Thesis (M.A. (Human Movement Sciences))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

The research presented in this thesis examined the issue of the compatibility of strength and endurance training within one training regime, termed concurrent training, in recreational cyclists. Various research designs used in the previous literature resulted in inconclusive findings. The overall aim of this thesis was therefore to examine, in three systematically designed studies, the effects of various components of concurrent training regimes on cycling efficiency and recovery, and to identify some of the mechanisms that may be responsible for the interference or impedance of strength and/or endurance adaptations.

O sistema cardiovascular pode adaptar-se ao treinamento. Pouco se sabe sobre a influência do treinamento sobre a regulação autonômica, estrutura cardíaca e função em crianças e adolescentes atletas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a estrutura e função do ventrículo esquerdo em nadadores adolescentes. Foram comparados 28 atletas nadadores entre 15 e 17 anos (15 meninos e 13 meninas), que nadavam entre 25 km e 45 km/semana, nos últimos 2 anos, com grupo controle de 28 adolescentes (14 meninos e 14 meninas) com idade, peso e altura similares. Foi realizado ecocardiograma bidimensional e modo-M para avaliação cardiológica. Foram avaliados: diâmetro interno do ventrículo esquerdo durante a sístole (VES), diâmetro interno do ventrículo esquerdo durante a diástole (VED), septo interventricular (S), parede posterior do ventrículo esquerdo (PP), através da ecocardiografia modo-M. A massa do ventrículo esquerdo (MVE), índice de massa do VE, fração de encurtamento (ΔD) e fração de ejeção (FE) foram calculadas. Parâmetros diastólicos incluindo a velocidade do fluxo pela valva mitral e pelas veias pulmonares foram medidos: velocidade de enchimento rápido (pico da onda E), e tardio (pico da onda A), relação E/A, tempo de relaxamento isovolumétrico (TRIV) e tempo de desaceleração (TD), velocidade da onda de fluxo sistólico e diastólico pulmonar. Para comparar os dois grupos foi utilizando Teste t de Student para amostras independentes. Não foram encontradas diferenças antropométricas significativas entre os grupos. Comparado com o controle, nadadores do sexo masculino apresentaram uma diferença significativamente maior nas medidas do diâmetro interno do VED (53,6 ± 4,3 mm, p = 0,009), na espessura do septo interventricular (7,9 ± 1 mm, p = 0,0001) e da espessura da parede posterior do ventrículo esquerdo (7,90 ± 1,3 mm vs. 6,4 ± 0,08 mm, p = 0,001) e aumento da massa do VE (192,7 ± 54,7 g vs. 128,7 ± 28,6 g, p = 0,001). As nadadoras do sexo feminino apresentaram um significante aumento do diâmetro interno do VED (48 ± 3,7 vs. 45 ± 2,4 mm, p = 0,007), mas não houve diferenças nas medidas de S e PP, nem da massa do VE. Os parâmetros de fluxo transmitral foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos, exceto pelo prolongamento do TD nos nadadores (220 ± 47 vs. 181 ± 20 ms, p = 0,008 no sexo masculino, e 227 ± 50 vs. 177 ± 31 ms, p = 0,004 no sexo feminino). Estes achados sugerem que o treinamento de natação por um período prolongado em adolescentes causa aumento do tamanho e da massa do VE, mantendo a função sistólica normal e melhorando a complacência ventricular. A hipertrofia do VE com aumento da complacência ventricular é característico da adaptação fisiológica ao treinamento de endurance. Os parâmetros de fluxo transmitral foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos, exceto pelo prolongamento do TD nos nadadores (220 ± 47 vs. 181 ± 20 ms, p = 0,008 no sexo masculino, e 227 ± 50 vs. 177 ± 31 ms, p = 0,004 no sexo feminino). Estes achados sugerem que o treinamento de natação por um período prolongado em adolescentes causa aumento do tamanho e da massa do VE, mantendo a função sistólica normal e melhorando a complacência ventricular. A hipertrofia do VE com aumento da complacência ventricular é característico da adaptação fisiológica ao treinamento de endurance. / The cardiovascular system can adapt to aerobic training. Little is known about the influence of training on autonomic regulation and cardiac structure and function in children and adolescent athletes. