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Les récentes recherches sur les rotors d'hélicoptère conduisent au développement de pales de nouvelle génération présentant des géométries courbes. La double flèche de la pale BlueEdgeTM proposée par Eurocopter impose de reconsidérer les outils de calcul des charges rotors pour déterminer le torseur des efforts appliqués aux pales et aux éléments constitutifs du moyeu rotor afin de satisfaire aux exigences de conception et de certification. Les charges rotors se décomposent en contributions aéro- et élasto-dynamiques prises en compte par des modélisations distinctes. La thèse vise à définir une méthodologie de calcul de charges applicable aux pales à double flèche. Ainsi sont présentés les modèles aérodynamiques bi-dimensionnels pour calculer les vitesses induites du rotor et déterminer la répartition des efforts aérodynamiques sur le rotor. Le calcul des charges rotor nécessite de recourir à des modèles élasto-dynamiques. En résolvant les équations de la dynamique des solides pour un système mécanique, le code de mécanique du vol HOST considère une modélisation élastique de pale pour déterminer le torseur des efforts, les efforts de commande étant fournis par l'ensemble bielle de pas et plateaux cycliques. Le comportement non linéaire des adaptateurs de traînée interpales est décrit par des modèles de force de restitution. Ces travaux ont utilisé des caractérisations expérimentales sur des machines de traction de laboratoire ainsi que des essais en vol afin d'évaluer le niveau de représentativité des outils et méthodes proposés. La mise en oeuvre de l'ensemble de ces modèles détermine avec satisfaction les charges dynamiques du rotor pour des vols stabilisés. / New generation blades have led to new load computation problems due to the evolution of the general shape, with forward and backward sweep. The BlueEdgeTM blade pattented by Eurocopter imposes to reconsider the development methodology and thus it is no longer possible to speak of straight blades and the models used for load computation have to be evaluated. The objective of this thesis is to determine what has to be modified and improved in current load computation methodology in order to reach an acceptable predictive level. This work considers both aerodynamic and dynamic models implemented in the HOST multi-body computer code. The aerodynamics models are based on the hypothesis of a two dimensional flow. The use of the CFD software \emph{elsA} is evaluated. Attention is given to rotor dynamics models that have an impact on loads, such as lead-lag damper models, blade element models and hub models. This thesis presents the different models and gives orientations relating to efficient load computation methodology. The aerodynamics models are compared to windtunnels experiments from the literature. This study leads also to perform flight tests and to investigate the dampers behavior on test benches in order to confront the computed loads to the reality of the helicopter operation. The proposed methodology is able to compute with a good accuracy rotor loads for stabilized flight cases.

Ph.D. / A central tradition within the art of novel-writing is that of realism. Reality cannot be duplicated, and the illusion of reality in literature depends on narrative conventions. Within the perspective of the age-old tradition of realism one would have to view the bent and the emphasis of modern prose in the light of what has been described as "realism with documentary woof", "faction" , and "the new realism". The link with the reality of the day is often such that one cannot merely talk about "illusion of reality" - it pertinently becomes "illusion of actuality". The "political" noveI that wants to play in upon an actual situation, brings about an important change in the character of the literary work: the fictional is subdued, so to speak. In this study the question concerning the relation between work of art and actuality strikingly comes to the fore as a problem. The author increasingly addresses himself to the portrayal of the actual. Two methods of portrayal are identified: i) the actuality situation is fictionalised and ii ) a semblance of authenticity is given to the fictitious situation. In this thesis the different strategies employed in each of the two methods of portrayal of actuality are examined. The concepts "actuality", "illusion", and "involvement" are demarcated. Then note is taken of portrayal of actuality in older Afrikaans prose, before proceeding to an analysis of the different strategies employed in three "exemplary" works: Die swerfjare van Poppie Nongena (Elsa Joubert), 'n Droë wit seisoen (André P. Brink), and Dagboek van 'n verraaier (J.C. Steyn). The conclusion eventually drawn, is that novels with a fictitious world as a point of departure, have potentially richer literary posibilities than novels in which the actual situation serves as a point of departure. However, notwithstanding the fact that Dagboek van 'n verraaier has the fictional situation as point of departure, it does not succeed novel-wise. Despite the relatively weaker technique being used in Die swerfjare van Poppie Nongena, the novel is a success. The respective success or failure of these works is determined by the extent to which the concrete author manages to make full-fledged, blood-warm human beings of his characters. 'n Droë wit seisoen serves as an illustration of what· can be achieved when the fictitious world is used as point of departure and the characters are rendered true to life. The latter is, novelwise, the greatest success of the three. Contributing to this, in particular, are narrator's perspective, colloquial usage and tonality, the convincing manipulation of documentation, period location and characterization.

