Entre les actes chirurgicaux et l'état métabolique il existe des nombreuses interactions. D'un côté, la réponse catabolique majeure induite par la chirurgie viscérale peut être contrôlée par une supplémentation nutritionnelle précoce, ce qui diminuerait la morbidité et la mortalité postopératoire et aussi les durées d'hospitalisation. L'albuminémie préopératoire est un bon facteur prédictif de l'état nutritionnel postopératoire, corrélée avec un pronostic postopératoire inférieure. La préalbumine reflète de façon plus sensible l'évolution de l'état nutritionnel. Principale hormone orexigène, la ghréline présente une cinétique perturbée lors des périodes postopératoires avec une augmentation de sa sécrétion au moment de la reprise de la nutrition entérale et des concentrations postopératoires moyennes inférieures à celles normales. Ces observations posent la question de l'utilité d'un traitement par analogues de la ghréline. De l'autre côté, la chirurgie bariatrique peut corriger les perturbations métaboliques corrélées à l'obésité, mais son efficacité n'est pas absolue. Par contre, en utilisant certains critères clinique (âge, IMC, présence d'un diabète sucré) et biologiques (insulino-résistance, taux d'IGF1), cette efficacité devient prédictible pour les interventions d'insertion d'anneau gastrique / Surgical interventions can have several effects on the metabolic status. On one hand, the important catabolic response caused by major digestive surgery can be controlled through an early nutritional support, which could reduce the mortality, morbidity and also the duration of hospitalization. The preoperative albumin level is a reliable predictive factor of the postoperative nutritional status and correlates to a worse postoperative prognosis. The prealbumin reflects in the most sensitive manner the evolution of the nutritional status. As the main orexigen hormone, ghrelin has a disturbed cynetics in the postoperative period with an augmentation of its secretion corresponding to the reintroduction of the enteral nutrition and mean postoperative concentrations that are lower than normal. These observations raise the question of the utility o a ghreline analogues’ treatment. On the other hand, bariatric surgery could correct the metabolic disturbances associated to obesity, but its efficacy is not absolute. However, by using certain clinical (age, BMI, presence of a diabetes mellitus) and biological (insulin-resistance, IGF1 level criteria, this efficac can be redictable in the case of gastric banding

Objetivo: Determinar el impacto de la nutrición enteral temprana en la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos Métodos: Se realizó un estudio analítico observacional de tipo cohorte retrospectivo en los pacientes ingresados a una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos (UCIP). La información fue recopilada de las historias clínicas. Nuestra variable de exposición fue nutrición enteral (NE), la cual se subdivide en inicio temprano (menor de 72 horas) y tardío (mayor o igual a 72 horas). La variable de respuesta fue tiempo de estancia hospitalaria (TEH), entendida como el periodo desde el ingreso a la UCIP hasta el alta hospitalaria. Resultados: La NE temprana se asoció a una disminución de 10.4 días en el tiempo de estancia hospitalaria. Asimismo, los pacientes que recibieron NE temprana tuvieron 7.13 días menos de tiempo de estancia en la unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos a comparación de quienes recibieron NE tardía. Además, la duración de la ventilación mecánica se asoció a una disminución de 5.43 días en quienes recibieron NE temprana a comparación de los pacientes que recibieron NE tardía. Finalmente, la interrupción de la NE se asoció a un aumento de 10.7 en el TEH. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con ventilación mecánica en UCIP que recibieron NE temprana tienen riesgo disminuido de tener mayor TEH, mayor tiempo de estancia en la UCIP y mayor duración de ventilación mecánica. La interrupción de la NE aumenta el TEH. / Objective: To determine the impact of early enteral nutrition in the pediatric intensive care unit. Methods: A retrospective cohort observational analytical study was performed in the patients admitted in a pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). The information in the medical records was compiled. Our exposure variable was enteral nutrition (EN) subdivided into early (<= 72 hours) and late (> 72 hours). The response variable was the length of hospital stay (LHS) understood as the period from admission to the PICU until hospital discharge. Results: Early EN is associated with a decrease of 10.4 days in the length of hospital stay. Likewise, patients who received early NE had 7.13 less days of stay in the PICU days compared to those who received late NE. In addition, the length of mechanical ventilation decrease 5.43 days in those who received early EN compared to patients who received late EN. Finally, the interruption of the NE increased the length of hospital stay by 10.7 days. Conclusions: Patients with MV in PICU who received early EN have a decreased risk of longer hospital stay, longer length of stay in the PICU, and longer duration of mechanical ventilation. The interruption of the NE increases the LHS. / Tesis

Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att undersöka vad omvårdnad innebär utifrån ett sjuksköterskeperspektiv och etiska faktorer gällande enteral näringstillförsel vid palliativ vård. Forskningsansatsen har varit en systematisk litteraturstudie baserad på Goodmans sju steg i forskningsprocessen. Studiens resultat baseras på 10 vetenskapliga artiklar. Utifrån dessa artiklars resultat utkristalliserades olika teman såsom riktlinjer, dokumentation, åtgärder, komplikationer och effekter inom området omvårdnad kring enteral näringstillförsel. Resultatet påvisar att enteral nutrition ingår i sjuksköterskans ansvarsområde. Det finns skrivna riktlinjer gällande enteral nutrition. Dock visades sig att det finns luckor mellan vad som är rekommenderad vård och vad som sker ute i klinisk verksamhet. Den mest förekommande komplikationen med nasogastrisk sond är aspiration av maginnehåll till lungorna. / The aim of this systematic review is to study what nursing care can imply from a nursing perspective and ethical issues regarding enteral nutrition in palliative care. The research approach has been a systematic literature review based on Goodmans seven principles. The result of the study is based on 10 scientific articles. From the results of the articles different themes, emerged such as guidelines, documentation, interventions, complications and effects within the area of enteral nutrition and nursing care. The results show that enteral nutrition is part of the nurse’s scope of practice and that written recommendations and guidelines exist. However, the review also shows that gaps between recommended nursing care and practice exist. The most frequent complication concerning enteral nutrition is lung aspiration.

