The choice of heating system and to add heat recovery is becoming increasinglyimportant in order to meet the climate goals. The need for renovation of homesbuilt in the so-called million program is extensive. The purpose of the work is toevaluate two different ventilation systems and its profitability in connection withthe renovation of a property in Ljungby. The systems to be compared are asystem with presence-controlled FTX-apartment units and a system with exhaustair heat pumps. The goal is to present a result about which ventilation systemleads to the largest energy and cost savings compared to the existing ventilationsystem in the property.The results show that the ventilation system with presence-controlled FTXapartment units in each apartment should generate the lowest primary energy.The life cycle cost analysis showed that the most economically profitableventilation system is with FTX apartment units. The results also showed thatprojected and calculated average heat transfer coefficient can vary markedly. Insummary, the best choice is FTX apartment units with presence control. Thesystem consumes less energy than the FVP system, while avoiding dependenceon electrical energy.

The aim of this thesis has been to examine how the indoor climate in block B2-B7 at Uppsala University Hospital is affected by unusually high outdoor temperatures and to propose measures which can be taken in order to maintain the desired indoor climate. This was done through simulations in the software IDA ICE.   The results show that the indoor temperatures exceed the permitted maximum limit in most of the floors in the buildings, and that measures must be taken in order to guarantee an acceptable indoor climate. Two of the analyzed measures, reduction of internal heat loads and mitigation of the urban heat island effect, could not be quantified and it was not possible to determine the extent of their impact on the indoor climate. However, installation of external sunscreens on the windows to the south and west turned out to reduce the cooling demand of the buildings with approximately 130 kW and should therefore be considered a relevant measure. Sunscreens alone were not sufficient to keep the indoor temperature below the maximum limit and there is therefore a need to expand the cooling capacity in the buildings by installing more air coolers. The cooling power deficit was estimated to be 360–440 kW through simulations, given that the outdoor temperature is in the interval 36–45°C.    Among the proposed measures, sunscreens should have the highest priority due to the energy saving aspect. In addition to this, the installation of air coolers has been divided into phases based on indoor temperature in the respective buildings and floors. Within the phases, a further prioritization with respect to the activity type of each floor is considered necessary. The final product of the study is an action plan which can be used in the work of climate adapting the buildings.

To mitigate climate change, all sectors must contribute their part. Electric propulsion system is a promising approach to reduce emissions from the aviation industry. A major challenge is however the low energy density in today’s battery technology. Even with today’s leading li-ion batteries, the specific energy density in jet fuel is 48 times larger. Because of the low energy density in any battery technology today, hybrid electric propulsion system could be a bridge between conventional and fully electric propulsion systems. The purpose of this degree project is to explore different designs of a parallel hybrid electric mixed turbofan to minimize the impact aircraft have on the environment. The engine has been designed in Modelon Impact and MATLAB has been used to evaluate the thrust requirement and, the performance and weight calculation of the electrical power system. Furthermore, the conventional engine was validated against GasTurb. Three different designs were evaluated, i.e., design #1 (reference engine with hybridization), #2 (decreased OPR) and #3 (increased BPR and decreased FPR) with two different weights of the electrical power system. None of the designs showed a reduction in terms of the total fuel consumption during the whole mission profile. However, design #3 showed the most beneficial results in terms of reducing the specific fuel consumption and could reduce the fuel consumption in the climb segment the most among the three different designs.