This dissertation is a report on a study about autobiography as genre, focusing on the voice of the white, Afrikaans-speaking woman. The point of departure for this study was a survey of the number of autobiographies written in Afrikaans by these women. With the focus on the limited number of such autobiographies three autobiographies were studied, namely, Met die Boere in die veld (Sarah Raal), My beskeie deel (M.E.R.) and 'n Wonderlike geweld (Elsa Joubert). Within the framework of the complexity systems theory the role of the observer (author/reader) was studied to determine the possibility of demonstrating that when reading/writing an autobiography, some epistemological changes may occur, manifesting as conceptual changes in the mind of the observer. It could be demonstrated that because of women's sensitivity to interpersonal relationships they are capable of acting as unique registers of the complexity of individual existence, while remaining aware of the constant influence, effect and needs of the other. / AFRIKAANS & THEORY OF LIT / MA (AFRIKAANS)

This dissertation is a report on a study about autobiography as genre, focusing on the voice of the white, Afrikaans-speaking woman. The point of departure for this study was a survey of the number of autobiographies written in Afrikaans by these women. With the focus on the limited number of such autobiographies three autobiographies were studied, namely, Met die Boere in die veld (Sarah Raal), My beskeie deel (M.E.R.) and 'n Wonderlike geweld (Elsa Joubert). Within the framework of the complexity systems theory the role of the observer (author/reader) was studied to determine the possibility of demonstrating that when reading/writing an autobiography, some epistemological changes may occur, manifesting as conceptual changes in the mind of the observer. It could be demonstrated that because of women's sensitivity to interpersonal relationships they are capable of acting as unique registers of the complexity of individual existence, while remaining aware of the constant influence, effect and needs of the other. / AFRIKAANS and THEORY OF LIT / MA (AFRIKAANS)

Text in Afrikaans / ’n Merkbare opbloei in die publikasie van literêre niefiksietekste wêreldwyd het gelei tot die klassifikasie van sodanige tekste as ’n vierde genre. Die politieke oorgang in Suid-Afrika in 1994 het gelei tot ’n soortgelyke toename in outobiografiese tekste waarin kommentaar gelewer word op die Suid-Afrikaanse politieke werklikheid deur die vertel van sowel persoonlike as kollektiewe geskiedenisse. Daymond en Visagie (2012) identifiseer outo-etnografie, apologie en belydenis as kenmerke van die Suid-Afrikaanse outobiografie ná 1994. In hierdie navorsingsverslag word enkele resente skrywersoutobiografieë van onderskeidelik Elsa Joubert (’n Wonderlike geweld: jeugherinneringe (2005); Reisiger (2009)), André P. Brink (’n Vurk in die pad (2009)) en Koos Kombuis (Seks & drugs & boeremusiek: die memoirs van ‘n volksverraaier (2000); Die tyd van die Kombi’s: ‘n persoonlike blik op die Afrikaanse rock-rebellie (2009)) gemeet aan die kriteria wat deur Daymond en Visagie voorgestel word. Die beskrywing en interpretasie van verskeie outo-etnografiese merkers lei daartoe dat hierdie outobiografieë as ’n vorm van kulturele introspeksie beskou kan word. / A marked proliferation in the publication of literary nonfiction globally led to the classification of such texts as a fourth genre. The political transition in South Africa in 1994 caused a similar increase in autobiographical texts in which commentary is offered on the South African political reality through the telling of both personal and collective histories. Daymond and Visagie (2012) identify autoethnography, apologia and confession as characteristics of post-1994 South African autobiographies. In this research report some contemporary writers’ autobiographies, respectively those of Elsa Joubert (’n Wonderlike geweld: jeugherinneringe (2005); Reisiger (2009)), André P. Brink (’n Vurkin die pad (2009)) and Koos Kombuis (Seks & drugs & boeremusiek: die memoirs van ‘n volksverraaier (2000); Die tyd van die Kombi’s: ‘n persoonlike blik op die Afrikaanse rock-rebellie (2009)) are evaluated using the criteria proposed by Daymond and Visagie. The description and interpretation of various autoethnographical markers confirm that these autobiographies can be considered a form of cultural introspection. / Afrikaans and Theory of Literature / M.A. (Afrikaans)