Introduction: La réinstitution de l’alimentation entérale en deçà de 24h après une chirurgie digestive semble a priori conférer une diminution du risque d’infections de plaie, de pneumonies et de la durée de séjour. Le but de cette étude est de vérifier l’effet de la reprise précoce de l’alimentation entérale sur la durée de séjour hospitalier suite à une chirurgie colique. Méthodes: Il s’agit d’une étude prospective randomisée dans laquelle 95 patients ont été divisés aléatoirement en deux groupes. Dans le groupe contrôle, la diète est réintroduite lorsque le patient passe des gaz ou des selles per rectum, et qu’en plus il n’est ni nauséeux ni ballonné. Les patients du groupe expérimental reçoivent pour leur part une diète liquide dans les 12 heures suivant la chirurgie, puis une diète normale aux repas subséquents. L’objectif primaire de cette étude est de déterminer si la réinstitution précoce de l'alimentation entérale post chirurgie colique diminue la durée de séjour hospitalier lorsque comparée au régime traditionnel de réintroduction de l’alimentation. Les objectifs secondaires sont de quantifier l’effet de la réintroduction précoce de la diète sur les morbidités periopératoires et sur la reprise du transit digestif. Résultats: La durée de séjour hospitalier a semblé être légèrement diminuée dans le groupe expérimental (8,78±3,85 versus 9,41±5,22), mais cette difference n’était pas statistiquement significative. Des nausées ou des vomissements furent rapportés chez 24 (51%) patients du bras experimental et chez 30 (62.5%) patients du groupe contrôle. Un tube nasogastrique a du être installé chez un seul patient du groupe experimental. La morbidité périopératoire fut faible dans les deux groupes. Conclusion: Il semble sécuritaire de nourrir précocément les patients suite à une chirurgie colique. Cependant cette étude n’a pu démontrer un impact significatif de la reintroduction précoce de l alimentation per os sur la durée de séjour hospitalier. / Introduction: of early feeding within 24 hours of intestinal surgery seems advantageous in terms of reduction of wound infection, pneumonia and length of hospital stay. The aim of the study is to evaluate the impact of early enteral nutrition in length of hospital stay in comparison to traditional postoperative feeding regimen. Method: This prospective study enrolled 95 patients randomized in two groups: control group patients receive enteral feeding in absence of nausea or vomiting, abdominal distension and after passage of flatus or stools, while patients in experimental group were fed a liquid diet within 12 hours of surgery, followed by a regular diet at the next meal. The primary endpoint was the impact of early oral feeding on hospital length of stay. The secondary endpoint was to measure the impact of the diet reintroduction modality on the incidence of early postoperative morbidity and return of bowel function. Result: Length of hospital stay was slightly diminished in the experimental group compared to control (8,78±3,85 versus 9,41±5,22), but the difference was not statistically significant. Postoperative nausea and vomiting were reported in 24 (51,0%) patients in experimental group and 30 (62,5%) in control group. Only one patient required nasogastric tube insertion. The majority of patients did not demonstrate any postoperative morbidity in both groups. Conclusion: Early enteral nutrition is safe after intestinal surgery. However we did not demonstrate that early enteral feeding diminished length of hospital stay or hastened the return of bowel function.