This master thesis work is aimed to investigate the possibilities of achieving more efficient industrial lighting. The study is divided in four parts: 1) Industrial lighting energy efficiency measures, 2) Added value of lighting, 3) Drivers and barriers for adopting lighting efficiency measures, and 4) Applications of AI in industrial lighting.The first part of the study explores various energy efficiency measures that could be applied in industrial lighting. The results show that using energy-efficient lighting fixtures, optimizing lighting controls, and adopting smart lighting solutions that integrate daylight in the illumination strategy and design are the most effective measures for reducing energy consumption and increasing efficiency.In the second part, the study examines the added values or non-energy benefitsof efficient industrial lighting. The findings indicate that apart from cost savings, efficient lighting leads to improvements on the quality of work environments, enhances workers health and safety conditions and improves environmental performance. Moreover, the study suggests that in many cases, the added values of lighting are not given the importance they should have and are not considered when an energy efficiency investment is planned to be done.The third part of the study identifies the drivers and barriers for adopting lighting efficiency measures in industrial settings. The study found that factors such as cost and energy savings, energy efficiency regulations are the main drivers for implementing efficient lighting solutions. However, barriers such as lack of awareness, perceived high initial costs, technology adoption and insufficient government incentives are the main obstacles to adoption.Finally, the study investigates the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in industrial lighting. The results show that AI-based solutions, such as predictive maintenance and intelligent lighting control could significantly improve energy efficiency and reduce maintenance costs. Moreover, AI can bring the work environment to another level by the application of human centred and personalized lighting.Overall, this master thesis work provides valuable insights into achieving more efficient industrial lighting by highlighting effective energy efficiency measures, identifying the added value of efficient lighting, and examining the drivers and barriers to adoption. Moreover, the study sheds light on the potential of AI in industrial lighting and its potential benefits and future challenges.

På uppdrag av Cytiva har detta projekt undersökt möjligheten och nyttan med att skaffa ett batterilager. Batterilager kan användas av ett företag på flera olika sätt, genom att minska effekttoppar, agera som reservkraft, eller utnyttja fluktuationer i elpriset genom att ladda när elen är billig och använda batteriet när elen är dyr. I detta projekt undersöks dessa användningssätt, med fokus på effekttoppsreducering. I projektet har flera olika batterikemier jämförts för att avgöra vilket som passar Cytivas behov bäst. Av bly-syrabatterier, Li-jonbatterier, flödesbatterier, Ni-metallhydridbatterier, Na-S-batterier och saltvattenbatterier fanns att Li-jonbatterier passade bäst för detta ändamål. Utifrån det har simuleringar gjorts för att ta reda på vad som ger den bästa toppkapningen. Det batteri som gav högst effektreducering hade kapacitet på 10 MWh och reducerade maxeffekten från 5973 kW till 5031 kW. Det minsta batteri som hade en hög effektreducering hade kapacitet på 6 MWh och reducerade maxeffekten till 5470 kW. Ingen av de användningssätt som nämnts är i sig tillräckligt lönsamma för att återbetala investeringen inom batteriets livstid. Däremot att kombinera någon av dessa användningssätt med att sälja kapacitet till elnätets frekvensregleringstjänster, gör att batteriet kan tjäna igen sin investeringskostad långt innan det behöver bytas ut och därmed bli lönsamt. I samband med att elproduktionen från sol- och vindkraft ökar så ökar också behovet av frekvensreglering, och även fluktuationerna i elpriset ökar. Detta gör att det just nu är mer lönsamt än någonsin att investera i energilagring. Eftersom elnätet på många håll redan är mycket ansträngt är det också bra för samhället i stort. En ökad flexibilitet i effektuttaget gör det lättare att främja elektrifieringen av samhället.

This bachelor thesis investigates the implementation of a solar panel and battery storage system in a Swedish church that is intermittently heated focusing on its economic effect and its environmental impact in terms of CO2 emissions. The models are developed to evaluate the costs and CO2 emissions associated with power production, storage, usage and installation of the implemented system. The thesis examines two cases: Case 1, where all the energy is bought from the grid, representing the current energy usage in many churches, and Case 2 which assumes the integration of a solar panel and battery storage system. In terms of economic effects, the thesis reveals that the solar panel and battery storage system results in a negative impact on the church’s costs regarding energy usage. Over a period of 25 years, the church is projected to incur a loss of 956 400 SEK. However, it is worth noting that the direct energy costs when having an implemented solar panel and battery storage system are reduced by 33%, and the sale of surplus solar power generates an income of 1 816 100 SEK. Regarding the environmental impact, the implementation of the solar panel and battery storage system results in increased emissions compared to when only consuming the Swedish electricity mix. This is mainly due to the emissions regarding manufacturing of the solar panel and battery storage system. However, it is visible that the implementation of solely solar panels would lower the system’s total CO2 emissions. The sensitivity analysis demonstrates that replacing the Swedish electricity mix with the EU electricity mix for sold solar energy results in a positive environmental impact. This since the power generated from the solar panels replaces the European electricity mix which has a higher CO2- emission equivalent. This is important to consider since it is impossible to determine which electricity mix the sold PV energy will replace. In conclusion, while the implementation of a solar panel and battery storage system negatively affects the church’s energy costs and leads to increased CO2 emissions in the examined case, there are certain benefits to consider. The reduced energy bought from the grid and lowered direct energy costs, as well as the revenue from selling surplus solar power establishes the potential for the system to provide a positive impact. However, there is a need for advancements in battery technology for this to be a possibility.

