska förhållandena i den offentliga debatten. Slutsatsen för den kvalitativa undersökningen är att det har gjorts en avgörande skillnad i synsättet på företagare baserat på deras kön. Kvinnors företagande och kompetens förminskas i de båda dagstidningarna och de avgörande skillnaderna mellan könen är att kvinnor förväntas ta större ansvar och hållas ansvariga för familjesituationen, samt att företagande i sig har en strikt manlig kodning, vilket i sin tur kan leda till att färre kvinnor orkar, vill eller har tid till att starta och driva företag.

The late 1960s introduced legislation regarding waste to the national level in Sweden. During the 1970s new legislation expanded what was included in, and further defined, the management of waste. With changes and additions to legislation a municipal monopoly on waste management was established in 1975. In this paper a descriptive case study is conducted featuring the municipality of Härnösand in Västernorrland County. In 1974 the formerly municipal activity concerning waste was transferred to the municipal corporation AB Härnösands Industriverk. Through archival material subsisting of minutes originating from Härnösands municipal executive committee and the company board of AB Härnösands Industriverk, as well as annual reports by the latter, the establishment and development of waste and recycling management during the years of 1973—1980 is presented.

No description available.

Children have always worked. Long before the industrial breakthrough and labour saving mechanical capital, children was an indispensable part of the production process, not at least in the household- and rural organization of work. However, with the industrial age came new possibilities for children and youth to work outside the household structure and sell their labour at markets rates. Herby, more than ever before, children hade the prospect of enring money and become a secondary breadwinner, next to the household’s primary provider of income. The research on the subject has to this point been focused conventional sources - such as government reports and factory inspections – and turned a blind eye to the main characters of the history of child labour, namely the children. Hence, the main purpose of this essay is to turn the methodological convention on its head and give attention to the household, in respect to child labour, and provide the children themselves with subjectivity and a historical voice. This will be done mainly through a micro historical study of the households social and economic prerequisites as determinants to at what age children started to work.

The objective of this essay is to investigate the circulation of knowledge about rationalization in industrial management between 1910-30 in Sweden. It builds on and tries to fill a gap in previous scholarship on the topic of industrial relations and the “rationalization movement” in Sweden. This essay focuses on the industrial employers affiliated with the biggest Swedish industrial union; Sveriges Industriförbund, and how they understood, presented and shared their knowledge about rationalization with each other. Why did the conceptualization of rationalization change during the years in question, and how did this knowledge in transit adapt?  One key finding is that the idea of rationalization changed and came to mean more things, and include more things as the industries faced more social and political challenges from the workers movement. The language surrounding rationalization came to include more demands for cooperation, mutual understanding and more humane working conditions as time went on. Rationalization also tended to be more professionalized and specialized as time went on, as a response to a larger and more intricate industrial apparatus. Because of the need for more skilled engineers and white-collar staff, industrial employers started to advocate for sharing the knowledge about rationalization with their workers. By the end of the 1920’s the industrial employers also knew that mental stimulation, and a general knowledge about the work process was required both for the smooth functioning of the company, but also for the mental functioning of the worker.

<p>The overall purpose of the thesis is to examine the shaping of the identity of the municipality. One empirical question raised in the dissertation is how the municipal museum has been established as a part of the municipal administration. This is done through an empirical study of the municipality of Eskilstuna in the period 1959-2000 and its official historical narration. I have analyzed four cases where historical narration was produced, mainly by the city museum. These cases are: a city Jubilee in 1959, the building of a city museum in 1979, a city exhibition in 2000 and the documentary work of the museums in relation to contemporary society (Samdok). The historical narration of the municipality over time has some perspectives in common; it is mainly a genetical narration where the municipality’s character is transformation and development. Even if some themes change over time, this has been one basic element. The place that is in focus is also constant, the industrial sections of Eskilstuna. This means that a rather large area is excluded in the narrative. However it is important to emphasize one thing here, that the rural areas are mainly represented by prehistoric times up to the Middle Ages. The manifestation of identity is therefore problematic. The city, however, is associated with symbols of transformation, modernity and development. But even if the main perspective in the narrative is that of transformation, there is a more antiquarian or traditional part as well. Here the museum building plays an important part; the museum has been built up in what can be called the historical industrial milieu. There is one more aspect of the identity of the municipality that must be emphasized here. In many ways, the municipality has used symbols and epochs from national history, for example the Middle Ages, national saints, industrialization etc. In this way the municipality is constructed as a part of something typically Swedish. Even if there were permanent features in the narration, change and new perspectives were also included, such as immigrants, women and pop culture.</p>