Bilderboken Sagan om den lilla hinden kom ut 1924, bara några år efter att kvinnlig rösträtt införts i Sverige. Denna studie pekar på forskning som uppmärksammat att Beskow tidigt förde in samhällskritik i sina barnbokstexter och att kvinnors yttrandefrihet låg henne varmt om hjärtat. Studien bekräftar och fördjupar den bilden och visar bland annat att Beskow i Sagan om den lilla hinden använder sig av sofistikerade litterära strategier för att uppmana till motstånd mot snäva och inskränkta samhällsnormer samt plädera för en friare samhällsdebatt. Med hjälp av en ramberättelse skapar Beskow i bild och text ett dualt/jämlikt tilltal som når både vuxna och barn. Hon lyfter fram en aktiv flicka och visar redan i den inledande ramberättelsen på skapandet och läsandet som en jämlik sysselsättning, där generationer och kön kan mötas på jämbördig nivå. Studien visar därtill att Elsa Beskow använder sig av naturen för att peka på patriarkala och andra samtida maktrelationer och att hon uppmanar till motstånd och visar andra möjliga, friare könsroller och föreställningar. Uppsatsen visar också att Beskows "nya sköna gröna värld" tangerar modern debatt. Ett underliggande budskap är att vad som är ”normalt” bestäms genom maktutövning, och att snäva normer krymper oss som människor och gör avvikelsen till ett samhällsproblem. Bilderboken kan delvis ses som ett inlägg mot alltför normerande kroppsuppfattningar och på så vis kopplas till dagens ätstörningsproblematik.

Fires following earthquake (FFE) have historically produced enormous post-earthquake damage and losses in terms of lives, buildings and economic costs, like the San Francisco earthquake (1906), the Kobe earthquake (1995), the Turkey earthquake (2011), the Tohoku earthquake (2011) and the Christchurch earthquakes (2011). The structural fire performance can worsen significantly because the fire acts on a structure damaged by the seismic event. On these premises, the purpose of this work is the investigation of the experimental and numerical response of structural and non-structural components of steel structures subjected to fire following earthquake (FFE) to increase the knowledge and provide a robust framework for hybrid fire testing and hybrid fire following earthquake testing. A partitioned algorithm to test a real case study with substructuring techniques was developed. The framework is developed in MATLAB and it is also based on the implementation of nonlinear finite elements to model the effects of earthquake forces and post-earthquake effects such as fire and thermal loads on structures. These elements should be able to capture geometrical and mechanical non-linearities to deal with large displacements. Two numerical validation procedures of the partitioned algorithm simulating two virtual hybrid fire testing and one virtual hybrid seismic testing were carried out. Two sets of experimental tests in two different laboratories were performed to provide valuable data for the calibration and comparison of numerical finite element case studies reproducing the conditions used in the tests. Another goal of this thesis is to develop a fire following earthquake numerical framework based on a modified version of the OpenSees software and several scripts developed in MATLAB to perform probabilistic analyses of structures subjected to FFE. A new material class, namely SteelFFEThermal, was implemented to simulate the steel behaviour subjected to FFE events.