To achieve the established environmental goals, a significant transformation is requiredin the Swedish transport sector. This includes a shift away from fossil fuels and a greateremphasis on electrifying a larger portion of the vehicle fleet. The goal of this study is toevaluate the impact on the local distribution grid when integrating a high power chargeradjacent to a mobile battery storage system. In addition an investigation of the energyflows was conducted to assess the continuous operations of charger, battery and electricitygrid. The introduction of high power loads leads to higher power peaks in the system,which may affect the stability with respect to the voltages, currents and harmonics in thegrid. This thesis was conducted in collaboration with Gävle Energi AB, which is a local energycompany that is active in the area around Gävle. In total two models were created inorder to simulate both the energy flows and grid stability. The first model was conductedin MATLAB and used to evaluate the energy flows for the scenarios of low and high load.The second model was conducted in OpenDSS to evaluate the grid stability for a total of6 scenarios. The scenarios are as follows: the initial electricity grid, the grid with a highpower charger integrated and the grid with both a high power charger and a solar parkintegrated, for both low and high load cases. The results of the study showed that high power loads affected the local electricity gridmost during low load since it entailed high load peaks during that period. The effect ofintegrating a high power charger in a grid with radial grid topology is that the voltageis reduced and harmonics increased in loads connected to the same node. The effect ofintegrating a solar park instead increases the voltage and reduces the harmonics in loadsconnected to the same node. The energy flow evaluation showed that the battery hadthe potential to be continuously used for both the low and high load cases. However,during low load the battery had the potential to provide frequency regulating services tomaximize the income.

Energieffektivisering blir en allt viktigare åtgärd för äldre fastigheter i takt med att energipriserna stiger, det minskar samtidigt klimatpåverkan. Syftet med arbetet har varit att presentera åtgärder för minskad energianvändning för Noxon AB samt att utvärdera olika energiberäkningsprogram för J&E Energikonsult. Arbetet bygger på statistik från fastighetsägaren, mätningar, litteraturstudie samt genom rådgörande med experter inom området. Byggnadens årliga uppvärmningsbehov jämfördes i IDA ICE, BV2 samt genom handberäkningar med Energisignaturmetoden. Resultaten från IDA ICE och BV2 ligger inom 1% från varandra medans handberäkningarna överskattar uppvärmingsbehovet med 5%. Byggnaden och föreslagna åtgärder har simulerats i BV2 samt IDA ICE där byggnaden delades in i 9 zoner baserat på klimatskal, ventilationssystem och värmesy- stem. För att uppskatta åtgärdernas energibesparingspotential baserat på den insamlade informationen. Med hjälp av IDA ICE har sex stycken kostnadseffektiva åtgärder identi- fierats för fastigheten, där återbetalningstiden för samtliga åtgärder beräknas till mellan 8 - 12 år baserat på 4 scenarier på hur elpriset utvecklas i framtiden.

