Magister Legum - LLM / This mini-thesis analyses the international legal framework governing the protection of the natural environment during armed conflicts. It critically examines the normative rules in international humanitarian law and international environmental law in respect of environmental damage during armed conflicts and it highlights the strengths and shortcomings of international law in this regard. Furthermore, this thesis investigates how the regulatory structures of the African Union (AU) address the problem of environmental damage during armed conflict. It draws on the aforementioned analyses to determine how regional law in Africa differs from the international regime and in what ways the regional framework may serve to complement the international legal regime in order to strengthen the protection of the environment during armed conflict on the continent.

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La diversité biologique de Madagascar est caractérisée par une richesse et une endémicité exceptionnelles. Ces caractéristiques motivent le classement de l'île parmi les zones vulnérables et nécessitent par ailleurs, la mise en place de mesures de protection particulières. Issues de l'adhésion aux conventions internationales relatives à l'environnement, les dispositions du droit malgache de la protection de la nature héritent aussi des mesures historiques internes. Ce droit embrasse un champ large d'application : autant les espèces de la faune et de la flore que les espaces à forte potentialité comme les aires protégées et les forêts. À l'examen des textes adoptés en la matière, l'administration centrale constitue un pilier de ce droit de la protection de la nature. De la Loi fondamentale aux dispositions législatives et réglementaires, les responsabilités sont attribuées majoritairement aux autorités centrales. De cette concentration des prises de décision au niveau central, il résulte que la protection de la biodiversité est tributaire de la stabilité du pouvoir et de la volonté réelle des dirigeants à œuvrer en faveur de cette protection. Afin de pallier ces problèmes, il a été décidé d'impliquer les communautés locales riveraines. Cette participation va au-delà de la simple concertation : elle prend place en amont lors de l'élaboration des mesures de protection et implique en aval une responsabilisation plus importante de ces communautés. Ce transfert des responsabilités des autorités centrales au profit des communautés locales permet alors d'instaurer un dialogue et de mettre en place des actions concertées dans la protection de la nature à Madagascar. / Madagascar is classified as one of the hotspots of natural biodiversity in the world because of its exceptional but endangered richness and endemicity of its fauna and flora. Implementing special measures to protect the remaining habitats in the island is very important. The Malagasy law on the protection of nature was built taking into account Malagasy historical measures and international conventions on environmental protection. It encompasses protection of species of any living organisms and habitats with high potentials such as protected areas and the forests. Texts adopted in this regard stipulate that the government plays a key role on environmental protection. From the Fundamental Law and the Regulations Act on environmental protection, responsibilities are assigned mainly to the central authorities. Thus, conservation of biodiversity in Madagascar depends on the political stability and the will of the leaders to preserve nature. Community-based conservation was one of the strategies adopted to solve this issue. This implies actions that would go beyond mere consultation, integrating the local community into projects of conservation. Developing more efficient protective measures and transferring greater responsibilities to the local communities by empowering them would allow better dialogs and develop concerted actions towards protection of the unique fauna and flora in Madagascar.

This study argues that the basis of all environmental justice variations is the consideration of fairness, equity and justice in the environmental processes that resolve environmental problems. A Procedural Environmental Justice Model (PEJM) has been developed for the purpose of evaluating the procedural environmental justice content of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) legislation in South Africa and Zambia. EIA as a tool for mitigating adverse environmental impacts arising from development activities aims at identifying, predicting, evaluating and mitigating the bio-physical, social, and other relevant effects of development proposals prior to major decisions being taken. This makes it an apt case study for evaluating how procedural environmental justice works. The PEJM developed in this thesis is important because it can be used as a mechanism for evaluating how procedural environmental justice works in practice. Apart from developing the PEJM, this research provides an in- depth evaluation of procedural environmental justice and proceeds, in a novel manner, to focus on South Africa and Zambia. The concept of environmental justice originates from the civil liberties campaigns of the 1960s and the more recent Environmental Justice Movement in the United States. It was historically concerned with widespread distributive inequalities which manifested as discrimination mainly on the basis of race and economic status in environmental matters. In more recent years, environmental justice concerns have become more profound owing to the diversity and gravity of global environmental problems such as global warming and climate change, natural resources depletion and widespread air and water pollution. The effects of these global environmental problems have been predicted to affect inhabitants of developing countries more than those of the developed ones, thereby emphasising procedural environmental justice concerns.This research shows that in the present day environmental parlance, environmental justice should be increasingly used to connote inclusiveness in addressing global, national and grassroots environmental problems. There has been a distinct tendency to move beyond the traditional description of environmental justice as being distributive, or primarily concerned with the allocation of environmental advantages and disadvantages. This is due to the realisation that distributive environmental justice aspects are inadequate in addressing historical and present day environmental challenges. This research emphasises that environmental justice incorporates procedural, corrective and social aspects of justice. The promotion of inclusive participation or procedural environmental justice transcends all conceptions of the concept. Therefore, in order to promote environmental justice, environmental legislation must focus on procedural features that incorporate effective public participation mechanisms.

