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Recent research has shown that variation in the gene encoding for the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) contributes to individual differences in social-cognitive and emotional functioning in both clinical and non-clinical populations. OXTR has been associated with prosocial behavior, positive and negative emotionality, empathy, maternal sensitivity, and stress reactivity. To date, no study has investigated OXTR in the context of behavioral and emotional reactions to betrayals in trust. The present study examined how variation in 10 SNPs on OXTR may contribute to individual differences in behavior, emotional reactions, and perceptions following a betrayal in trust in an iterated prisoner’s dilemma game. Following correction for multiple testing, one SNP (rs237887) and two haplotypes (A-rs237887, C-rs2268490; G-rs237887, C-rs2268490) were significantly associated with positive emotional reactions to betrayal. In addition, one haplotype (C-rs9840864, T-rs2268490) was significantly associated with negative emotional reactions to betrayal. The present findings suggest that variation on OXTR may contribute to individual differences in emotional reactions to betrayals in trust.

* OPSOMMING: Die doelstelling van die navorsing was om die reaksies van die moeder van die seksueel misbruikte kind na bekendmaking van die oortreding te bepaal en hoedat die forensiese maatskaplike werker die moeder tydens die forensiese proses behulpsaam kan wees. Doelwit 1: Om vas te stel wat die emosionele reaksies van die moeders was nadat seksuele misbruik van hul kinders bekend gemaak is. Doelwit 2: Om vas te stel in watter mate die forensiese maatskaplike werker inligting aan die moeder verstrek het rakende die wetlike en forensiese prosesse asook moontlike implikasies rakende bepaalde besluitneming. Doelwit 3: Om vas te stel hoe die forensiese maatskaplike werker die moeder tydens die forensiese proses behulpsaam kan wees. Ten opsigte van doelwit een (1) is 'n gestandaardiseerde meetinstrument (PMSI) benut ten einde die moeder se emosionele reaksies te bepaal. Daar is bevind dat die moeder van die seksueel misbruikte kind na bekendmaking daarvan, binne 'n emosionele konteks, met simptome van trauma presenteer. Doelwit twee (2) is met behulp van 'n selfontwerpte vraelys ondersoek, aan die hand waarvan bevind is dat die meerderheid moeders voldoende inligting met betrekking tot die wetlike en forensiese prosesse van die forensiese maatskaplike werker ontvang het. Enkele van die moeders het egter beleef dat hulle nie op aile vlakke toepaslik ingelig was rakende die wetlike en forensiese proses nie. Ten aansien van doelwit drie (3) is dieselfde selfontwerpte vraelys benut as die in doelwit twee (2) genoem. Daar is bevind dat die forensiese maatskaplike werker toepaslike inligting aan die moeder moet verstrek en dat sy haar na bevoegde kundiges wat oor spesifieke terapeutiese kennis en vaardighede beskik, moet verwys. Hierdie bevindinge is vervat in die aanbevelings wat in die studie gedoen is, wat fokus op die forensiese maatskaplike werker se rol en taak met betrekking tot die moeder van die seksueel misbruikte kind. / • SUMMARY: The purpose of the research was to determine the emotional reactions of the mother of the sexually abused child after disclosure and how the forensic social worker can assist the mother in the forensic process. Objective 1: To determine what the emotional reactions of the mothers of their sexually abused children were after disclosure of sexual abuse. Objective 2: To ascertain to what extent the forensic social worker furnished the mother with information regarding the legal and forensic process as well as possible implications concerning certain decision making. Objective 3: How the forensic social worker can assist the mother in the forensic process. A standardised measuring instrument (PMSI) was utilised in obtaining information with regard to objective one (1). The findings indicate that the mother of the sexually abused child presents with symptoms of trauma after disclosure of sexual abuse. A self-designed questionnaire was used to investigate objective two (2). The findings indicated that the majority of mothers received sufficient information from the forensic social worker regarding the legal and forensic process. The same self-designed questionnaire was utilised for objectives two (2) and three (3). Objective three (3) focused on how the forensic social worker could assist the mother in the forensic process. The findings indicated that the forensic social worker should furnish the mother with specific information, especially by referring the mother to competent therapists with specific therapeutic knowledge and skills. These findings were included in the recommendation made in this study that focussed on the forensic social worker's role and task with regard to the mother of the sexually abused child. / Thesis (M.A. (MW))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