The overall purpose of the thesis is to examine the shaping of the identity of the municipality. One empirical question raised in the dissertation is how the municipal museum has been established as a part of the municipal administration. This is done through an empirical study of the municipality of Eskilstuna in the period 1959-2000 and its official historical narration. I have analyzed four cases where historical narration was produced, mainly by the city museum. These cases are: a city Jubilee in 1959, the building of a city museum in 1979, a city exhibition in 2000 and the documentary work of the museums in relation to contemporary society (Samdok). The historical narration of the municipality over time has some perspectives in common; it is mainly a genetical narration where the municipality’s character is transformation and development. Even if some themes change over time, this has been one basic element. The place that is in focus is also constant, the industrial sections of Eskilstuna. This means that a rather large area is excluded in the narrative. However it is important to emphasize one thing here, that the rural areas are mainly represented by prehistoric times up to the Middle Ages. The manifestation of identity is therefore problematic. The city, however, is associated with symbols of transformation, modernity and development. But even if the main perspective in the narrative is that of transformation, there is a more antiquarian or traditional part as well. Here the museum building plays an important part; the museum has been built up in what can be called the historical industrial milieu. There is one more aspect of the identity of the municipality that must be emphasized here. In many ways, the municipality has used symbols and epochs from national history, for example the Middle Ages, national saints, industrialization etc. In this way the municipality is constructed as a part of something typically Swedish. Even if there were permanent features in the narration, change and new perspectives were also included, such as immigrants, women and pop culture.

Distance trading and industrialization. A study in the swedish early mail order emergence and expansion 1866-1895. Petrus Forsgren, Economic History, Magister Degree, Umeå University Spring 2021. The meaning, preconditions, actors with their background, in the early swedish mail order growth and expansion have been studied between the period 1866-1895. Entrepreneurship and structural change have been the underlying theme. The meaning of mail order pointed to a focus on especially the swedish postal service as an important factor. It was found that important preconditions such as railways, consumer markets, the spread of newspapers along with institutional changes in payments started to change 1866 and was fully developed 1875. Before this period, there were obstacles that made mail order only possible in a small more local scale. As a text analysis advertisements were explored in the early period 1866-1874 in regards to the term ”cash on delivery” where it was found that early advertsements came from Denmark and Germany. But results were also found that gave tendencies for a internally domestic origin for mail order in regards to the actors. It was further explored 1875-1895 where the sold items went from light to heavy which indicated that the prerequisitions for mail order were transformed. A total of 15 actors in which the background was studied. They had all similar procedure of selling nationally via advertisments and through the swedish postal service. The actors were in average born 1833, started their business 1861 at 29,5 years of age and expanded with mail order 1876. All the studied actors had previous business experience and none of them had previously been involved in pedlary. Later actors required less previous experience. It further confirms that mail order were a new fenomena that differed from previous types of retail and might have more in common with wholesale, retailing or e-commerce than earlier assumed predecessors.

In this dissertation the construction of two coastal railways, the East Coast Line and the Bothnia Line, in the Norrland region of northern Sweden is used as a case study of how regionally based interest groups are formed, and how they gain access to decision-making processes on a national level. In periods when a number of preconditions were in place, a window of opportunity opened for the coastal railway that the regional elites could exploit. Among these was the ability to form a coherent regional interest group, through institutions that created platforms and power-bases that enable regional elites to co-operate and act on regional and national levels.The existence of an institutional framework that was adapitve towards regional railway promotion was also important. The study shows that the coastal railway had a very flexible role on the agenda, as it provided a fixed solution against which actors could pin a multitude of different problems. An important factor for explaining the development of the coastal railway question in Norrland was the ideological notion of the region itself. Being a vast, resource-rich and sparsely populated region, Norrland had almost always received special consideration in both public opinion and national policy making. It also created a remarkable stubbornness among the regional actors in working for the coastal railway. Regional interest groups had also learnt that linking their claims to Norrland's peripheral position had high legitimacy on the national arena, by claiming the need for regional fairness and/or the national importance of the regional export-intensive industries. This was instrumental in justifying the repeated exemptions from the national railway policy regimes that ultimately were decissive in making the regional elites successful.

<p>In this dissertation the construction of two coastal railways, the East Coast Line and the Bothnia Line, in the <i>Norrland</i> region of northern Sweden is used as a case study of how regionally based interest groups are formed, and how they gain access to decision-making processes on a national level. In periods when a number of preconditions were in place, a window of opportunity opened for the coastal railway that the regional elites could exploit. Among these was the ability to form a coherent regional interest group, through institutions that created platforms and power-bases that enable regional elites to co-operate and act on regional and national levels.The existence of an institutional framework that was adapitve towards regional railway promotion was also important. The study shows that the coastal railway had a very flexible role on the agenda, as it provided a fixed solution against which actors could pin a multitude of different problems. An important factor for explaining the development of the coastal railway question in <i>Norrland</i> was the ideological notion of the region itself. Being a vast, resource-rich and sparsely populated region, <i>Norrland</i> had almost always received special consideration in both public opinion and national policy making. It also created a remarkable stubbornness among the regional actors in working for the coastal railway. Regional interest groups had also learnt that linking their claims to <i>Norrland's </i>peripheral position had high legitimacy on the national arena, by claiming the need for regional fairness and/or the national importance of the regional export-intensive industries. This was instrumental in justifying the repeated exemptions from the national railway policy regimes that ultimately were decissive in making the regional elites successful.</p>