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate left ventricular structure and function in adolescent swimmers. We compared 28 eight swimmers between 15 and 17 years old (15 boys and 13 girls), training between 25 km to 45 km /week for the last three years and 28 non training control subjects (14 boys and 14 girls) similar in age, weight and height of the athletes. Two-dimensional, M-mode and Doppler-echocardiography were performed. Left ventricular internal diameters in diastole (LVIDd) and systole (LVIDs), interventricular septum thickness (IVS), left ventricular posterior wall (LVPW) were measured from M-mode echocardiography. Left ventricular mass (LVM), LVM index, shortening fraction (SF) and ejection fraction (EF) were calculated. Diastolic parameters including mitral valve inflow velocities and pulmonary vein flow were measured: maximal early (peak E wave), and late (peak A wave) mitral velocities, E/A ratio, isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) and deceleration time (DT), pulmonary systolic (S), diastolic (D) and Ar wave velocities. Comparisons between the two groups were made using the independent samples Student t-test. There were no significant anthropometric differences between the two groups. Compared with controls, male swimmers showed a significantly greater LVIDd (53.6 ± 4.3 mm, p < 0.009), a thicker IVS (7.9 ± 1 mm, p < 0.0001) and LVPW (7.90 ± 1.3 mm vs. 6.4 ± 0.08 mm, p < 0,001), an increased LVM (192.7 ± 54.7 g vs. 128.7 ± 28.6 g, p < 0.001). Female swimmers had a significanty greater LVIDd (48 ± 3.7 vs. 45 ± 2.4 mm, p < 0.007), but no greater IVS or LVPW thickness, neither LVM. SF and EF were similar in both groups. Transmitral inflow parameters were similar in both groups, except for a prolonged TD in the swimmers group (220 ± 47 vs. 181 ± 20 ms, p < 0.008 in males and 227 ± 50 vs. 177 ± 31 ms, p < 0.004 in females). These findings suggest that long-term swimming in adolescents promotes increase in left ventricular size and mass with normal systolic function and improved diastolic compliance. LV hypertrophy with an improved compliance is characteristic of physiological adaptation of endurance training.

Introdução: A ingestão de carboidrato (CHO) durante o exercício de resistência aeróbica de longa duração tem se mostrado capaz de otimizar o desempenho dos atletas. Alguns estudos recentes têm reportado também um efeito ergogênico quando a proteína (PTN) é adicionada a uma bebida carboidratada. Além disso, a coingestão tem sido relacionada com a atenuação do dano muscular, tido como fator limitante da recuperação muscular. No entanto, pouco se investigou sobre a influência dessas suplementações, comparadas a uma bebida placebo (PLA), no duatlo de distância olímpica. Objetivo: Comparar o efeito de três diferentes estratégias nutricionais de suplementação (CHO vs. CHO+PTN vs. PLA), durante um teste simulado de duatlo (TSD) olímpico, no desempenho e recuperação muscular de duatletas amadores. Métodos: Em um ensaio clínico, cruzado, randomizado e duplo-cego, treze atletas amadores do sexo masculino, com idade média de 29,7 ± 7,7 anos, participaram de três TSD consumindo: bebida carboidratada (CHO, 75 g); bebida isocalórica combinando carboidrato e proteína, na proporção 4:1 (CHO+PTN, 60,5 g CHO e 14,5 g PTN); e bebida placebo (PLA). Aos atletas informou-se apenas que o estudo visava investigar a influência de três diferentes tipos de suplementação. Após jejum de 8 h, sujeitos recebiam um café da manhã padrão, com 1,5 g/kg CHO e 45 min depois iniciavam o protocolo. As intensidades da primeira corrida (10 km) e da sessão de ciclismo (40 km) foram controladas, utilizando dados previamente coletados em testes preliminares, e a corrida final, de 5 km, foi tratada como um contrarrelógio (t5km). Coletas de sangue foram realizadas antes, imediatamente após e 24h após cada teste simulado, e analisou-se concentrações de