Ett scenario för att nå nettonollutsläpp av växthusgaser till år 2050 har tagits fram av IEA. I scenariot framgår att det krävs en ökning av energieffektivisering, samt att användning av förnybara energikällor bör öka under detta årtionde. Asfaltbranschen är ett exempel på en energiintensiv verksamhet, där det i dag finns begränsad tillgänglig litteratur om energianvändningen. Svevia, ett av Sveriges största väg- och anläggningsföretag, har efterfrågat större kunskap inom området. Detta examensarbetes syfte var därför att kartlägga energibehovet för en tillverkande verksamhet inom asfaltbranschen, för att finna energieffektiviseringsåtgärder, öka företagets lönsamhet samt visa på branschens framtida hållbarhetsomställning. För att uppnå syftet har en fallstudie utförts på Svevias asfaltverk i Arlanda. I fallstudien ingick energikartläggning, intervjustudier samt kontakt med företag. Energikartläggningen utfördes för att ta fram Arlandas asfaltverks energibehov samt energieffektiviseringsåtgärder. Intervjustudier genomfördes både inom energikartläggningen, för solceller och för att lyfta tekniker som kan påverka asfaltbranschens framtida utveckling. För den sistnämnda analyserades data med en tematisk analys. För undersökning av solceller användes även kontakt med företag och modelleringsverktyg från en företagshemsida som metod. Resultatet av energibalansen visade att Svevias asfaltverk i Arlanda hade en energianvändning på 15 100 MWh under 2022. Majoritet av energianvändningen stod bioolja för, och den enhetsprocess som använde mest energi var Materialuppvärmningen. Därför har fokus för energieffektiviseringsåtgärder varit på Materialuppvärmningen, och fyra åtgärder togs fram: överskottsvärme, energilagring med sandbatteri, öka produktionen av lågtemperad asfalt samt en tälthall för att skydda stenmaterial mot regn. För solceller undersöktes areorna 70x30 m och 100x40 m och en återbetalningstid på sju år beräknades för respektive area. Nuvärdessumman blev negativ, vilket tyder på en olönsam investering, däremot kan dess lönsamhet värderas över livslängden. Hinder som behövs ses över innan investering i solceller är att damm och vibrationer kan uppkomma vid den närliggande täkten. Resultatet för asfaltbranschens framtid visar på att olika tekniker är intressanta för att minska den fossila energianvändningen. Dessa är bland annat elektrifiering av hela asfaltverk och att producera kalltillverkad asfalt. Det kräver dock att asfaltföretag vågar satsa på lösningarna för att kunskapen ska utvecklas. Rekommendationerna till Svevia är att sätta ut elmätare och regelbundet läsa av dem för att ta fram mer pålitliga data inför kommande energibalanser. De energieffektiviseringsåtgärder författarna rekommenderar Svevia att genomföra är ökad produktion av lågtempererad asfalt och skydda stenmaterial mot regn. För solceller rekommenderas att ta kontakt med en entreprenör som erbjuder lösning till företag. En kombination av åtgärden att skydda stenmaterial mot regn och solceller bör vidare undersökas. För att minska Svevias framtida fossila energianvändning, rekommenderas Svevia att driva projekt om kalltillverkad asfalt och ersättning av bitumen mot lignin. Författarna rekommenderar också att Svevia samarbetar med andra aktörer inom asfaltbranschen för att dela kunskap. / A scenario to reach net zero emissions of greenhouse gases by year 2050 has been developed by IEA. The scenario shows that an increase in energy efficiency is required, and that the use of renewable energy sources should increase during this decade. The asphalt industry is an example of an energy-intensive business, where there is currently limited available literature on energy-use. Svevia, one of Sweden's largest road and construction companies, has requested increased knowledge in the area. The purpose of this master’s thesis was therefore to map the energy demand of a manufacturing operation in the asphalt industry, to find energy efficiency measures, increase the company’s profitability, and to indicate the industry's future sustainability transition. To achieve this aim, a case study was performed at Svevia's asphalt plant in Arlanda. The case study included an energy audit, interview studies, and contact with companies. The energy audit was performed to determine the energy demand of the asphalt plant in Arlanda, and energy efficiency measures. Interview studies were carried out for the energy audit, for solar panels, and to highlight technologies that can influence the asphalt industry’s future development. For the latter, the data was analyzed with a thematic analysis. For solar panels, contact with companies and modeling tools from a company website were also used. The result of the energy balance showed that Svevia's asphalt plant in Arlanda had an energy use of 15 100 MWh in 2022. Bio-oil accounted for the majority of the energy use, and the unit process that used the most energy was Material Heating. Therefore, the energy efficiency measures have focused on Material Heating, and four measures were investigated: excess heat, energy storage with a sand battery, increasing the production of low temperature asphalt, and a tent to protect stone material from rain. For solar cells, the areas 70x30 m and 100x40 m were examined and a payback period of seven years was calculated for both cases. The net present value was negative, which indicates an unprofitable investment, however, its profitability can be evaluated over the lifetime. Obstacles that need to be reviewed before investing in solar panels are that dust and vibrations can arise from the nearby quarry. The result for the future of the asphalt industry shows that different technologies are interesting for reducing the fossil energy use in the asphalt industry. These include electrification of the entire asphalt plant and producing cold-manufactured asphalt. However, it requires that asphalt companies dare to invest in the solutions for the knowledge to develop. The recommendations to Svevia are to install electricity meters, and to read them regularly, to develop more reliable data for future energy balances. The energy efficiency measures that the authors recommend Svevia to implement are increased production of low temperature asphalt and protecting stone material from rain. For solar panels, it is recommended to contact an entrepreneur who offers a solution for companies. A combination of the measure to protect stone material from rain, and solar panels should be further investigated. To reduce Svevia's future fossil energy use, Svevia is recommended to run projects on cold-manufactured asphalt and replacing bitumen with lignin. The authors also recommend that Svevia collaborates with other actors in the asphalt industry to share knowledge.