* OPSOMMING: Die doelstelling van die navorsing was om die reaksies van die moeder van die seksueel misbruikte kind na bekendmaking van die oortreding te bepaal en hoedat die forensiese maatskaplike werker die moeder tydens die forensiese proses behulpsaam kan wees. Doelwit 1: Om vas te stel wat die emosionele reaksies van die moeders was nadat seksuele misbruik van hul kinders bekend gemaak is. Doelwit 2: Om vas te stel in watter mate die forensiese maatskaplike werker inligting aan die moeder verstrek het rakende die wetlike en forensiese prosesse asook moontlike implikasies rakende bepaalde besluitneming. Doelwit 3: Om vas te stel hoe die forensiese maatskaplike werker die moeder tydens die forensiese proses behulpsaam kan wees. Ten opsigte van doelwit een (1) is 'n gestandaardiseerde meetinstrument (PMSI) benut ten einde die moeder se emosionele reaksies te bepaal. Daar is bevind dat die moeder van die seksueel misbruikte kind na bekendmaking daarvan, binne 'n emosionele konteks, met simptome van trauma presenteer. Doelwit twee (2) is met behulp van 'n selfontwerpte vraelys ondersoek, aan die hand waarvan bevind is dat die meerderheid moeders voldoende inligting met betrekking tot die wetlike en forensiese prosesse van die forensiese maatskaplike werker ontvang het. Enkele van die moeders het egter beleef dat hulle nie op aile vlakke toepaslik ingelig was rakende die wetlike en forensiese proses nie. Ten aansien van doelwit drie (3) is dieselfde selfontwerpte vraelys benut as die in doelwit twee (2) genoem. Daar is bevind dat die forensiese maatskaplike werker toepaslike inligting aan die moeder moet verstrek en dat sy haar na bevoegde kundiges wat oor spesifieke terapeutiese kennis en vaardighede beskik, moet verwys. Hierdie bevindinge is vervat in die aanbevelings wat in die studie gedoen is, wat fokus op die forensiese maatskaplike werker se rol en taak met betrekking tot die moeder van die seksueel misbruikte kind. / • SUMMARY: The purpose of the research was to determine the emotional reactions of the mother of the sexually abused child after disclosure and how the forensic social worker can assist the mother in the forensic process. Objective 1: To determine what the emotional reactions of the mothers of their sexually abused children were after disclosure of sexual abuse. Objective 2: To ascertain to what extent the forensic social worker furnished the mother with information regarding the legal and forensic process as well as possible implications concerning certain decision making. Objective 3: How the forensic social worker can assist the mother in the forensic process. A standardised measuring instrument (PMSI) was utilised in obtaining information with regard to objective one (1). The findings indicate that the mother of the sexually abused child presents with symptoms of trauma after disclosure of sexual abuse. A self-designed questionnaire was used to investigate objective two (2). The findings indicated that the majority of mothers received sufficient information from the forensic social worker regarding the legal and forensic process. The same self-designed questionnaire was utilised for objectives two (2) and three (3). Objective three (3) focused on how the forensic social worker could assist the mother in the forensic process. The findings indicated that the forensic social worker should furnish the mother with specific information, especially by referring the mother to competent therapists with specific therapeutic knowledge and skills. These findings were included in the recommendation made in this study that focussed on the forensic social worker's role and task with regard to the mother of the sexually abused child. / Thesis (M.A. (MW))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

<p>Making mistakes is an inevitable part of mathematics learning and an essential aspect of teaching. The current study examined the patterns and key variations in teachers’ responses to children’s mistakes in kindergarten mathematics classrooms. I developed a coding scheme using both inductive and deductive approaches to document the discourse across a series of video-recorded mathematics lessons from a sample of 24 public school kindergarten teachers. Based on previous classroom observational studies, I first outlined four significant dimensions of teachers’ mistake-handling practices: (1) instructional support: the instructional strategies teachers use to elaborate on students’ mistakes and incorporate their mistakes into ongoing mathematics instructions, (2) emotional reactions: the valence of teachers’ affective reactions to students’ mistakes (i.e., positive, negative, or neutral), (3) locus of responsibility: the individual who is responsible for correcting the mistake, and (4) the nature of mistakes: teachers’ explicit communication about the causes, consequences, and value of making mistakes. Then, I followed an open-coding process to document emergent sub-categories related to each dimension. The study revealed distinct patterns of teachers’ mistake-related practices for the four major dimensions and the complexity of the teacher-child interaction surrounding mistakes. In addition, results indicated that teachers’ positive emotional reactions toward children’s mistakes were associated with their high-quality instructional support and adaptive statements regarding the nature of mistakes. The current study contributes to the understanding of adaptive strategies teachers could use to address children’s mistakes in mathematics classrooms.</p>