Le droit impose à l’immeuble une fonction de protection de la nature. Cette fonction se décline d’abord par l’accumulation des contraintes de protection sur l’immeuble lui-même, ou sur les activités qui peuvent y être exercées. Mais elle s’affirme pleinement avec l’essor de la notion de patrimoine commun. Car en imposant à l’immeuble de protéger les éléments du patrimoine commun naturel, le droit révèle sa part collective. Il comporte ainsi un domaine commun et un domaine individuel. Le premier, conservé par la communauté, a pour objet d’assurer la conservation de l’immeuble dans un état suffisant pour qu’il assure sa fonction de protection de la nature. Le second symbolise la part de l’immeuble dont l’usage est laissé au propriétaire, à charge pour lui de ne pas altérer le domaine commun.Affirmée par le droit, la fonction n’a de valeur que si elle est préservée. A l’étude, sa préservation présente un double effet. Il sera atténué lorsqu’il permet des exceptions à l’impératif de protection de la nature. Il sera intégral s’il ne s’en accommode pas. L’effet atténué est matérialisé par le régime de la compensation écologique. Outre qu’il n’est pas certain qu’une nature reconstituée est l’équivalent d’une nature originelle, le régime soulève des écueils temporels, que le statut juridique de l’immeuble de l’immeuble permet de lever. Si le dommage est accidentel, l’effet de la préservation de la fonction sera alors intégral. Sans conciliation possible, le droit sanctionne toute dégradation du domaine commun. / The law imposes a duty of nature protection on real estate property.The rise of the common heritage principle has bought this duty to the forefront; this has translated into an accumulation of protection constraints on the real estate (property) itself, but also on the activities which may be exercised within it.By imposing an obligation to protect the natural common heritage, the law demonstrates the common dimension of real estate property. Therefore it includes a common domain and a private domain.The first aims to maintain the real estate property in good and sufficient repair so that it can fulfill its nature protection duty.The second symbolizes the part of the real estate property whose use is left up to the owner, in which case it is up to him not to alter the common domain.However this duty is of no value if it isn’t guaranteed/protected. This thesis shows that this preservation has two different effects. The effect is attenuated when it allows exceptions to the nature protection imperative and it is full when it does not.The attenuated effect is materialized by the environmental compensation system. Apart from the fact that it is never certain that a restored environment is the equivalent of the original one, the system also raises issues concerning the length of the effect; issues that the legal status of real estate property help to clear. If the damage is accidental, then the effect of the duty of preservation will be full. Any degradation of the common domain will be sanctioned by law, without any possible conciliation.

L'espace naturel est l'objet d'enjeux très divers relayés par le droit qui y applique de nombreuses procédures et règles spécifiques. il doit concilier le développement des sociètés humaines et la protection de la nature. les aires protégées, pour l'essentiel, les parcs nationaux, les réserves naturelles et les arrêtés de protection de biotope, fournissent le cadre privilégié d'une étude d'ensemble du régime de protection dans ces espaces qui impose de sérieuses restrictions au droit des sols et notamment au droit de construire sur lequel se fonde le droit de l'urbanisme. des problèmes de conflit de normes apparaissent donc entre un droit de l'environnement qui a vocation à protéger les espaces, et un droit de l'urbanisme qui entend aménager, exploiter ces mêmes espaces. les relations conflictuelles entre des deux droits conduisent à analyser de manière systèmatique le régime de l'occupation des sols dans chaque aire protégée de france. au demeurant, le droit de l'environnement s'intéressera à la question de la superposition de réglementation qui conduit à des entraves à la conservation de la nature, ce, en raison d'une transformation de l'espace générée par la construction ou l'aménagement en terrains à bâtir. / The concept of protected natural area, including national parks and nature reserves, encompasses a variety of legal regimes. Among them, the most classical ones originate from a combination of legal statuses and police regulations. These protections are rooted in both environmental and planning laws, which tend to overlap, making it harder to clearly identify the regimes and principles that inspired them in the first place, and to appreciate their legal significance.On the one hand, the present work aims at defining the legal regime applicable to each of these protected natural areas, by explaining its specific normative organisation; on the other hand, its goal is to identify the contribution of planning law to the protection of natural areas, through its rules and procedures. The legal framework of the protection of natural areas thus clarified, it faces a double set of challenges. The first ones lay in the prioritisation and the articulation of regulations and procedures that derive from diverse laws applicable to the space. It also implies to remove certain obstacles linked to the competition of police regulations. The second set of challenges emanates from an emerging global law of sustainable development that has been granted constitutional status by the Chart for the Environnement. This global law irriguates the whole regulations and is now binding on all public policies, including city planning.constitutional level through the Environmental Charter..