<p>In June 2006 the Swedish government decided that the use of energy in buildings should be reduced by 20 percent until 2020, compared to the level of energy used in 1995. To contribute to this goal, the real estate company “Eskilstuna Kommunfastigheter AB”, set up own goals for their buildings. In 2009, the goal for schools was to have a maximum energy use of 118 kWh/m²year for heating and hot water.</p><p>The school “Hållsta skola”, just south of Eskilstuna, exceeds the limit since it used 270 kWh in 2008. The school is heated by oil burners, which is not desirable since oil is a fossil fuel. The aim of this study was to identify cost effective measures for decreased energy use for heating and hot water in the school, and to find alternatives to the oil burners.</p><p>The school was built between 1963 and 1975 and consists of two buildings. The insulation in the roof, walls, windows and floor is poor and the ventilation is mainly performed without heat recovery. Measures including insulation of the roof, new windows, heat recovery in the ventilation system and more effective water taps were studied with Life Cycle Cost analysis (LCC) and Pay-off analysis. The energy use with and without the new performance was calculated with the building simulation program VIP+. If all of the economically favorable measures are carried out the total energy use would decrease to 167 kWh/m²year.</p><p>One of the alternatives to oil burners that were suggested is heat pumps. The two types of heat pumps studied, ground source or air source, were both found to be profitable, although the ground source heat pump would be slightly more profitable. In the calculations it was considered that an electric boiler would back up the heat pumps during cold days. With heat pumps, the energy bought for heating and hot water would be about 55 kWh/m²year, which is well below the goal of maximum 118 kWh/m²year.</p>

In June 2006 the Swedish government decided that the use of energy in buildings should be reduced by 20 percent until 2020, compared to the level of energy used in 1995. To contribute to this goal, the real estate company “Eskilstuna Kommunfastigheter AB”, set up own goals for their buildings. In 2009, the goal for schools was to have a maximum energy use of 118 kWh/m2year for heating and hot water. The school “Hållsta skola”, just south of Eskilstuna, exceeds the limit since it used 270 kWh in 2008. The school is heated by oil burners, which is not desirable since oil is a fossil fuel. The aim of this study was to identify cost effective measures for decreased energy use for heating and hot water in the school, and to find alternatives to the oil burners. The school was built between 1963 and 1975 and consists of two buildings. The insulation in the roof, walls, windows and floor is poor and the ventilation is mainly performed without heat recovery. Measures including insulation of the roof, new windows, heat recovery in the ventilation system and more effective water taps were studied with Life Cycle Cost analysis (LCC) and Pay-off analysis. The energy use with and without the new performance was calculated with the building simulation program VIP+. If all of the economically favorable measures are carried out the total energy use would decrease to 167 kWh/m2year. One of the alternatives to oil burners that were suggested is heat pumps. The two types of heat pumps studied, ground source or air source, were both found to be profitable, although the ground source heat pump would be slightly more profitable. In the calculations it was considered that an electric boiler would back up the heat pumps during cold days. With heat pumps, the energy bought for heating and hot water would be about 55 kWh/m2year, which is well below the goal of maximum 118 kWh/m2year.