The Swedish power system is facing a lot of change in the near future. A system which is built around nuclear- and hydropower now contains more and more intermittent power sources such as wind and solar. In addition, Sweden is entering a second electrification era, where the electricity use is predicted to increase substantially. This means the need for flexibility in the power system is bigger than ever and is going to increase. The power system needs to be in balance at every instance. The same amount of energy that is produced also needs to be consumed. This balance, or imbalance, affects the frequency in the system and there are balancing markets in place to handle disturbances in the frequency.Flexible solutions outside these balancing markets can also be valuable since they can lower costs for power use and prevent unnecessary investments in the power grids. This thesis was written in cooperation with the municipal energy company Gävle Energi. The cases it is built on are both cases in and around Gävle. The study is based on two cases: One case where a local hauling company is interested in a combination of solar power, electric charging for vehicles, and a battery storage. The hauling company plans to electrify parts of their fleet and will by doing so increase their power use. The second case regards the building of a gasturbine for electricity production in Gävle Energi’s grid. Both cases examine how the balancing markets can be used to motivate investments in flexible solutions. The hauling company can lower their power peaks by using a battery storage and the battery storage can also be used to sell capacity on the balancing market FCR-D. Through planning when heavy duty charging and regular vehicle charging is done, unnecessary power peaks can be avoided. The study shows that a battery storage can in fact be profitable and bring benefits to both the hauling company and the national energy system. The second case, the gas turbine, is based on income from both the spot market and the balancing market mFRR which is then compared to the price for gas. The income from mFRR was varied between 140-250% of the prices from 2021 and the gas price was varied from 800-2100 SEK. The results show that the prices for mFRR need to increase a lot for the turbine to be profitable and the gas turbine could perhaps be more beneficial if combined with other solutions. The case has a lot of insecurities as the turbine runs very few hours per year (only 10 hours would have been profitable in 2021). It becomes vital that the bidding is won these hours, which is hard to predict.

Hydraulic oils are today most often based on mineral oil and thus eventuate in environmental and climate impacts during all its life cycle phases, but there are bio-based alternatives. Hy- draulic oils are widely used in forklifts, and the use of forklifts is increasing due to logistics within e-commerce. What can be done to reduce the impacts of hydraulic oils and their applications? To answer this question a life cycle assessment was implemented where a mineral-based oil was compared with a bio-based oil. Previous life cycle assessments in this field implies that much of the impacts of hydraulic oils occur during the final life cycle phase. Therefore, to broaden the study, waste oil management in Sweden and Europe was investigated. To gain an understanding of how hydraulic oils are being used, a market analysis directed at the Swedish forklift market was also implemented. The results show that re-refining, i.e. material recycling, is absolutely necessary to reduce impacts from hydraulic oils and to cope with the phasing out of fossil fuels. Re-refining resulted in a 79 % reduction among eight analysed impact categories compared with if the waste oil is processed into fuel and used as an energy source in manufacturing industries. Additionally, the use of bio-based hydraulic oil, in comparison with mineral-based oil, resulted in a 32 % reduction of greenhouse gases. However, it entails implications regarding other environmental impact categories, mostly connected to the cultivation of oil-rich plants from which these are derived. Which must be improved to ensure more sustainable cultivation of such crops. When it comes to awareness of hydraulics oil within the material handling market, the hydraulic oil in a forklift is not something forklift buyers pay much attention to today. Although, something that is considered important is the environmental labeling of the oil because it has a symbolic value and ensures that it meets environmental requirements. The findings in this study, together with results from similar studies, emphasize that no solution solves all environmental challenges because new ones will always occur. However, it highlights essential keystones regarding how the transition towards a more sustainable hydraulic oil management should proceed and that focus must be directed at the entire life cycle, especially at re-refining of waste oils.