INTRODUÇÃO: Indicadores de qualidade em terapia nutricional (IQTN) são importantes ferramentas de avaliação e monitoramento de qualidade da terapia nutricional (TN). No Brasil, além da escassez de recursos humanos e materiais, a aplicação dos IQTNs,disponíveis para prática clínica, tem sido limitada devido ao seu elevado número. O presente estudo procurou identificar os dezIQTNs mais pontuados, dentre aqueles disponíveis no Brasil, através da avaliação da opinião de especialistas em TN. MÉTODOS: Todos os IQTNs disponíveis para aplicação clínica no Brasil (n=36) foram avaliados em duas fases distintas. Na fase 1 (seleção), especialistas em TN (n=26) pontuaramos IQTNs de acordo com quatro atributos (utilidade, simplicidade, objetividade, e baixo custo), utilizando a escala de Likert com 5 pontos. Os IQTNs foram classificadosem ordem da maior para menor pontuação e a confiabilidade da opinião de especialistas para cada indicador foi avaliada poralfa de Cronbach. Na fase 2, os dez IQTNs selecionados com maior pontuaçãoforam submetidos ànova análise dos especialistas, por meio de duas perguntas fechadas. RESULTADOS: Os dez IQTNs selecionadoscom maior pontuação, em ordem do mais para o menos pontuado, foram 1.) Frequência de realização de triagem nutricional em pacientes hospitalizados, 2.) Frequência de diarreia em pacientes em Terapia Nutricional Enteral, 3.) Frequência de saída inadvertida de sonda de nutrição em pacientes em Terapia Nutricional Enteral, 4.) Frequência de obstrução de sonda de nutrição em pacientes em Terapia Nutricional Enteral, 5.) Frequência de jejum digestório por mais de 24 horas em pacientes em Terapia Nutricional Enteral ou Oral, 6.) Frequência de pacientes com disfunção da glicemia em Terapia Nutricional Enteral e Parenteral, 7.) Frequência de medida ou estimativa do gasto energético e necessidades proteicas em pacientes em Terapia Nutricional, 8.) Frequência de infecção por Cateter Venoso Central em pacientes em Terapia Nutricional Parenteral, 9.) Frequência de conformidade de indicação da Terapia Nutricional Enteral, 10.) Frequência de aplicação de Avaliação Subjetiva Global (ASG) em pacientes em Terapia Nutricional. As opiniões dos especialistas entrevistados foram significantemente consistentes. Durante a fase 2, 96% dos especialistas informaram estar satisfeitos com os 10 IQTNs selecionados, e 100% manifestaram que esta seleção refletiu a mesma opinião anteriormente emitida,na primeira fase do estudo. CONCLUSÃO: A avaliação da opinião de especialistas em TN, com o uso de técnicas psicométricas e ferramentas estatísticas, possibilitou a identificação dedezIQTNsmais pontuados,com consistência e representatividade de opiniões entre eles.A redução do número de trinta e seis IQTNs para os dez presentemente identificados pode contribuir para sua aplicação clínica / BACKGROUND: Quality indicators in nutritional therapy (QINT) are central tools to evaluate and monitor the quality of nutritional therapy. In addition to the scarcity of human and material resources, the application of the QINT available for clinical practice in Brazil has been limited also due to its elevated number. This study attempted to identify the ten more scored QINT that suit in the clinical practice, among those available in Brazil, through evaluating experts in Nutritional Therapy (NT). METHODS: All the 36 available QINTs to the clinical application in Brazil were evaluated in two distinct phases. In the phase 1 (selection), 26 experts in NT rated the QINTs following four attributes (utility, simplicity, objectivity and low cost), on a 5- point Likert scale. The top 10 QINTs were identified from the top 10 scores; and the reliability of the experts opinion to each indicator were evaluated by Cronbachs alpha. In phase 2, the top 10 selected QINTs were subjected in a new experts analysis following two closed questions. RESULTS: The top 10 selected QINTs, from the biggest to the least scored order, were: 1) Frequency of carrying out nutrition screening of hospitalized patients, 2) Frequency of diarrhea in patients on Enteral Nutrition (EN), 3) Frequency of involuntary withdrawal of enteral feeding tubes, 4) Frequency of tube feeding occlusion in patients on EN, 5) Frequency of digestive fasting for more than 24 hours in patients on oral nutrition or EN, 6) Frequency of patients with glycemic dysfunction on NT, 7) Frequency of measurement or estimation of energy expenditure