glicose e creatina quinase (CK). Pico de torque (PT) isométrico foi mensurado no início do estudo e 24h após cada teste. Resultados: Os atletas completaram as distâncias totais do duatlo olímpico em ~1h 51min. Não houve diferença significativa no t5km entre as condições CHO (1270,3 ± 130,5 s) vs. CHO+PTN (1267,2 ± 138,9 s) vs. PLA (1275,4 ± 120 s); p = 0,87; TE ≤ 0,1. Os resultados de PT não demonstraram alterações significativas entre as condições basal (302,2 ± 52,8 N.m) vs. pós-24h CHO (300,1 ± 41,4 N.m) vs. pós-24h CHO+PTN (292,2 ± 49,4 N.m) vs. pós-24h PLA (282,1 ± 43,1 N.m); p = 0,24; TE ≤ 0,4. Embora, os resultados de CK tenham mostrado aumento significativo para todas as condições na comparação pré vs. pós-24h: CHO (300%; p < 0,01; TE = 0,93); CHO+PTN (82%; p < 0,01; TE = 0,73) e PLA (190%; p = 0,01; TE = 1,04), não foram encontradas diferenças entre as condições nos diferentes momentos - pré, imediatamente após e pós-24h (p = 0,32; TE = 0,3 – 1,04). Conclusão: Em uma prova simulada de duatlo olímpico, com refeição pré-teste contendo 1,5g/kg de carboidrato, as suplementações de CHO e de CHO+PTN não oferecem benefícios extras quando comparadas a uma bebida placebo no que diz respeito ao desempenho e recuperação muscular dos atletas. / Introduction: Carbohydrate (CHO) intake during long-term endurance exercise has been shown to optimize performance in athletes. Some recent studies have also reported an ergogenic effect when protein (PRO) is added to a carbohydrate drink. Furthermore, the coingestion has been related to the attenuation of muscle damage, seen as a limiting factor in muscle recovery. However, little has been investigated about the influence of such supplementation, compared to a placebo drink (PLA), in an Olympic-distance (OD) duathlon. Purpose: This study aimed to compare the effects of three different nutritional supplementation strategies (CHO vs. CHO+PRO vs. PLA) during a simulated OD duathlon, on performance and indices of muscle recovery of amateurs duathletes. Methods: In a crossover, randomized, double-blind clinical trial, thirteen male amateur athletes, mean age 29.7 ± 7.7 years, participated in three simulated OD duathlons consuming either a carbohydrate drink (CHO, 75 g); an isocaloric drink combining carbohydrate and protein in a 4:1 ratio (CHO+PRO, 60.5 g CHO and 14.5 g PRO); or a placebo (PLA) drink. The athletes were informed that the study aimed to investigate the influence of three different types of supplementation. After an 8 hours fast, subjects received a standard breakfast, with 1.5 g / kg CHO and 45 min later the protocol began. The intensities of the first running (10 km) and cycling session (40 km) were controlled using previously collected data, and the final running, 5 km, was treated as a time-trial (t5km). Blood samples were taken before, immediately after and 24 hours after each simulated duathlon and glucose and creatine kinase (CK) levels were analyzed. Isometric peak torque (PT) was measured at baseline and 24 hours after each test. Results: The athletes completed the OD duathlons in ~ 1h 51min. There was no significant difference in t5km between CHO (1270.3 ± 130.5 sec) vs. CHO+PRO (1267.2 ± 138.9 sec) vs. PLA (1275.4 ± 120 sec); p = 0.87; ES ≤ 0.1. The results of PT showed no significant changes between baseline conditions (302.2 ± 52.8 Nm) vs. 24h post-CHO (300.1 ± 41.4 Nm) vs. 24h post-CHO+PRO (292.2 ± 49.4 Nm) vs. 24h post-PLA (282.1 ± 43.1 Nm); p = 0.24; ES ≤ 0.4. Although CK results showed significant increase for all conditions when comparing pre vs. post 24h CHO (300%; p <0.01; ES = 0.93); CHO+PRO (82%; p <0.01; ES = 0.73) and PLA (190%, p = 0.01; ES = 1.04), no differences were found between the conditions in the different moments - pre, immediately after and after 24 hours (p = 0.32; ES = 0.3 – 1.04). Conclusion: In a simulated Olympic-distance duathlon, with pre-meal test containing 1.5g / kg of carbohydrate, the ingestion of CHO and CHO+PRO does not provide additional benefits when compared to a placebo drink regarding athletes’ performance and muscle recovery.

