The aim of this thesis is to assess using selected marketing tools how Czech consumers perceive different formats of television advertisement used by Vodafone. To this end, Vodafone TV spots aired in the Czech Republic between 2005 and 2016 were analysed focusing mainly on TV spots aired in the past few years. An integral part of this thesis is the qualitative Focus Group research method and probe questionnaires distributed among Czech consumers. The results of this research are subsequently compared with the Multicriterial research MML TGI Median Company and also with the research results of the Nielsen Company.

The thesis scrutinizes government activities in response to obesity epidemics in European Union. It reveals causes of obesity; it's social costs and possible solutions on national level. Fat tax, physical activity endorsement and food products label regulation are analysed and assessed based on their effectiveness in obesity reduction.

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For decades authenticity has been of great interest in media and communication research. With this study, we aim to contribute to the research with a new perspective where authenticity is examined in artists who use influencer marketing on social media. With two qualitative focus group interviews, we examine how two previously separate professional roles, influencer and artist, now merge in their interests and strategies to influence their audience via social media platforms. By analyzing and interpreting young Swedish women’s experiences of artists’ advertising collaborations, we seek to understand the concept of authenticity's influence, power and meaning in the digital era. This is done using the three theories: influencer marketing, social capital and branding. The results confirm the dynamic role of the concept of authenticity in society and that whether something or someone is authentic is situational. The concept of authenticity is perceived as important in some contexts and less important in others. There is a clear tolerance for inauthentic behavior within the artist community. However, there is also a perceived limit to how much advertising through influencer marketing an artist can do before it has a negative impact on the artist’s perceived authenticity. The most significant factor is the artist's choice of brand to collaborate with. Our conclusions also show that there is an awareness of the intertwining of the two professional roles and a feeling that most artists and influencers are in a “gray area” where the boundaries between the roles are blurred. This means that new relationships and patterns of cooperation between artists and companies are created, and the dynamics of both the entertainment and advertising industry is changing.

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Bakgrund: Det finns problem kring att avgöra exakt hur effektiva reklamkampanjer är. TV-reklam är det mest inflytelserika mediet och fastän det inte finns belägg för att det direkt leder till något köp så kan det leda till att TV-reklamen förblir i vårt medvetande. Det finns därmed ett behov av att förstå vilka faktorer och strategier som anses vara effektiva i konsumentens ögon.  Syften: Studien har som ändamål att identifiera och undersöka potentiella faktorer bakom effektiv TV-reklam, samt utöka förståelsen utifrån konsumenters synsätt. Studien utforskar även konsumenters vana att undvika TV-reklam och om denna vana upplevs annorlunda när de exponeras för in-stream video ads i stället.  Teorier: Den tidigare forskningen har anknytning till fyra faktorer som ligger i grund för studien. De fyra faktorerna är Kreativitet, Moment-to-Moment (EV & IV), Brand Image och Celebrity Endorsement. Studien utgår även ifrån tidigare forskning kring konsumenters vana att undvika TV-reklam.  Metod: En kvalitativ studie där fokusgrupper har använts som forskningsmetod. En deduktiv ansats har tillämpats. Urvalet bestod av studenter från Södertörns Högskola.  Slutsats: Vissa potentiella faktorer bakom effektiv TV-reklam var mer effektiva än andra. Celebrity Endorsement och Brand Image ansågs leda till ett faktiskt köp medan de andra faktorerna endast visade sig påverka intention kring köp. Konsumenter om de får möjligheten väljer att undvika TV-reklam i stor utsträckning av anledningen att det är irriterande och stör handlingen. Reklam undveks mer på traditionell TV än på in-stream video ads av anledning att TV-reklampausen varar längre.                                          Begrepp: När begreppet konsument nämns hänvisar vi till personer som exponeras för TV-reklamen, alltså inte de som köper produkten utan de som konsumerar marknadsföringens innehåll. In-stream video ads innefattar TV-reklam som koncept överfört till internet. / Background: There are problems with determining exactly how effective advertising campaigns are. TV advertising is the most influential medium and although there is no evidence that it directly leads to any purchase, it can lead to TV commercials remaining in our consciousness. There is thus a need to understand which factors and strategies are considered effective in the eyes of the consumer. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to identify and investigate potential factors behind effective television advertising and expand understanding from the perspective of consumers. The report also explores consumers' habit of avoiding TV commercials and whether this habit is experienced differently when exposed to in-stream video ads instead. Theories: The study is based on previous research and this research is related to four factors that form the basis of the study. The four factors are Creativity, Moment-to-Moment (EV & IV), Brand Image and Celebrity Endorsement. The study is also based on previous research concerning consumers' habit of avoiding TV commercials. Methods: A qualitative study where focus groups have been used as a research method. A deductive approach has been applied. The sample consisted of students from Södertörn University. Conclusions: Some potential factors behind effective TV advertising were more effective than others. Celebrity Endorsement and Brand Image were considered to lead to an actual purchase while the other factors only led to intention regarding purchase. Consumers, if given the opportunity, choose to avoid TV commercials largely for the reason that it is annoying and disrupts the action. It was avoided more on traditional TV than in-stream video ads for the reason that the TV commercial break lasted longer.  Concept: When the term consumer is mentioned, we refer to people who are exposed to TV advertising, not those who buy the product but those who consume the content of the marketing. In-stream video ads entail TV-commercial as a concept transferred to the Internet.