and protein needs in patients on NT, 8) Frequency of Central Venous Catheter infection in patients on Parenteral Nutrition, 9) Frequency of indication compliance of NT 10) Frequency of application of Subjective Global Assessment in patients on NT. The opinions of the experts interviewed were significantly consistent. During the phase 2, 96% of the experts were found to be satisfied with the top 10 selected QINTs, and 100% expressed that the selection of the top 10 QINTs interfered the same opinion in the first phase of the study. CONCLUSION: The evaluation of the experts opinion in NT using psychometrics techniques and statistical tools, allowed the identification of the 10 most scored QINTs, with good applicability in NT and representativeness of opinions among them. The reduction of QINT number from 36 to ten, may contribute to their clinical application

Introduction: La réinstitution de l’alimentation entérale en deçà de 24h après une chirurgie digestive semble a priori conférer une diminution du risque d’infections de plaie, de pneumonies et de la durée de séjour. Le but de cette étude est de vérifier l’effet de la reprise précoce de l’alimentation entérale sur la durée de séjour hospitalier suite à une chirurgie colique. Méthodes: Il s’agit d’une étude prospective randomisée dans laquelle 95 patients ont été divisés aléatoirement en deux groupes. Dans le groupe contrôle, la diète est réintroduite lorsque le patient passe des gaz ou des selles per rectum, et qu’en plus il n’est ni nauséeux ni ballonné. Les patients du groupe expérimental reçoivent pour leur part une diète liquide dans les 12 heures suivant la chirurgie, puis une diète normale aux repas subséquents. L’objectif primaire de cette étude est de déterminer si la réinstitution précoce de l'alimentation entérale post chirurgie colique diminue la durée de séjour hospitalier lorsque comparée au régime traditionnel de réintroduction de l’alimentation. Les objectifs secondaires sont de quantifier l’effet de la réintroduction précoce de la diète sur les morbidités periopératoires et sur la reprise du transit digestif. Résultats: La durée de séjour hospitalier a semblé être légèrement diminuée dans le groupe expérimental (8,78±3,85 versus 9,41±5,22), mais cette difference n’était pas statistiquement significative. Des nausées ou des vomissements furent rapportés chez 24 (51%) patients du bras experimental et chez 30 (62.5%) patients du groupe contrôle. Un tube nasogastrique a du être installé chez un seul patient du groupe experimental. La morbidité périopératoire fut faible dans les deux groupes. Conclusion: Il semble sécuritaire de nourrir précocément les patients suite à une chirurgie colique. Cependant cette étude n’a pu démontrer un impact significatif de la reintroduction précoce de l alimentation per os sur la durée de séjour hospitalier. / Introduction: of early feeding within 24 hours of intestinal surgery seems advantageous in terms of reduction of wound infection, pneumonia and length of hospital stay. The aim of the study is to evaluate the impact of early enteral nutrition in length of hospital stay in comparison to traditional postoperative feeding regimen. Method: This prospective study enrolled 95 patients randomized in two groups: control group patients receive enteral feeding in absence of nausea or vomiting, abdominal distension and after passage of flatus or stools, while patients in experimental group were fed a liquid diet within 12 hours of surgery, followed by a regular diet at the next meal. The primary endpoint was the impact of early oral feeding on hospital length of stay. The secondary endpoint was to measure the impact of the diet reintroduction modality on the incidence of early postoperative morbidity and return of bowel function. Result: Length of hospital stay was slightly diminished in the experimental group compared to control (8,78±3,85 versus 9,41±5,22), but the difference was not statistically significant. Postoperative nausea and vomiting were reported in 24 (51,0%) patients in experimental group and 30 (62,5%) in control group. Only one patient required nasogastric tube insertion. The majority of patients did not demonstrate any postoperative morbidity in both groups. Conclusion: Early enteral nutrition is safe after intestinal surgery. However we did not demonstrate that early enteral feeding diminished length of hospital stay or hastened the return of bowel function.