Affecting the efficiency of stimulation a strenght endurance through exercies on unstable surface In our work we sought to verify the affecting the efficiency of a Strength programme of exercise on unstable surfaces for stimulation of strength endurance abilities, compared to a similar didactic programme conducted on stable surfaces, thus creating an alternative choice for coaches, teachers, and sports instructors. A major element of the didactic process is the quality of the strength training programme on stable and unstable surfaces. When evaluating the overall results of the tests before and after the experimental programme, we come to be of the opinion that the experimental programme manifested itself positively in effectiveness of stimulating strength abilities. The strength programme had an influence on increasing the persistence of strength in dynamic and static regimens. In the case of a strengthening programme on unstable surfaces there was a tendency towards greater growth in the number of repetitions as opposed to programme on a stable base at the beginning of the programme in the case of exercise in a dynamic regimen. Keywords: effectiveness, strength endurance preparation, unstable surfaces, stabilisation system.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-12-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:41:32Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 teixeiraneto_ar_dr_jabo.pdf: 453485 bytes, checksum: 016aae97c12d16e6f4e18da96ca5b03e (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / The aim of this study was to register the physiologic and metabolic alterations and investigate the exercise induced oxidative stress that Arabians horses undergo during long distance endurance exercises, under tropical climate. Five endurance rides were followed through 2004 state championship. Blood samples were collected from jugular vein 2 to 5 hours before the beginning of each ride and during rides, after the veterinary check-point. During the recovery period, venous samples were collected 24, 48 and 72 hours after the rides, at each horses stables. Hemoconcentration (elevated erythrocytes count, hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit), dehydration (elevated total plasmatic proteins concentration and weight losses) and, possibly, decreased renal perfusion (elevated seric urea and creatinin concentration) were revealed by horses in this study. All data returned to basal values during the recovery period except serum urea concentration. Hormonal changes were also monitored and data revealed an important elevation in plasma cortisol concentration during the ride, directly related to the duration of it. Insulin response was decreased by catecholamines suppressing action during exercise. The endurance effort, evaluated in this experiment, could induce muscular alterations by an increase in muscular enzyme activities during the rides, with different periods of return to basal values in the recovery period. An interesting result was the exercise-induced oxidative stress measured by cyclic voltammetry to determine the total antioxidant capacity of plasma during endurance exercise. The results of this study can contribute to a better understanding of what really occurs in the horses body to maintain homeostasis while submitted to long distance endurance efforts under tropical climate.

O sistema cardiovascular pode adaptar-se ao treinamento. Pouco se sabe sobre a influência do treinamento sobre a regulação autonômica, estrutura cardíaca e função em crianças e adolescentes atletas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a estrutura e função do ventrículo esquerdo em nadadores adolescentes. Foram comparados 28 atletas nadadores entre 15 e 17 anos (15 meninos e 13 meninas), que nadavam entre 25 km e 45 km/semana, nos últimos 2 anos, com grupo controle de 28 adolescentes (14 meninos e 14 meninas) com idade, peso e altura similares. Foi realizado ecocardiograma bidimensional e modo-M para avaliação cardiológica. Foram avaliados: diâmetro interno do ventrículo esquerdo durante a sístole (VES), diâmetro interno do ventrículo esquerdo durante a diástole (VED), septo interventricular (S), parede posterior do ventrículo esquerdo (PP), através da ecocardiografia modo-M. A massa do ventrículo esquerdo (MVE), índice de massa do VE, fração de encurtamento (ΔD) e fração de ejeção (FE) foram calculadas. Parâmetros diastólicos incluindo a velocidade do fluxo pela valva mitral e pelas veias pulmonares foram medidos: velocidade de