殘酷時尚議題已成為當代的芒刺，對動物保護團體及人權組織形成挑戰。善待動物組織(People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals：PETA)是目前規模最大、發展最完善的動物權利組織，其廣告往往能在人們心中喚醒善待動物的意識。PETA首次在時尚雜誌上發起的反對毛皮廣告活動，即獲得「非營利組織最佳廣告獎(Best Ads Produced by a Nonprofit)」。 本研究的宗旨為，展示公益內容廣告運動可在任何市場導向的經濟體中運作。本研究列舉PETA的PSA廣告範例如下：「我寧願裸體」（“I’d rather go naked”, 1992年) 、「毛皮代表死亡」(“Fur is dead”, 2001年)、「對皮膚感到自在」(“Be comfortable in your own skin”, 2003年)、「拯救海豹」(“Save the seals”, 2009年)。「毛皮」 （“Skins”）主題上述廣告皆由知名女性代言。 本研究為質量研究，採用射影技術(projective technique)及深入訪談，調查結合訊息與圖像的PSA廣告在傳達動物權力相關議題時的效果。本研究將指出這些廣告可如何透過1.有創意、逼真的圖像、2.說服力的寓意訊息及3.知名代言人，加強傳遞人與自然關係的概念。 本研究發現，具說服力的訊息必須擁有逼真、富含寓意、簡潔、清楚等特性，且僅有在搭配適當的圖像時，才能發揮效力。此類圖像必須擁有不含混、非情色誘因、有創意、外來風或暗中使用性訴求等特性。廣告必須同時訴諸感性訴求及現實主義，並由知名、受人敬重的代言人出演。當公益廣告意圖以幽默感營造有利的風趣情境時，就不應使用嚴肅形象，或要求觀眾訴諸行動。至於訴諸恐懼類的公益廣告，則結合令人反感的圖像特徵及寓意訊息，仍可營造有利觀眾回應的情境，然而太過強烈的反感特徵有時會造成觀眾無法掌握寓意，導致觀眾無法回應。訴諸恐懼類平面廣告所引起的觀眾回應差異，以及本研究的局限性，可歸因於應答者的文化差異。 本研究做出結論為，擁有優良公眾形象及正面背景的知名代言人，可成功向大眾傳遞寓意訊息。再者，有創意、逼真，但不過度暴力、過度情色的圖像可吸引觀眾目光，促使大眾意識並做出反應。 / In the Modern Age the problem of killing fashion has become a thorny issue for the fashion industry, animal rights protection organizations, animal world and humanity. In this respect, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) performs as the largest and most highly developed animal rights institution in modern countries. PETA’s advertising has made a revolution in people’s minds concerning the ethical treatment of animals and already the first advertising campaign by PETA received the “Best Ads Produced by a Nonprofit” Award for its anti-fur advertising campaign in fashion magazines. The purpose of the study is to show how such social content advertising campaigns can work in all countries that are learning to live under market-driven economies. This research concerns properly selected print PSA samples of “I’d rather go naked” (launched in 1992), “Fur is dead” (launched in 2001), “Be comfortable in your own skin” (launched in 2003), and “Save the seals” (launched in 2009) campaigns presented by a number of celebrity spokeswomen posing for PETA’s “Skins” print advertisements. Based on qualitative research with the use of projective techniques and in-depth interviews, the study investigates the impact of a combination of PSA specific messages and image characteristics concerning animal rights using Public Service Print Advertising. The research will show how these ads hopefully can improve their effectiveness in order to achieve more respect for the human-nature relationship by using 1) Creative, realistic images, 2) A powerful educational message, and 3) A highly respected and appreciated celebrity spokesperson. The study found that a strong persuasive message is defined as realistic, educational, laconic, clear and the advertisement is ultimately effective only when used with proper image characteristics. Such image characteristics are non-vulgar, non-sexually distracting, but creative, exotic, or latent in sexual appeal. An advertisement should use emotional appeal and realism, presented by a celebrity spokesperson with a respected personal background. While PSA uses a high degree of humor to produce favorable and amused attitude, they do not present a serious image or promote a call to action. Regarding using fear appeal, strongly unpleasant image characteristics combined with educational messages still may produce a favorable and responsible attitude. However, it was found that unfavorable perceptions caused by strongly unpleasant images sometimes distracted viewers from the educational message or failed to produce a responsible reaction. The striking differences among public responses regarding fear appeal in print ads and study limitations can be attributed to cultural differences within respondents. The study has concluded that strong educational messages spoken by highly trustworthy celebrities with positive background activity makes the public listen. Furthermore, creative, realistic, but not overly-violent or overly-sexual images catch the viewer’s attention, makes the public more aware and encourages responsible thinking.