Submitted by Simone Souza (simonecgsouza@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-25T13:35:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Vanessa Alvarenga Pegoraro.pdf: 1921327 bytes, checksum: dcf3ca8d3afb38e3634a7d5402c157e0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-09-26T14:29:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Vanessa Alvarenga Pegoraro.pdf: 1921327 bytes, checksum: dcf3ca8d3afb38e3634a7d5402c157e0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-26T14:29:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Vanessa Alvarenga Pegoraro.pdf: 1921327 bytes, checksum: dcf3ca8d3afb38e3634a7d5402c157e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-18 / Introdução: Independente da administração continua ou intermitente, nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI)geralmente o paciente recebe as suas necessidades nutricionais calculadas para a terapia nutricional enteral (TNE) em volume inferior ao programado, comprometendo sua recuperação. Assim, a interrupção programada da TNE em turno de realização das atividades de rotina diária dessas unidades, pode contribuir para diminuir este déficit. Objetivos:Avaliar em que período, diurno ou noturno, a interrupção na administração da terapia nutricional enteral no paciente crítico é mais eficaz para garantir as necessidades calculadas. Métodos:Estudo clínico, prospectivo, randomizado de abordagem quantitativa, em pacientes críticos internados em uma UTI Geral. Foram incluídos pacientes com idade maior que 18 anos, em uso de TNE exclusiva, observados nos primeiros cinco dias de dieta. Os pacientes no ato da indicação da TNE foram randomizados em dois grupos: Grupo I (18 horas de infusão de TNE – interrupção de 6h no período de 8h as 14h), e Grupo II (18 horas de infusão de TNE - com interrupção de 6h no período de 2h as 8h). Foram comparadas entre os grupos as seguintes variáveis: sexo, idade, Apache II, ASG, peso, necessidades calóricas, proteicas, volumes de dieta prescritos e infundidos. As variáveis quantitativas foram representadas por médias e desvio padrão. A normalidade dos dados pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e sua homogeneidade pelo teste de Levene. A análise de dados foi realizada através do teste de análise de variância (ANOVA) e teste Post Hoc de Tukey. Para variáveis categóricas, o teste de qui-quadrado de Mantel-Haenszel ou Teste Exato de Fisher. Foi utilizado o programa SPSS versão 18.0 (α= 5%). Resultados: Os dados demográficos avaliados foram semelhantes entre os dois grupos. A avaliação de gravidade usando o APACHE II evidenciou grupos semelhantes (p=0,168). Na avaliação nutricional pela ASG, nenhum paciente dos dois grupos foi ASG- A, ASG-B 66,7% no grupo I e 86,7 % no grupo II, ASG-C 33,3 % e 13,3%, respectivamente, no grupos I e II (p=0,389). Peso médio idênticos em ambos os grupos (p=0,978). Comparando o volume infundido >60 % entre os grupos, no grupo I a infusão de dieta foi de 66,7 % versus 53,3%, no grupo II (p=0,463). E quanto ao alcance das metas de NC até o 3º dia de infusão, o grupo I obteve 13,3 % comparado ao grupo II com 6,7 % (p=0,549). E o alcance da NP no mesmo período, foi no grupo I comparado ao grupo II (20,0% versus 6,7%, p=0,290). Conclusão: Baseado nos resultados, podemos concluir que as necessidades de terapia nutricional enteral calculadas no paciente crítico são atingidas de forma semelhante tanto para interrupção diurna quanto noturna. / Introduction: Regardless of continuous or intermittent administration in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients usually receive their nutritional requirements calculated for enteral nutrition therapy (ENT) in less than planned volume, hindering their recovery. Thus, the interruption of scheduled shift ENT in performing daily routine activities of these units can contribute to reduce this deficit. Objectives: To assess the period, day or night, the interruption in the administration of enteral nutritional therapy in critically ill patients is more effective to ensure the calculated requirements. Methods: clinical, prospective , randomized study of quantitative approach in critically ill patients hospitalized to a general ICU . Patients over 18 years old were included in the exclusive use of ENT, observed in the first five days of diet. Patients in the act of nomination of ENT were randomized into two groups: Group I (18 hours ENT infusion – break of 6 hours in the period of 8 a.m. to 2 p.m.) and Group II (18 hours ENT infusion - break of 6 hours in the period of 2 a.m. to 8 a.m.). Among the groups the following variables were compared: sex, age, Apache II, ASG, weight, calorie needs, protein, diet prescribed volumes and infused. The quantitative variables were represented by medium-sized and standard deviation. The normality of the data by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and its homogeneity by Levene's test. Data analysis was performed by testing analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test Post Hoc. For categorical variables, the Chi-square test of Mantel-Haenszel or Fisher's Exact Test. We used the program SPSS version 18.0 (α = 5%). Results: the demographics data assessed were similar between the two groups. The assessment of severity using APACHE II showed similar groups (p = 0.168). In nutritional evaluation by ASG, none of the patients of both groups was ASG-A, ASG-B, 66.7% in Group I and 86.7% in Group II, ASG-C 33.3% and 13.3%, respectively, in groups I and II (p = 0.389). There were average weight identical in both groups (p = 0.978). Comparing the volume infused > 60% between the groups, in the Group I the infusion of diet was 66.7% versus 53.3% in Group II (p = 0.463). And, as for achieving the goals of NC until the 3rd day of infusion, group I obtained 13.3% compared with 6.7% in Group II (p = 0.549). And, the achieving of the NP in the same period, was in Group I compared to group II (20.0% vs. 6.7%, p = 0.290). Conclusion: Based on the results, we can conclude that the needs of enteral nutrition therapy calculated in critical patient are affected in a similar manner for both daytime and nighttime interruption.