enchimento rápido (pico da onda E), e tardio (pico da onda A), relação E/A, tempo de relaxamento isovolumétrico (TRIV) e tempo de desaceleração (TD), velocidade da onda de fluxo sistólico e diastólico pulmonar. Para comparar os dois grupos foi utilizando Teste t de Student para amostras independentes. Não foram encontradas diferenças antropométricas significativas entre os grupos. Comparado com o controle, nadadores do sexo masculino apresentaram uma diferença significativamente maior nas medidas do diâmetro interno do VED (53,6 ± 4,3 mm, p = 0,009), na espessura do septo interventricular (7,9 ± 1 mm, p = 0,0001) e da espessura da parede posterior do ventrículo esquerdo (7,90 ± 1,3 mm vs. 6,4 ± 0,08 mm, p = 0,001) e aumento da massa do VE (192,7 ± 54,7 g vs. 128,7 ± 28,6 g, p = 0,001). As nadadoras do sexo feminino apresentaram um significante aumento do diâmetro interno do VED (48 ± 3,7 vs. 45 ± 2,4 mm, p = 0,007), mas não houve diferenças nas medidas de S e PP, nem da massa do VE. Os parâmetros de fluxo transmitral foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos, exceto pelo prolongamento do TD nos nadadores (220 ± 47 vs. 181 ± 20 ms, p = 0,008 no sexo masculino, e 227 ± 50 vs. 177 ± 31 ms, p = 0,004 no sexo feminino). Estes achados sugerem que o treinamento de natação por um período prolongado em adolescentes causa aumento do tamanho e da massa do VE, mantendo a função sistólica normal e melhorando a complacência ventricular. A hipertrofia do VE com aumento da complacência ventricular é característico da adaptação fisiológica ao treinamento de endurance. Os parâmetros de fluxo transmitral foram semelhantes em ambos os grupos, exceto pelo prolongamento do TD nos nadadores (220 ± 47 vs. 181 ± 20 ms, p = 0,008 no sexo masculino, e 227 ± 50 vs. 177 ± 31 ms, p = 0,004 no sexo feminino). Estes achados sugerem que o treinamento de natação por um período prolongado em adolescentes causa aumento do tamanho e da massa do VE, mantendo a função sistólica normal e melhorando a complacência ventricular. A hipertrofia do VE com aumento da complacência ventricular é característico da adaptação fisiológica ao treinamento de endurance. / The cardiovascular system can adapt to aerobic training. Little is known about the influence of training on autonomic regulation and cardiac structure and function in children and adolescent athletes. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate left ventricular structure and function in adolescent swimmers. We compared 28 eight swimmers between 15 and 17 years old (15 boys and 13 girls), training between 25 km to 45 km /week for the last three years and 28 non training control subjects (14 boys and 14 girls) similar in age, weight and height of the athletes. Two-dimensional, M-mode and Doppler-echocardiography were performed. Left ventricular internal diameters in diastole (LVIDd) and systole (LVIDs), interventricular septum thickness (IVS), left ventricular posterior wall (LVPW) were measured from M-mode echocardiography. Left ventricular mass (LVM), LVM index, shortening fraction (SF) and ejection fraction (EF) were calculated. Diastolic parameters including mitral valve inflow velocities and pulmonary vein flow were measured: maximal early (peak E wave), and late (peak A wave) mitral velocities, E/A ratio, isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) and deceleration time (DT), pulmonary systolic (S), diastolic (D) and Ar wave velocities. Comparisons between the two groups were made using the independent samples Student t-test. There were no significant anthropometric differences between the two groups. Compared with controls, male swimmers showed a significantly greater LVIDd (53.6 ± 4.3 mm, p < 0.009), a thicker IVS (7.9 ± 1 mm, p < 0.0001) and LVPW (7.90 ± 1.3 mm vs. 6.4 ± 0.08 mm, p < 0,001), an increased LVM (192.7 ± 54.7 g vs. 128.7 ± 28.6 g, p < 0.001). Female swimmers had a significanty greater LVIDd (48 ± 3.7 vs. 45 ± 2.4 mm, p < 0.007), but no greater IVS or LVPW thickness, neither LVM. SF and EF were similar in both groups. Transmitral inflow parameters were similar in both groups, except for a prolonged TD in the swimmers group (220 ± 47 vs. 181 ± 20 ms, p < 0.008 in males and 227 ± 50 vs. 177 ± 31 ms, p < 0.004 in females). These findings suggest that long-term swimming in adolescents promotes increase in left ventricular size and mass with normal systolic function and improved diastolic compliance. LV hypertrophy with an improved compliance is characteristic of physiological adaptation of endurance training.