Hybridparks combines two or more energy sources. In this thesis in partnership with Arise AB case studies have been conducted in combined photovoltaic power in their existing windparks. Wind and photovoltaic have productionpatterns that compelemts the other. Which in turn gives a more stable production.  Four windparks was chosen to be studied and tested as hybridparks: Fröslida, Häradsbo, Råbelöv och Idhult.  The size of the hybridpark was based on an earlier study from Arise. One conclusion from that study was that it is possible to install photovoltaics with 2/3 of the installed windpower.  The photovoltaic plant was simulated in the program Polysun. Polysun can make simulations and give insight on the possible photovoltaic yield. The data from the simulation was combined with the windpower yield data from Arise to analyse how the hybridpark would function.  Energy storage with lithium batteries have been calculated and tested in Excel. The results show the impact the energy storage have on production and delivery to the grid. A simple control scheme with on/off method with a schedule gave the best results in a daily battery cycle.  The energy sources seldom overlap and with a controlled energy storage it is possible to deliver power to the grid during power lacking periods such as winter.

Forskare är eniga om att jorden utsätts för ständiga klimatförändringar. Detta har lett till att FN tagit fram 17 globala mål som Sverige sedan har formulerat egna miljömål ifrån. En del av den omställning som behöver göras för att nå målen är att byta till en förnybar elproduktion. Det inspirerade till ämnet för examensarbetet, flytande solceller i kombination med vattenkraftverk. Syftet var att ta fram ett underlag för beslutsfattare på energiföretag, vilket innefattar att samla de regelverk som berör hybridtekniken, samt göra en sammanställning av för- och nackdelar med tekniken. Arbetet genomfördes i samarbete med Sydkraft Hydropower AB (SHAB). En av SHABs anläggningar, Edensforsens vattenkraftverk, undersöktes för att beräkna den potentiella solelproduktionen på en del av vattenreservoaren vid vattenkraftverket. För att uppnå resultatet gjordes en fallstudie bestående av en litteraturstudie samt simuleringar i Winsun, för att göra en beräkning av solelpotentialen för den specifika vattenytan vid Edensforsen. Resultatet visade att solcellsanläggningen vid Edensforsen skulle kunna nå en årlig elproduktion på 2,15 GWh i oskuggat läge med en utnyttjad yta på 15 000 m2 och 5412 solcellsmoduler. Det finns inte några specifika regelverk för flytande solceller eller hybridtekniken. Författarna har antagit att flytande solceller klassas som vattenverksamhet och därav berörs av de regelverken. Det innebär att en miljöpåverkansbedömning måste göras och en anmälan till mark- och miljödomstolen krävs då den föreslagna verksamheten kommer vara större än 3000 m2. Tidigare studier har visat att tekniken är ny och outforskad och att det därför är svårt att säga exakt vilken miljöpåverkan de flytande solcellsanläggningarna skulle ha. Hybridtekniken har fördelar som till exempel en minskad kostnad eftersom det redan finns en nätanslutning vid vattenkraften samt att solcellernas effekt kommer vara högre eftersom de får en kylande effekt från vattnet. De nackdelar som identifierats är bland annat att förankringen av de flytande solcellerna kan bli problematisk eftersom vattennivån kan variera i reservoaren. Även att det kan krävas avancerad teknik för att vattenkraften ska kunna regleras snabbt för att kunna justeras efter solelens produktion. Om SHAB skulle välja att implementera flytande solceller vid Edensforsens vatten- kraftverk med den föreslagna ytan skulle den kunna uppnå samma energieffektivitet som den till ytan mest energieffektiva solcellsparken som finns idag i Sverige. Som förslag för fortsatta studier skulle en kostnadsanalys kunna göras för att bredda beslutsunderlaget.