INTRODUÇÃO: Indicadores de qualidade em terapia nutricional (IQTN) são importantes ferramentas de avaliação e monitoramento de qualidade da terapia nutricional (TN). No Brasil, além da escassez de recursos humanos e materiais, a aplicação dos IQTNs,disponíveis para prática clínica, tem sido limitada devido ao seu elevado número. O presente estudo procurou identificar os dezIQTNs mais pontuados, dentre aqueles disponíveis no Brasil, através da avaliação da opinião de especialistas em TN. MÉTODOS: Todos os IQTNs disponíveis para aplicação clínica no Brasil (n=36) foram avaliados em duas fases distintas. Na fase 1 (seleção), especialistas em TN (n=26) pontuaramos IQTNs de acordo com quatro atributos (utilidade, simplicidade, objetividade, e baixo custo), utilizando a escala de Likert com 5 pontos. Os IQTNs foram classificadosem ordem da maior para menor pontuação e a confiabilidade da opinião de especialistas para cada indicador foi avaliada poralfa de Cronbach. Na fase 2, os dez IQTNs selecionados com maior pontuaçãoforam submetidos ànova análise dos especialistas, por meio de duas perguntas fechadas. RESULTADOS: Os dez IQTNs selecionadoscom maior pontuação, em ordem do mais para o menos pontuado, foram 1.) Frequência de realização de triagem nutricional em pacientes hospitalizados, 2.) Frequência de diarreia em pacientes em Terapia Nutricional Enteral, 3.) Frequência de saída inadvertida de sonda de nutrição em pacientes em Terapia Nutricional Enteral, 4.) Frequência de obstrução de sonda de nutrição em pacientes em Terapia Nutricional Enteral, 5.) Frequência de jejum digestório por mais de 24 horas em pacientes em Terapia Nutricional Enteral ou Oral, 6.) Frequência de pacientes com disfunção da glicemia em Terapia Nutricional Enteral e Parenteral, 7.) Frequência de medida ou estimativa do gasto energético e necessidades proteicas em pacientes em Terapia Nutricional, 8.) Frequência de infecção por Cateter Venoso Central em pacientes em Terapia Nutricional Parenteral, 9.) Frequência de conformidade de indicação da Terapia Nutricional Enteral, 10.) Frequência de aplicação de Avaliação Subjetiva Global (ASG) em pacientes em Terapia Nutricional. As opiniões dos especialistas entrevistados foram significantemente consistentes. Durante a fase 2, 96% dos especialistas informaram estar satisfeitos com os 10 IQTNs selecionados, e 100% manifestaram que esta seleção refletiu a mesma opinião anteriormente emitida,na primeira fase do estudo. CONCLUSÃO: A avaliação da opinião de especialistas em TN, com o uso de técnicas psicométricas e ferramentas estatísticas, possibilitou a identificação dedezIQTNsmais pontuados,com consistência e representatividade de opiniões entre eles.A redução do número de trinta e seis IQTNs para os dez presentemente identificados pode contribuir para sua aplicação clínica / BACKGROUND: Quality indicators in nutritional therapy (QINT) are central tools to evaluate and monitor the quality of nutritional therapy. In addition to the scarcity of human and material resources, the application of the QINT available for clinical practice in Brazil has been limited also due to its elevated number. This study attempted to identify the ten more scored QINT that suit in the clinical practice, among those available in Brazil, through evaluating experts in Nutritional Therapy (NT). METHODS: All the 36 available QINTs to the clinical application in Brazil were evaluated in two distinct phases. In the phase 1 (selection), 26 experts in NT rated the QINTs following four attributes (utility, simplicity, objectivity and low cost), on a 5- point Likert scale. The top 10 QINTs were identified from the top 10 scores; and the reliability of the experts opinion to each indicator were evaluated by Cronbachs alpha. In phase 2, the top 10 selected QINTs were subjected in a new experts analysis following two closed questions. RESULTS: The top 10 selected QINTs, from the biggest to the least scored order, were: 1) Frequency of carrying out nutrition screening of hospitalized patients, 2) Frequency of diarrhea in patients on Enteral Nutrition (EN), 3) Frequency of involuntary withdrawal of enteral feeding tubes, 4) Frequency of tube feeding occlusion in patients on EN, 5) Frequency of digestive fasting for more than 24 hours in patients on oral nutrition or EN, 6) Frequency of patients with glycemic dysfunction on NT, 7) Frequency of measurement or estimation of energy expenditure and protein needs in patients on NT, 8) Frequency of Central Venous Catheter infection in patients on Parenteral Nutrition, 9) Frequency of indication compliance of NT 10) Frequency of application of Subjective Global Assessment in patients on NT. The opinions of the experts interviewed were significantly consistent. During the phase 2, 96% of the experts were found to be satisfied with the top 10 selected QINTs, and 100% expressed that the selection of the top 10 QINTs interfered the same opinion in the first phase of the study. CONCLUSION: The evaluation of the experts opinion in NT using psychometrics techniques and statistical tools, allowed the identification of the 10 most scored QINTs, with good applicability in NT and representativeness of opinions among them. The reduction of QINT number from 36 to ten, may contribute to their clinical application