Målet med detta examensarbete har varit att utföra en energikartläggning på Nymölla Bruk med utgångspunkt i företagets befintliga energiaspektregister. Syftet har varit att tydliggöra hur energianvändningen på Nymölla Bruk ser ut. Bakgrunden till detta arbete är företagets deltagande i programmet för energieffektivisering i energiintensiv industri (PFE). I examensarbetet har en energikartläggning på Nymölla Bruk för år 2010 utförts. Fallstudien delades in i två steg där första steget i studien var att kartlägga energiflödena in och ut från bruket.Andra delen av studien innefattade att kartlägga de interna processerna och deras energiflöden. Energiflödenas storlekar baseras främst på mätdata från processerna, som erhållits från Nymölla Bruks interna loggnings- och mätsystem WinMops. Antaganden som i vissa fall varit nödvändiga bygger på uppskattningar som genomförts i samråd med medarbetare på Nymölla Bruk med insikt i och kunskap om respektive delprocess. Enligt detta examensarbete förbrukades år 2010 cirka 510 GWh el, varav massafabriken förbrukade 50 % och pappersbruket 46 %. Resterande andel utgörs bland annat av mät- och överföringsförluster. Under året tillfördes totalt 2060 GWh bränsle där luten står för cirka 75 %. Från bränslena tillfördes 1800 GWh nyttig värme till ångproduktionen. Total energimängd i producerad ånga uppgick till cirka 2190 GWh (från referensnivå). De största förbrukarna av ånga var papperstillverkningen som använde 32 % och indunstningen som använde 19 % av total energimängd distribuerad med ånga. / The aim of this study was to perform an energy survey of Nymölla Mill on the basis of the company's existing energy aspect register. The aim has been to clarify how the energy at Nymölla Mill is used. The background to this thesis is the company's participation in the Programme for Improving Energy Efficiency in Energy Intensive Industries (PFE). In this thesis an energy survey based on 2010 of Nymölla Mill has been performed. The case study was divided into two stages where the first step in the study was to identify the energy flows in and out of the mill. The second part of the study included identifying the internal processes and their energy flows. Energy flows are based primarily on data from processes, obtained from Nymölla Mill's internal logging and measuring system WinMops. Necessary assumptions were made based on estimates provided in consultation with employees on Nymölla Mill with knowledge and understanding of each sub-process. According to this thesis approximately 510 GWh of electricity were consumed in 2010 of which the pulp factory consumed 50 % and the paper mill 46 %. The remaining portion consists of measurement and transmission losses. A total of 2060 GWh of fuel was added of which liquor accounts for about 75 %. From fuels 1800 GWh of useful heat was added to the steam production. The total amount of energy in the steam was about 2190 GWh (from baseline). The largest consumers of steam was the paper productioning unit using 32 % and the evaporation unit using 19 % of total energy distributed by steam.

Tången 2 is a building situated in Stockholm, Sweden. It´s built in the 1930s and contains both residences and businesses. The property owner, Diligentia AB, wants to lower the energy use in Tången 2. This report consists of an energy audit which clarifies the specific circumstances linked to Tången 2. Collected knowledge is then used, together with the results from the literature study, to decide energy measures to proceed with. Result from the energy audit suggests a high potential to lower the energy use. To calculate the potential energy saving of chosen measures, a model of the building was constructed in IDA ICE. Collected data from the energy audit was used as input in the model. Simulation results suggest that there are several possible measures to implement, both constructional and technical. Results from the economical calculations suggest that there´s a connection between energy saving and investment cost. Even though the energy saving potential of a single measure is significant, it´s not cost effective if it consists of a high investment cost. Results from the study are presented as a program of measures that will lower the energy use and save the owner money in the long run. This study shows that even for a building with big energy saving potential, it´s hard to lower the energy use significantly and maintain a profit. The program of measures suggested in this report has an energy saving potential of 11 % and an IRR of 7, 7 %.