Playing violent video games may provoke aggression. Psycho-physiological methods may provide knowledge about the underlying psychological processes. Most previous studies have been performed in laboratory settings at daytime with adults. Thus the aim of this thesis was to investigate psycho-physiological (autonomic and HPA related reactions), sleep-related and emotional responses in teenage boys to playing a violent and a non-violent video game at home before going to sleep. In Study I the autonomic responses differed between the violent and the non-violent game during playing and more distinctly during sleep. In Study II the HPA axis was not affected by video gaming at all. In Study III, the effect of habits of playing violent games was assessed (≤ 1h/day and ≥ 3h/day). High versus low experience of violent gaming were related to different autonomic, sleep-related and emotional processes at exposure to a violent and a non-violent game, during playing and during sleep. The present thesis demonstrated that violent and non-violent games induce different autonomic responses during playing and – more distinctly – during sleep. Frequent gaming seems to influence physiological, sleep-related and emotional reactions, possibly as an expression of desensitization processes.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-04-27T18:31:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marli Kasper Rex.pdf: 774727 bytes, checksum: 570f912fd28db90bdbde75b81dfb284b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-27T18:31:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marli Kasper Rex.pdf: 774727 bytes, checksum: 570f912fd28db90bdbde75b81dfb284b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-03 / Nenhuma / Esta dissertação é composta por dois artigos: um ensaio teórico e um estudo empírico. O artigo 1, ensaio, buscou examinar como a Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa (ACP) pode contribuir para compreender as repercussões do câncer de mama para a mulher. O estudo mostra a necessidade do olhar humanizado e do atendimento integral às mulheres com câncer de mama, permitindo um olhar diferenciado, preventivo e adequado às características das pessoas, como proposto nas premissas básicas do Sistema Único de Saúde. O artigo 2 buscou examinar e compreender as reações emocionais de mulheres no percurso de investigação do câncer de mama e o seu impacto na comunicação do diagnóstico. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo com delineamento de estudos de casos múltiplos, fundamentado a partir do referencial teórico da ACP. Participaram três mulheres com idade entre 46 e 54 anos, usuárias de uma Unidade Básica de Saúde de uma cidade do interior de Santa Catarina. A seleção das participantes foi feita por conveniência. Para a coleta dos dados utilizou-se um formulário com a caracterização da paciente, uma ficha de observação para anotação de campo e duas entrevistas semiestruturadas, que foram gravadas e transcritas na íntegra. Após a descrição e análise abrangente de cada caso, os dados foram organizados em temáticas e identificou-se quatro categorias: 1) Do período de investigação da doença à definição do diagnóstico; 2) Percepção da doença; 3) Comunicação e impacto do diagnóstico; 4) Relação entre profissionais, clientes e familiares. Os resultados permitiram identificar que as mulheres durante a suspeita até a confirmação do diagnóstico passam por um período conturbado e apresentam diversas reações como: perda do sentido da vida, insegurança, angústia, ansiedade, desamparo, medo da morte o que influencia no seu estado emocional, físico e social. Além disso, o estudo apontou outros fatores agravantes para a sua saúde como a falta de informação, falta de apoio por parte dos familiares e equipe de saúde, dificuldades de acesso ao tratamento, morosidade no atendimento e precariedade do sistema, o que prejudica a mulher e retarda o diagnóstico da doença, diminuindo as chances de cura. Destaca-se a importância de uma abordagem centrada na pessoa e, não somente na doença, voltada ao atendimento humanizado, com estratégias que proporcionem ações mais positivas em relação ao cuidado, prevenção e tratamento da saúde da mulher. / This dissertation consists of two articles: a theoretical essay and an empirical study. The first article is an essay which sought to examine how the Person Centered Approach (PCA) can put it in way of understanding the implications of breast cancer for women. The study shows the need of a humane look and comprehensive care for women with breast cancer, allowing a different preventive and appropriate view to the people characteristics as once proposed in the basic premises of the Unified Health System. Essay 2 sought to examine and understand women emotional reactions in the course of breast cancer investigation and its impact on diagnosis communication. This is a qualitative study design with multiple case studies based from the PCA theoretical background. The participants were three women aged between 46 and 54 and also Basic Health Unit users from a city in the countryside of Santa Catarina. The participants’ selection was carried out by convenience. To collect the data it was used a sociodemographic data and two semi-structured interviews which were taped and verbatim transcribed. After a comprehensive description and analysis of each case, the data were organized into themes and four categories were identified: 1) From the disease investigation period to the diagnosis definition; 2) Disease perception; 3) Diagnosis communication and impact; 4) Relationship between professionals, clients and their families. The results showed that from diagnosis suspicion to confirmation, women go through a difficult period and they present several reactions such as: loss of life meaning, insecurity, distress, anxiety, helplessness, fear of death which impacts on their emotional, physical and social state. In addition, the study has found other aggravating factors to their health as lack of information, lack of support from family and healthcare team, access difficulties to treatment and delays in the system which have a harmful effect on women and also delay the disease diagnosis reducing the chances of a cure. The study highlights the importance of a person-centered approach and not only in the disease itself, focused on a humanized service with strategies that provide more positive actions in relation to care, prevention and treatment of women's health.