L'augmentation de la survie des grands prématurés fait de la réduction des séquelles dans cette population un enjeu majeur. Alors qu'il influence leur devenir, le support nutritionnel des grands prématurés échoue souvent à prévenir le déficit protéino-énergétique, les carences nutritionnelles, et les ralentissements de croissance, aggravant leur pronostic. Nos recherches investiguaient plusieurs axes des stratégies nutritionnelles actuelles, leurs limites ainsi que les perspectives d'améliorations : I) parentérales, II) entérales, III) préventions des complications, IV) évaluation de la croissance. Il s'agissait d'un ensemble d'études cliniques, qui révélaient : I) Des variations significatives d'apports parentéraux à l'intérieur des centres, ainsi qu'une sous-utilisation des lipides, participant au déficit protéino-énergétique précoce. Un impact des lipides sur la croissance, le développement cérébral, voire l'incidence de complications était suggéré. II) Des avantages de l'utilisation de lait maternel frais dans la 1ère semaine de vie sur la poursuite de l'allaitement des nouveau-nés hospitalisés, ainsi que des variations importantes de sa composition. Une augmentation des taux d'allaitement sur les périodes d'études révélait un effet bénéfique de la recherche, même « observationnelle », sur l'allaitement. III) Une augmentation du risque d'hyperglycémie en cas de diminution de la phosphatémie. IV) Des répercussions modérées de la restriction de croissance intra-utérine sur le neuro-développement des prématurés, malgré des réserves auxologiques. Ces travaux permettaient donc d'identifier plusieurs barrières, et d'envisager différentes stratégies d'amélioration du soutien nutritionnel. Ils soulignent la complexité et l'importance des liens entre nutrition, croissance et développement neurologique des enfants à risques. Des efforts supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour optimiser les connaissances, les recommandations et les pratiques dans ce domaine / Facing to increasing survival of very preterm neonates, reducing sequelae in this population became a major public issue. Nutritional support of preterm neonates has a durable impact on their future. However, it often fails to prevent the protein-energetic imbalance, nutritional deficiencies, and post-natal growth restriction, which act as aggravating factors. Our researches evaluated different axes of current nutritional strategies, limitations and possible improvements: I) parenteral, II) enteral, III) prevention of complications, IV) growth assessment. Most relevant findings of these clinical studies were: I) Significant variations of parenteral intakes in the centres, as well as inadequate use of lipids, involved in early energetic-protein deficit. Impact of lipids on growth, brain development, and even the incidence of complications were suggested. II) Advantages in using fresh raw mother's own milk in the early days to enhance breastfeeding in hospitalized neonates, as well as important changes in mother's milk composition. An increase in breastfeeding rates over the periods of studies showed a beneficial effect of the research, although "observational", on breastfeeding. III) An increased risk of hyperglycemia in case of low phosphatemia. IV) A moderate impact of being small for gestational age on neuro-development in a preterm cohort, and related auxologic limitations. This work allowed to recognize some barriers of the nutritional support, and to consider different improvement strategies. It emphasizes the close and important links between nutrition, growth and neurological development of vulnerable infants. Further efforts are needed to optimize knowledge, recommendations and practices in this area

Introdução: Ainda que o uso de Sondas Nasoentéricas (SNE) pareça ser frequente em hospitais, são raros os estudos dimensionando a prevalência do procedimento e o tempo despendido entre indicação e seu uso, especialmente em Emergências. Nestes espaços assistenciais, os atrasos podem contribuir para a manutenção da superlotação e, também, configurarem-se como incidentes no processo assistencial. Objetivo: Conhecer o tempo entre a indicação da SNE e seu efetivo uso e entre as etapas intermediárias desse processo, além de dos fatores associados a atrasos. Método: Entre abril e junho de 2015, foram incluídos adultos admitidos em uma Emergência de um hospital universitário brasileiro em uma coorte prospectiva. Os pacientes foram acompanhados do momento da indicação ao efetivo uso da SNE, mesurando-se os tempos demandados em cada etapa e os possíveis fatores associados ao tempo despendido até a utilização da sonda (variáveis relacionadas à clínica do paciente ou ao processo de trabalho). Para avaliar os fatores associados a ao tempo despendido, adotou-se o modelo de Equações de Estimações Generalizadas (Generalized Estimating Equations – GEE), respeitando-se a distribuição Gamma da variável diferença de tempo. Para a comparação intrafatores foi adotado o teste de Bonferroni como teste Post Hoc. Resultados: Houve 150 inserções de SNE em 115 pacientes. A mediana de tempo entre a indicação e o uso da sonda foi 573 (IQR: 360 - 1093; mínimo: 63 – máximo: 3120) minutos. Analisando-se as diferentes subetapas