隨著網誌成為網路世界的新寵兒，一種新型態的廣告「代言人網誌日記形式廣告」也應運而生。本研究以「代言人類型」與「置入方式」兩變項對此新類型的廣告之溝通效果三面向「回憶效果」、「品牌態度」與「購買意願」做初步的探討，並設計了三種不同的代言人類型與兩種置入方式共六種實驗廣告，於網路上徵求受測者並進行問卷之收集。 本研究結果發現如下：在「回憶效果」與「購買意願」兩應變項上，「不同類型代言人」與「不同型式置入」均會對其產生顯著影響，而在「品牌態度」應變項上，僅「不同類型代言人」對其產生顯著影響。同時，在此三面向之溝通效果上，均呈現出「一般消費者代言人」效果最佳、「名人代言人」效果最差的情形；在「回憶效果」與「購買意願」上，則均呈現出「文章中置入」形式效果優於「文章外置入」形式的情形。「代言人類型」與「置入方式」間的交互作用在此三面向之溝通效果上均未達顯著性。 / “Blog diaries written by product endorsers” is a new form of advertising promotion as blog becomes more popular in Internet world than ever. ”Endorsers types” and “product placement types” are the two independent variables in the study to investigate the three aspects of advertising communication effects—“recall effects”, “brand attitude”, and “purchase intention.”— which are the dependent variables in the study. The formal experimental commercials are six different kinds in total based on three endorser types and two product placement types and posted in Internet for questionnaires collecting. The results are both the different endorser types and the different product placement types have significant influences on “recall effects” and “purchase intention” aspects, but only different endorser types caused significant influences on “brand attitude” aspect. The typical consumer endorser is most effective type in all of three kinds and the celebrity endorser is the worst one on every advertising communication effect aspects. “The inside placement” has the better effect than “the outside placement” on “recall effects” and “purchase intention” aspects .The interact between “the endorsers types ”and “product placement types” are not significant in the three aspects of advertising communication effects.