ABSTRACT This thesis aims to explore the prevalence of violence towards caregivers working in group home for people with learning disabilities, as well as the influence of work climate and personality on the caregivers’ experiences of strain and exposure to violence. The thesis comprises four studies conducted among caregivers working in group homes for people with learning disabilities in one urban district in Sweden. Study I includes data regarding caregivers’ exposure to violence and their demographics. In study II and III data were collected by instruments for measuring caregivers’ personalities and experiences of the work climate as well as emotional reactions, strain, and experiences of burnout. Data were also collected by 50 narrative interviews with 44 caregivers reporting exposure to violence. In order to illuminate caregivers’ experiences of being exposed to violence, the interviews were transcribed and interpreted using qualitative content analysis. The results showed that 31% of the caregivers (n=120) had been exposed to violence during the preceding year, with physical violence being the most common type. Weak relationships were found between reported exposure to violence and caregivers’ age and education (I). Among those in studies II and III who completed all instruments (n=112), 45 caregivers (40%) reported exposure to violence. A significant difference in age was found between exposed and not exposed caregivers. In the total sample of studies II and III, 30% (n=41) of the caregivers were at risk of developing burnout. The relationship between exposure to violence and the caregivers’ experiences of the work climate (CCQ) showed that “debates” was the only factor that on average was significantly higher among caregivers reporting violence from the residents. The caregivers’ emotional reactions, strain, and work climate factors explained 35% of the variance in burnout scores (II). No significant relationships were found between the caregivers’ personalities (TCI and RSES) and their exposure to violence. Personality dimensions explained 32% of the variance of the caregivers’ experiences of burnout. The results did not show a significant relationship between a caregiver’s personality and exposure to violence. However, those exposed to violence reported more emotional exhaustion than those not exposed (III). Caregivers exposed to violence reported feelings of powerlessness, insufficiency, anger and violence was very seldom followed by support from the managers at the group homes (I). Interviews show that caregivers’ experiences are about “falling apart” and “keeping it together”. Falling apart involves fear, powerlessness, sadness, anger, and timelessness, while keeping it together involves joy, respect, self-reflection, and habituation. Destructive experiences are balanced by a more constructive view of the situation by keeping the situation, and the caregivers themselves, together. The findings show that exposure to violence occurs frequently and a large proportion of the exposed caregivers are at risk for burnout. It was not possible to confirm the relationships between the caregivers’ personality, experiences of the work climate, and exposure to violence but partly to emotional reactions, strain and burnout. The findings of the four studies are discussed in relation to how it is to live and work in an environment where violence is of frequent occurrence. / SAMMANFATTNING Avhandlingens övergripande syfte är att undersöka förekomst av våld mot vårdare som arbetar i gruppbostäder för personer med utvecklingsstörning samt arbetsklimatets och personlighetens betydelse för upplevelser av påfrestning och utsatthet för våld bland vårdare. Avhandlingen omfattar fyra delstudier utförda bland vårdare som arbetar i gruppbostäder för personer med utvecklingsstörning. I delstudie I insamlades data om vårdares utsatthet för våld och information om vårdarnas bakgrund med hjälp av en enkät. I delstudierna II och III ombads vårdarna att fylla i instrument som skattade deras personlighet, upplevelser av arbetsklimat, emotionella reaktioner, upplevelse av påfrestning samt upplevelse av utbränning. I syfte att belysa vårdares upplevelser av att vara utsatt för våld genomfördes 50 narrativa intervjuer med 44 vårdare. Intervjuerna transkriberades och tolkades med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultaten visar att 31% av vårdarna (n=120) hade varit utsatt för våld under det föregående året och fysiskt våld var den vanligaste typen av våld. Alla kategorier av vårdare var utsatta för våld och emotionella reaktioner var vanligt förekommande. Svaga samband framkom mellan rapporterad utsatthet för våld och vårdares ålder och utbildning (I). Bland vårdare i studie II och III som besvarat alla instrument (n=112), rapporterade 45 vårdare (40%) att de utsatts för våld. En signifikant skillnad avseende ålder framkom mellan de som rapporterat