Längdskidåkning är en av de mest krävande uthållighetsidrotterna där tävlingstiderna kan variera mellan tre minuter till närmare fyra timmar. Om en idrottsutövare ska nå toppen av sin förmåga krävs det vanligtvis att denne avsätter 20 till 30 timmar per vecka åt träning och tävling under flera års tid. Inom skidskytte behöver utövarna, utöver att vara duktiga längdskidåkare, dessutom bära ett gevär på ryggen och skjuta på måltavlor under högintensiv belastning. Syftet med studien var att kartlägga utövares upplevelser av avgörande och betydelsefulla faktorer för långa framgångsrika idrottskarriärer inom längdskidåkning och skidskytte. I studien användes en kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer, där totalt nio individer deltog. Deltagarna hade tävlat på nationell eller internationell nivå inom längdskidåkning eller skidskytte under minst en tio årsperiod som seniorer. Ett antal övergripande betydelsefulla och avgörande faktorer för framgångsrika idrottskarriärer inom längdskidåkning kunde identifieras. Dessa var: träning och organisation, socioekonomiska faktorer, talang och genetisk potential samt återhämtning. För att nå nationella och internationella framgångar och bedriva en elitsatsning krävs inte bara många års träning, utan även stöd från omgivning i form av familj, tillgång till rätt kompetens och ekonomiskt bidrag eller lön. / Cross country skiing is one of the most demanding endurance sports where the duration of physical effort during a competitive event usually lasts from three minutes up to four hours, or sometimes even longer. To reach national or international elite level, an athlete generally needs to invest 20 to 30 hours of training a week over many years. In biathlon, an athlete not only has to be a good skier, but also be able to carry a rifle and shoot on targets during high intense work load. The aim of this study was to identify athletes' own experiences of the crucial factors that allow for long and successful sport careers in cross country skiing. The study was qualitatively orientated, where semi-structured interviews were used to collect the athlete's perceptions. In total, nine individuals with at least 10 years of competitive cross country skiing or biathlon experience as adults at national or internationallevel participated. The interviews revealed several factors that athletes believe are crucial for achieving long and successful careers. These factors were: 1. Training and organization, 2. Socioeconomic factors, 3. Talent and genetic potential and 4. Recovery. To maintain long and successful careers in cross country skiing, athletes perceive that in addition to factors associated with the training process, support from family, their team and sponsors play important roles.

Bakgrund: Innebandy är en intensiv sport där snabba upprepade accelerationer och riktningsförändringar är viktiga ingredienser för framgång. Även om både förflyttningssnabbhet och uthållighet är viktiga för prestationen i innebandy, finns inga studier som undersöker hur de relaterar till varandra och andra viktiga fysiska kvaliteter. Syfte: Att beskriva kvinnliga elitinnebandyspelares fysiska egenskaper och undersöka korrelationen mellan snabbhet i förflyttningar, aerob uthållighet, maximal styrka och explosivitet. Metod:19 kvinnliga elitinnebandyspelare i åldern (medel (SD)) 21,8år (±2,15), längd 168,8cm (±5,8) långa och vikt 65,9 kg (±6,3), rekryterades till studien. Ett testbatteri genomfördes över två dagar och bestod av snabbhetstester (Acc10, Acc20m, Pro-agility), explosivstyrketester (SLH, SJ, CMJ, CMJ:A), maximalstyrketest (IPU) och aerob uthållighet (Beeptest). Korrelationen mellan testresultaten analyserades. Resultat: Det fanns starka korrelationer mellan förflyttningssnabbhet och prestationen explosiv styrka, utom mellan vertikalhopp med armsving (CMJ:A) och snabbhet i riktningsförändringar (Pro- agility). Isometrisk styrka (IPU) relaterade endast signifikant till snabbhet i riktningsförändringar (Pro-agility), vilket också aerob uthållighet (Beeptest) gjorde. Slutsats: För kvinnliga elitinnebandyspelare finns ett samband mellan explosiv styrka och snabbhet i alla förflyttningar, medan maximalstyrka endast verkar relatera till snabbhet i riktningsförändringar. Arbetsförmågan i aerob uthållighetsarbeten verkar inte påverka prestationen i snabbhet negativt, utan på den här prestationsnivån kan båda utvecklas till tillräcklig nivå. / Background: Floorball is an intense sport where rapid repeated accelerations and changes of direction are important ingredients for success. Although both the locomotion speed and endurance are essential for achievement in floorball, there are no studies examining how they relate to each other and other important physical qualities. Objective: To describe female elite Floorball player's physical properties and examine the correlation between locomotion speed, aerobic endurance, maximum strength and explosiveness. Method: 19 female elite Floorball players age (mean (±SD)) 21, 8 years (±2.15), height 168, 8 cm (±5.8) and weight (65.9 kg±6.3), were recruited to the study. A test battery was conducted over the span of two days and consisted of tests of locomotion speed (Acc10, Acc20, Pro-agility), explosive strength (SLH, SJ, CMJ, CMJ:A), maximum strength (IPU) and aerobic endurance (Beep test). The correlation between the test results were analyzed. Results: There were strong correlations between locomotion speed performance and explosive strength, except between vertical jump with arm swing (CMJ) and speed in changes of direction (the Pro agility). Isometric strength (IPU) significantly related to the speed in changes of direction (the Pro agility), as did aerobic endurance (Beeptest). Conclusion: For female elite Floorball players there seems to be a correlation between explosive strength and quickness in all types of locomotion, while the maximum strength only seems to relate to the speed in changes of directions. Work ability in aerobic endurance tasks does not seem to affect performance in locomotion speed, and at this performance level both can be developed to a sufficient level.

Introdução: A ingestão de carboidrato (CHO) durante o exercício de resistência aeróbica de longa duração tem se mostrado capaz de otimizar o desempenho dos atletas. Alguns estudos recentes têm reportado também um efeito ergogênico quando a proteína (PTN) é adicionada a uma bebida carboidratada. Além disso, a coingestão tem sido relacionada com a atenuação do dano muscular, tido como fator limitante da recuperação muscular. No entanto, pouco se investigou sobre a influência dessas suplementações, comparadas a uma bebida placebo (PLA), no duatlo de distância olímpica. Objetivo: Comparar o efeito de três diferentes estratégias nutricionais de suplementação (CHO vs. CHO+PTN vs. PLA), durante um teste simulado de duatlo (TSD) olímpico, no desempenho e recuperação muscular de duatletas amadores. Métodos: Em um ensaio clínico, cruzado, randomizado e duplo-cego, treze atletas amadores do sexo masculino, com idade média de 29,7 ± 7,7 anos, participaram de três TSD consumindo: bebida carboidratada (CHO, 75 g); bebida isocalórica combinando carboidrato e proteína, na proporção 4:1 (CHO+PTN, 60,5 g CHO e 14,5 g PTN); e bebida placebo (PLA). Aos atletas informou-se apenas que o estudo visava investigar a influência de três diferentes tipos de suplementação. Após jejum de 8 h, sujeitos recebiam um café da manhã padrão, com 1,5 g/kg CHO e 45 min depois iniciavam o protocolo. As intensidades da primeira corrida (10 km) e da sessão de ciclismo (40 km) foram controladas, utilizando dados previamente coletados em testes preliminares, e a corrida final, de 5 km, foi tratada como um contrarrelógio (t5km). Coletas de sangue foram realizadas antes, imediatamente após e 24h após cada teste simulado, e analisou-se concentrações de glicose e creatina quinase (CK). Pico de torque (PT) isométrico foi mensurado no início do estudo e 24h