近年來台灣房屋仲介市場可說發展的相當快速，許多賣方和買方常基於成本的考量，而透過仲介公司來買賣房屋。當然，委託給仲介公司來買賣房屋。其中可能主要因素即著眼於縮短交易的時間或者是提高成交的機率，本研究的整個重心將圍繞在賣方的訂價高低(底價)賣屋動機與房屋的屬性來解釋銷售期間和成交機率的高低，並且本文擬得用搜尋理論和代理人理論來詮釋房地產仲介市場的交易行為。 本研究主要分成六章，第一章為緒論。第二章從搜尋理論的觀點來研究訂價與成交價和銷售期間的關係。我們從賣方決定訂價之後，買方會依據訂價要求折扣率，而賣方也會決定一願意給買方的最小折扣率的角度出發，來建構房屋搜尋模型。由理論得知，賣方折扣率底線愈大，則預期銷售期間愈長；銷售期間愈長，則預期賣方折扣率底線愈低；搜尋成本愈大，則預期賣方折扣率底線愈小；買方要求折扣率分配的平均數愈大，則預期賣方折扣率底線愈大。在實證研究上，利用信義房屋仲介公司所提供的資料(1990－1993)，以銷售期間和訂價相對於成交價的比例為應變數，採用聯立方程式的方式來估計分析。實證結果發現上述幾項論點皆獲得驗證與支持。 第三章模型同時考慮賣方和仲介業的行為，一方面說明賣方搜尋成本和買方所要求折扣率分配對銷售期間和成交機率的影響，另一方面提供未來修正理論模型的基礎。利用存活分析法(survival analysis)來估計銷售期間。一方面，我們要探究影響房屋交易之銷售期間的可能原因為何？另一方面，我們也想了解銷售期間是否具有時間相依性(time dependence)，是否銷售期間越長者，越不易賣出？或越容易賣出？ 第四章利用logit模型來估計房屋成交的機率，由於危險模型為純粹之計量模型，而非由理論模型所導出，所以分配之假設將限制其估計模型與理論的關連性，而logit模型則無此問題，因此本研究亦嘗試用logit模型來做估計。 第五章利用代理與搜尋模型來分析賣方和仲介業間的行為關係。不同的仲介收費制度--固定百分比收費(fixed-percentage commission)、定額制(flat－fee)、代銷(consignment sale)，對雙方利益衝突的衝擊為何，是否潛藏著嚴重的道德危險(moral hazard)。透過本篇的分析，可瞭解何以固定百分比收費制度是台灣房屋仲介市場的收費趨勢。最後一章為結論與未來研究方向。 / This paper employs search theory to study the re1ationships between the list price, the transaction price,and marketing duration in the Taiwan real estate market. Theoretically, buyer uses the a set of criteria together,with the listing price to develop an offer which is based on a (guest) minimurn discount rate guideline form the listing price to determine a price that will be acceptable to the seller. We attempt to describe the impact of pricing strategies (seller's minimum discoun rate) and marketing duration by incorporating the minimurn discount rate in a search model. The derived search model indicates the presence of a positbive retalionship between the minimurn discount rate and marketing duration;an inverse relationship beteween marketing duration and munimurn discount rate; an inverse relationship between searching costs and mininurn discount rate; and a positive relationship between the buyer's average discount rate of distribution function and minimum discount rate. The study uses data collected during the l990-1993 time period and provided by Hsin Yi Realty Co., with the dependent variables being the marketing duration and the ratio of the listing price to the transaction price. A simultaneous equation is developed and used to analyze the following hypotheses: firstly, the higher the ratio of the listing price against the transaction price, the longer it takes to reach the marketing duraion; secondly, the longer it takes to reach the marketing duraion, the higher the ratio of the listing price against the transaction price; thirdly, the longer the period of consignment, the longer it takes to reach the marketing duration; and the fourth,if the seller is not in a hurry to sell,then the marketing duration becomes longer. Our empirical findings verify and support all the above stated analyses.

The aim of this diploma thesis was to analyze the current effects of FSC production on the Czech market. The analysis of certified products in the Czech Republic was performed from the perspective of consumers and companies. The first step was a short consumer survey, which was distributed among respondents in electronic and paper versions. The main objective of this research was to measure awareness of FSC logo and its effects in the consumer choice process. The second part of this research was dedicated to companies producing or selling certified furniture. The field research was conducted among selected stores situated in České Budějovice.