våld respektive inte rapporterat våld. Bland de svarande var 30% (n=41) av vårdarna i en riskzon för utbränning (burnout). Sambanden mellan utsatthet för våld och vårdares upplevelser av arbetsklimat (CCQ) visade att ’debates’ var den enda faktorn som var genomsnittligt högre bland de som rapporterat våld från vårdtagare. Vårdarnas emotionella reaktioner (ERNC) påfrestningsfaktorer (SNC) och arbetsklimatfaktorerna förklarade 35% av variansen i utbrändhetsvärden (II). Inget signifikant samband framkom mellan vårdares personlighet (TCI och RSES) och utsatthet för våld. Personlighetsdimensionerna förklarade 32% av variansen i vårdarnas upplevelse av utbränning (III). Resultaten visade inget signifikant samband mellan vårdares personlighet och utsatthet för våld men de som blivit utsatta för våld rapporterade mer emotionell utmattning än inte utsatta vårdare (III). Vårdare utsatta för våld rapporterade upplevelser av maktlöshet, otillräcklighet och vrede i samband med våld. De rapporterade också att utsatthet för våld mycket sällan följdes av stöd från arbetsledare (I). Resultat från intervjuer med vårdare utsatta för våld indikerar att deras upplevelser av våld handlar om att “falla i bitar” och att “hålla ihop”. Falla i bitar innebär upplevelser av rädsla, maktlöshet, sorgsenhet, vrede och tidlöshet medan hålla ihop innebär glädje, respekt, självreflektion och tillvänjning. Destruktiva upplevelser balanseras genom en konstruktiv syn på situationen och vårdarna strävar efter att upprätthålla respekten för den boende som person och att hålla ihop situationen och sig själva (IV). Resultaten visar att våld förekommer ofta och att en stor proportion av utsatta vårdare löper risk för utbränning. Det var inte möjligt att bekräfta samband mellan utsatthet för våld och vårdares personlighet, upplevelse av arbetsklimat, emotionella reaktioner, påfrestning samt utbränning. Resultaten diskuteras i relation till hur det är att leva och arbeta i en miljö där våld ofta förekommer.

Vikten av de fysiska och interaktiva omgivningsdimensionerna i servicelandskapet på livsstilshotell har omvärderats. Bakgrunden till detta beror på det pågående skifte som fortgått under en längre tid av den varudominanta logiken till den servicedominanta logiken. Att vara det hotell som får gästernas uppmärksamhet, helhjärtat, kan vara avgörande för vilket hotell de väljer. Det påverkas inte bara av hotellets läge, erbjudande av kärntjänst utan vilket typ av upplevelse de har att erbjuda. För att utforska det här byggs studien upp på Bitners modell för servicelandskap tillsammans med Pine och Gilmores upplevelseekonomi-modell. Genom fältstudier undersöks de materiella och immateriella aspekterna som kan ingå i omgivningsdimensionerna i servicelandskapet samt gästernas emotionella reaktioner på upplevelsen. Hotellen kategoriseras i upplevelseekonomi-modellen samt jämförs mellan varandra. Syftet med undersökningen är att generera kunskap kring vilka dimensioner och variabler som livsstilshotell använder, samt vilka som är mest värdefulla för att skapa en stark upplevelse. Studiens resultat visar att hotellen inom de olika kategorierna i upplevelseekonomi-modellen använder de interaktiva och fysiska omgivningsdimensionerna på olika sätt. Beroende på vilken typ av upplevelse hotellen vill skapa och förmedla krävs det olika mycket engagemang i de olika dimensionerna och dess variabler. / The importance of the physical and interactive dimensions of the service landscape in lifestyle hotels has been re-evaluated. The reason for this is due to the ongoing shift that has continued over a long period of time from the goods-dominant logic to the service-dominant logic. Being the hotel that gets the guests' attention, wholeheartedly, can be decisive for which hotel they choose. This is not only affected by the hotels location, core service offerings, but the kind of experience the hotel have to offer. To explore this, the essay uses Bitner's model for the servicescape together with Pine and Gilmore's experience economy model. Field studies investigate the material and intangible aspects that can be included in the ambient dimensions of the servicescape as well as the guests' emotional reactions to the experience. The hotels are categorized in the experience economy model and compared between each other. The purpose of the essay is to generate knowledge about the dimensions and variables that lifestyle hotels use. Which are most valuable for creating a strong experience based on the different categories in the experience economy model. The results of the study shows that the hotels within the different categories in the experience economy model use the interactive and physical environmental dimensions in different ways. Depending on the type of experience the hotels want to create and convey, the various levels of commitment to the different dimensions and its variables are required.