do processo, foram identificados como fatores independentes de risco para maior tempo entre a indicação e o uso da SNE: inserção de SNE em paciente que não a utilizava antes do atendimento na Emergência, médico não entregar a prescrição de inserção de sonda ao enfermeiro, inserção de SNE na jornada de trabalho noturna, alocação do paciente na sala de cuidados intensivos, retardos na rotina médica, da nutrição e de enfermagem, uso de ventilação mecânica, noradrenalina e necessidade de jejum. Conclusão: O tempo entre a indicação e o uso de sonda nasoentérica foi elevado, excedendo 10 horas em metade dos casos. Fatores relacionados às condições clínicas dos pacientes e à gestão da assistência contribuiriam para o aumento neste tempo. / Background: Although the use of Nasoenteric tubes (NET) appears to be common in hospitals, few studies measure the prevalence of the procedure and the time between the indication and its use, especially in Emergencie Departement. In the Emergency Departament, delays may contribute to the maintenance of overcrowding and also being configured as incidents in the care process. Objective: Knowing the time spent between the indication of the NET and its effective use, as well as the times and factors associated to delays in sub-steps of process. Method: Between April and June 2015, patients adults admitted to an Emergency Departament of a Brazilian university hospital were included in a prospective Cohort. Patients were followed-up from the NET indication until its effective use. The spent time in each sub-step and the possible associated factors with the time taken to use the NET (variables related to the patient's clinical or work process) were analised. To evaluate the associated factors with time spent, the Generalized Estimating Equations model was adopted, respecting the Gamma distribution of variable "time difference". For intrafatores comparison was adopted Bonferroni test as a post hoc test. Results: There were 150 insertions NET in 115 patients. The median time between the NET indication and its use was 573 (IQR: 360-1093; minimum: 63 - maximum: 3120) minutes. Analyzing the different sub-steps of the process, were identified as independent risk factors for increased time between the NET indication and its use: NET insertion in patients who do not used before the Emergency Departement, doctor does not deliver the NET insert prescription to the nurse, NET insertion in the night working hours, patient allocation in intensive care room, delays in medical, nutrition and nursing routine, patients undergoing mechanical ventilation, norepinephrine and need fasting. Conclusion: The time between the NET indication and its use was high, exceeding 10 hours in half the cases. Factors related to the patients' clinical conditions and the management of the assistance would contribute to the increase at this time lapse. / Introducción: Aunque el usio de Sondas Nasoentericas (SNE) parezca frequenteen Hospitales, son raros los estudios dimensionando el predominio el procedimiento y el tiempo dispensado entre indicación y el uso, especialmente em Emergencias. En estos espacios asistenciales, los atrasos pueden contribuir para el mantenimiento de la super población, tambien se configura como incidentes em el proceso asistencial. Objetivo: Conocer el tiempo entre la indicación de la SNE e su efectivo uso y entrelas etapas intermediarias de este proceso, además de los factores asociados a atrasos. Método: Entre abril y junio de 2015, fueron incluídos adultos admitidos em uma emergência de um hospital universitário brasileño em uma Cohorte prospectiva. Los pacientes fueron acompanados del momento de la indicacional efectivo uso de la SNE, mesurando los tiempo demandados em cada etapa y los posibles factores asociados al tiempo dispoensado hasta la utilización de sonda (variables relacionadas a la paraclinica del paciente al proceso del trabajo). Para evaluar los factores asociados al tiempo dispensado, se adopto el modelo de Ecuaciones de Estimativos Generalizadas (Genneralized Estimating Equations – GEE), respetando la distribución Gamma de la variable diferencia del tiempo. Para la comparación intra factores fue adoptado la tesis de Bonferroni como test Post Hoc. Resultados: hubo 150 inserciones de SNE em 115 pacientes. A mediano tiempo entre la indicación y el uso de la sonda fueron 573 (IQR:360 – 1093; mínimo:63 – máximo: 3120) minutos. Se analizan lãs diferentes sub etapas del proceso, fueron identificados como factores independientes de riesgo para mayor tiempo entre la indicacion y el uso de la SNE: ionserción de SNE em paciente que no la utilizaba antes de la atencion em la Emergencia, médico no entregar la prescripción de inserción de sonda al enfermero, inserción de SNE em la jornada de trabajo nocturno, transferência del paciente em la sala de cuidados intensivos, retardos em la rutina medica, del la nutricion y de Enfermería, uso de ventilación mecânica, noradrenalina y la necesidad de la ayuna. Conclusión: El tiempo ente la indicación y el uso de la sonda nasoenterica fue elevado, exediendose 10 horas em la mitad de los casos. Factores relacionados a lãs condiciones clinicas de los pacientes y de la gestion de la Asistencia contribuyeron para el aumento en este tiempo.