após cada teste. Resultados: Os atletas completaram as distâncias totais do duatlo olímpico em ~1h 51min. Não houve diferença significativa no t5km entre as condições CHO (1270,3 ± 130,5 s) vs. CHO+PTN (1267,2 ± 138,9 s) vs. PLA (1275,4 ± 120 s); p = 0,87; TE ≤ 0,1. Os resultados de PT não demonstraram alterações significativas entre as condições basal (302,2 ± 52,8 N.m) vs. pós-24h CHO (300,1 ± 41,4 N.m) vs. pós-24h CHO+PTN (292,2 ± 49,4 N.m) vs. pós-24h PLA (282,1 ± 43,1 N.m); p = 0,24; TE ≤ 0,4. Embora, os resultados de CK tenham mostrado aumento significativo para todas as condições na comparação pré vs. pós-24h: CHO (300%; p < 0,01; TE = 0,93); CHO+PTN (82%; p < 0,01; TE = 0,73) e PLA (190%; p = 0,01; TE = 1,04), não foram encontradas diferenças entre as condições nos diferentes momentos - pré, imediatamente após e pós-24h (p = 0,32; TE = 0,3 – 1,04). Conclusão: Em uma prova simulada de duatlo olímpico, com refeição pré-teste contendo 1,5g/kg de carboidrato, as suplementações de CHO e de CHO+PTN não oferecem benefícios extras quando comparadas a uma bebida placebo no que diz respeito ao desempenho e recuperação muscular dos atletas. / Introduction: Carbohydrate (CHO) intake during long-term endurance exercise has been shown to optimize performance in athletes. Some recent studies have also reported an ergogenic effect when protein (PRO) is added to a carbohydrate drink. Furthermore, the coingestion has been related to the attenuation of muscle damage, seen as a limiting factor in muscle recovery. However, little has been investigated about the influence of such supplementation, compared to a placebo drink (PLA), in an Olympic-distance (OD) duathlon. Purpose: This study aimed to compare the effects of three different nutritional supplementation strategies (CHO vs. CHO+PRO vs. PLA) during a simulated OD duathlon, on performance and indices of muscle recovery of amateurs duathletes. Methods: In a crossover, randomized, double-blind clinical trial, thirteen male amateur athletes, mean age 29.7 ± 7.7 years, participated in three simulated OD duathlons consuming either a carbohydrate drink (CHO, 75 g); an isocaloric drink combining carbohydrate and protein in a 4:1 ratio (CHO+PRO, 60.5 g CHO and 14.5 g PRO); or a placebo (PLA) drink. The athletes were informed that the study aimed to investigate the influence of three different types of supplementation. After an 8 hours fast, subjects received a standard breakfast, with 1.5 g / kg CHO and 45 min later the protocol began. The intensities of the first running (10 km) and cycling session (40 km) were controlled using previously collected data, and the final running, 5 km, was treated as a time-trial (t5km). Blood samples were taken before, immediately after and 24 hours after each simulated duathlon and glucose and creatine kinase (CK) levels were analyzed. Isometric peak torque (PT) was measured at baseline and 24 hours after each test. Results: The athletes completed the OD duathlons in ~ 1h 51min. There was no significant difference in t5km between CHO (1270.3 ± 130.5 sec) vs. CHO+PRO (1267.2 ± 138.9 sec) vs. PLA (1275.4 ± 120 sec); p = 0.87; ES ≤ 0.1. The results of PT showed no significant changes between baseline conditions (302.2 ± 52.8 Nm) vs. 24h post-CHO (300.1 ± 41.4 Nm) vs. 24h post-CHO+PRO (292.2 ± 49.4 Nm) vs. 24h post-PLA (282.1 ± 43.1 Nm); p = 0.24; ES ≤ 0.4. Although CK results showed significant increase for all conditions when comparing pre vs. post 24h CHO (300%; p <0.01; ES = 0.93); CHO+PRO (82%; p <0.01; ES = 0.73) and PLA (190%, p = 0.01; ES = 1.04), no differences were found between the conditions in the different moments - pre, immediately after and after 24 hours (p = 0.32; ES = 0.3 – 1.04). Conclusion: In a simulated Olympic-distance duathlon, with pre-meal test containing 1.5g / kg of carbohydrate, the ingestion of CHO and CHO+PRO does not provide additional benefits when compared to a placebo drink regarding athletes’ performance and muscle recovery.