Ahlstrom-Munksjo is a global company within the paper industry. Their mill in Billingsfors was in need of an energy audit, localizing energy ows within the mill. An energy audit is a good tool for any company to get a good overview picture of their energy usage of the examined system, it is also seen as the rst stage for an energy-saving strategy. On the Billingsfors mill, the energy audit is included in the continuous work of increasing their energy eciency in order to keep up with the new regulations and advancements in this industry sector. The energy audit was done on the whole mill with focus on the paper production and the district heating system. More detailed information about the paper production, a comparative study of two paper machines, PM2 and PM6, is also presented. The reason for the comparative study on PM2 and PM6 was due to an unexpectedly high recorded gas consumption from PM2. The two paper machines were believed to be similar enough to compare them without any deeper knowledge of the machines. They were also compared to a reference machine, representing an average machine with similar setup. The comparisons showed that PM2 does in fact have a higher gas consumption than PM6. To identify the reason for the higher consumption the dry solid contents of PM2 needs to be examined. The two machines do not have the exact same process when producing paper and a more detailed comparative study should be done for a better understanding of the high gas consumption. However, the two machines have a lower gas consumption than the reference machine, this meaning they both have a relatively low gas consumption.

Världen står inför stora utmaningar berörande klimat och miljö vilket är direkt kopplat till energianvändning. Globalt sett ökar energibehovet hela tiden samtidigt som en stor del av energimixen fortfarande utgörs av fossila bränslen. Industrier är den sektor som står för den största energianvändningen, hela 38 % både globalt och lokalt i Sverige. För att kunna uppnå de mål som satts, bland annat FN:s globala mål och målen som ingår i Parisavtalet, så måste energianvändningen i bland annat industrier minska. I denna rapport presenteras en fallstudie som gjorts på en industrianläggning med flera tillhörande byggnader belägen i Sverige. I fallstudien har en energikartläggning utförts och tillhörande energieffektiviseringsförslag har rekommenderats. Anläggningen är en stålindustri och tillverkar verktyg till gruvindustrin. Syftet med arbetet var att kartlägga energianvändningen, lokalisera åtgärder att rekommendera för energieffektivisering och därefter utföra LCC- och nuvärdeskalkyler på förslagen. Energikartläggningen utfördes både på industrianläggningens stöd-och produktionsprocesser, medan energieffektiviseringsförslagen fokuserade på industrianläggningens stödprocesser som innefattar belysning, ventilation, tryckluft, ånga, lokalkomfort, pumpning, tappvarmvatten, interna transporter samt övriga okategoriserade stödprocesser. Målet med det var att ge förslag på hur industrin ska kunna minska sin energianvändning, vilket gynnar industrin, både ur ett ekonomiskt och miljömässigt perspektiv. För energikartläggningen tillhandahölls information främst genom kommunikation med anställda på fallföretaget och observationer i anläggningen. Flertalet antaganden har även gjorts, de gjordes vid tillfällen som annan information inte fanns tillgänglig och när beräkningar förenklades. Studien gav en klar bild av hur mycket energi fallföretaget använder årligen och hur energin är fördelad på industrianläggningens processer. Den visade även att en mängd åtgärdsförslag kunde läggas fram för fallföretaget för att minska deras energianvändning. Förslag lades fram i någon form för alla stödprocesser. LCC- eller nuvärdeskalkyler utfördes även på alla stödprocesser förutom ventilation. Industrianläggningens totala energianvändning under år 2022 var ca 47 131 MWh. Skulle fallföretaget välja att utföra de rekommenderade åtgärder som föreslogs så skulle, utifrån de kalkyler som gjorts, den nya energianvändningen bli 42 861 MWh vilket resulterar i en energibesparing på 4 270 MWh/år och en kostnadsbesparing på ca 6 400 000 kr/år. / The world is facing major challenges concerning climate and the environment, which are directly linked to energy use. Globally, energy demand is constantly increasing, while a large part of the energy mix still consists of fossil fuels. Industries is the sector responsible for the largest energy use, 38% both globally and locally in Sweden. To achieve the goals that have been set, including the UN's global goals and the goals included in the Paris Agreement, energy use in industries, among other things, must decrease. This report presents a case study made at an industrial plant with several associated buildings located in Sweden. In the case study, an energy audit has been carried out and associated energy efficiency measures have been recommended. The facility is mainly a steel machining industry with some complementary processes. The purpose of the work was to audit the energy use, locate measures to recommend for energy efficiency and then perform LCC and present value calculations on the proposals. The energy audit was carried out on both the industrial plant's support and production processes, while the energy efficiency measures focused on the industrial plant's support processes, which include lighting, ventilation, compressed air, steam, local comfort, pumping, tap water, internal transports and other uncategorized support processes. The goal was to provide suggestions on how the industry can reduce its energy use, which benefits the industry, both from an economic and environmental perspective. For the energy audit, information was provided mainly through communication with employees at the case company and observations in the facility. Some assumptions have also been made, they were made on occasions when other information was not available and when calculations were simplified. The study gave a clear representation of how much energy the case company uses annually and how the energy is distributed among the industrial plant's processes. It also showed that several measures could be put forward for the case company to reduce their energy use. Proposals were presented in some form for all support processes. LCC or present value calculations were also performed for all support processes except ventilation. The industrial plant's total energy use in 2022 was approximately 47 131 MWh. Should the case company choose to carry out the recommended measures that were proposed, based on the calculations made, the new energy use would be 42 861 MWh, which results in an energy saving of 4 270 MWh/year and a cost saving of approximately 6 400 000 SEK/year.

In this study, an energy audit of a cultural-historical building in a Nordic climate was carried out. The study has been carried out by studying old drawings to calculate ar-eas of the building and taking part in compiled data from the property owner. The building's energy supply and energy losses have been calculated in order to be able to identify areas for improvement and ultimately provide action proposals. For the proposed measures, the idea is to reduce energy use. At the same time, the profita-bility is examined using present value calculation to see if the energy efficiency measures are profitable investments. Several different measures have been investi-gated through literature studies where the potential to make older buildings more energy efficient is great. These show that certain problems arise when the building has a cultural-historical value. These buildings have special rules to preserve the cul-tural-historical value and it is often difficult to get measures that change the appear-ance of the building. Measures that have been calculated more carefully include re-placement of windows and replacement of thermostatic valves in the heating system. Window change possibilities are limited by conservation requirements; the price will therefore be higher and profitability calculations show that it is not profitable to invest in new highly insulating ones. Current changes to thermostatic valves show profitability calculations that such an investment is profitable. No comfort measure-ments were made in the study, but measures such as improving the insulating ability of windows and installing thermostats on heating systems are both factors that will affect thermal comfort for the better. The result from the energy mapping shows that the building's specific energy use is 137 kWh/m2, year. / I den här studien genomfördes en energikartläggning av en kulturhistorisk byggnad i nordiskt klimat. Studien har genomförts genom att studera gamla ritningar för att beräkna areor på byggnaden och tagit del av sammanställda data från fastighetsäga-ren. Byggnadens energitillförsel och energiförluster har beräknats för att kunna identifiera förbättringsområden och till slut ge åtgärdsförslag. För de framförda åt-gärdsförslagen är tanken att minska energianvändningen. Samtidigt undersöks lön-samheten med hjälp av nuvärdeskalkyl för att se om energieffektiviseringsåtgärderna är lönsamma investeringar. Flera olika åtgärder har undersökts genom litteraturstu-dier där potentialen till att energieffektivisera äldre byggnader är stor. Dessa visar att vissa problem uppstår när byggnaden har ett kulturhistoriskt värde. Dessa bygg-nader har speciella regler för att bevara det kulturhistoriska värdet och det är ofta svårt att få göra åtgärder som förändrar byggnadens utseende. Åtgärder som har be-räknats mer noggrant innefattar fönsterbyte och byte till termostatventiler i värme-systemet. Fönstren begränsas av bevarandekrav; priset blir därmed högre och lön-samhetsberäkningar visar att det inte är lönsamt att investera i nya högisolerande så-dana. Gällande byte till termostatventiler visar lönsamhetsberäkningar på att sådan investeringen är lönsam. Inga komfortmätningar gjordes i studien men åtgärder så som att förbättra fönsters isoleringsförmåga och installation av termostater på vär-mesystem är båda faktorer som kommer att påverka den termiska komforten till det bättre. Resultatet från energikartläggningen visar att byggnadens specifika energian-vändning är 137 kWh/m2, år.