The theme of my diploma work is the regulations in energy sector. I will try to describe their impacts on the environment. I will deal with the economic effects of the regulations and their utility for the environment. I will use many criteria for the consideration of these regulations. The main solution of my goals should be the application of the regulations in energy sector to aggregates of national economy. In the first part of my diploma work I will try to define the concept of regulation and I will also mention some kinds of regulation, their methods and goals. In the second part, I will focus on regulations in Czech Republic and I will determine their background and institutions which deal with them. Third part of the work will contain the impacts of the regulations on market mechanism. I will focus on specific economic theories which deal with regulations. Fourth part will determine impacts of the regulations on the environment. I will mention some laws and alternatives for environment which are related to these regulations. Final part of my work will deal with individual regulations and their impact on aggregates of national economy.

Orientador: Hildebrando Herrmann / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T20:46:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvestre_Mariel_M.pdf: 4242271 bytes, checksum: 963db59607e7f169467e8a1a64eaade6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Segundo dados apresentados pelo Ministério de Minas e Energia, 80% das minas e jazidas estão localizadas em área de preservação permanente, embora o somatório de todas as áreas de concessão de lavra seja cerca de 0,2% (dois décimos por cento) da área total do País. Quando da mineração em área de preservação permanente estaremos diante de um conflito de bens e atividades de interesse comum, não devendo um interesse se sobrepor ao outro, mas sim, buscar a conjugação entre uso racional de um bem natural, qual seja, o minério, e a preservação de área com função ambiental. Para tanto, utiliza-se mecanismos práticos de caráter preventivo, como o licenciamento ambiental de ordem sócio-ambiental e a análise do PAE - Plano de Aproveitamento Econômico de ordem sócio-econômica e mecanismos de caráter corretivo, com a obrigação prevista constitucionalmente, do minerador recuperar a área degradada. O que se busca é a garantia do desenvolvimento sustentável, pautando-se nas bases sociais, econômicas e ambientais / Abstratct: According to data presented by the Mining and Energy Ministry, 80% of mines and natural deposits of ores are located in permanent preservation areas, however, the total of the concession areas in mine work is around 0,2% of the country's total area. Concerning mining in permanent preservation areas raises a conflict of assets and activities in common interest, as one interest should not overlay another, but yet seek a conjugation between rational use of the natural asset, that is, the ore, and the area preservation for environmental function. Therefore, practical mechanisms for prevention are used, such as environmental licensing of social-environment order and an analysis of EUP- Economical Utilization Plan (PAE - Plano de Aproveitamento Econômico) of social-economics and mechanisms for correction, obliging the miner to recover the degraded areas complying to foreseen constitutional obligation. The guarantee to sustainable development is sought, supported by social, economical and environmental bases / Mestrado / Administração e Politica de Recursos Minerais / Mestre em Geociências

Orientador: Emília Wanda Rutkowski / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T19:19:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Servilha_ElsonRoney_D.pdf: 988335 bytes, checksum: 4b2042bfa3d2a50cf915ac14619c81cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O presente trabalho discute Ordem Pública. Ele apresenta uma definição de ordem pública ambiental [OPA] a partir dos componentes segurança pública, salubridade pública e tranquilidade pública. Analisando as variáveis sociais, econômicas, políticas e ambientais, apresentam-se os instrumentos da OPA. A compreensão dos instrumentos de gestão territorial, que visam a proteção do ambiente e a promoção do bem-estar social, é baseada na compreensão da construção do processo de sustentabilidade ambiental facilitado pelo conhecimento da OPA. Este tema interdisciplinar interliga o conhecimento técnico-científico e os saberes sociais no âmbito da decisão do Estado como um aliado para a constituição de uma consciência nacional em um Estado democrático. Esta tese foi desenvolvida através de metodologia qualitativa, a partir da análise da literatura especializada e da observação participante, resultando em uma reflexão teórico-conceitual sobre a ordem pública ambiental. A trilogia clássica da Ordem Pública - segurança pública, salubridade pública e tranquilidade pública - é abordada sob a perspective do desenvolvimento sustentável. A segurança pública, atualmente o componente de maior destaque, proposto como um elemento ambiental, lida com recursos que permitem assegurar valores, particularmente, o direito à vida - a vida humana, aos bens ambientais e ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado. Estas características permitem também proteger a vida em todas as formas, bem como para garantir os direitos sócioambientais. A componente salubridade ambiental tem como objeto a análise da higiene ambiental e salvaguarda a saúde pública ambiental. Além disso, a tranquilidade pública ambiental é reconhecida pelas ações em segurança e salubridade públicas, o que caracteriza a boa ordem e a tranquilidade do ambiente. A boa ordem leva ao reconhecimento de que o meio ambiente não seja perturbado, enquanto a tranquilidade ambiental é constatada quando não há riscos físicos, nem naturais por atividades antrópicas ao meio ambiente. Como conclusão, demonstra-se que a Ordem Pública ambiental reflete um Estado cujas ações assumem o meio ambiente como um valor a ser protegido e defendido, essenciais para a prosperidade geral, e combinam preocupações de equidade para a harmonia e disposição equitativa, a fim de estimular a manutenção da paz entre os povos. Este trabalho não é um fim em si mesmo. Pesquisas futuras deveriam se aprofundar na natureza da OPA, a partir de qualquer campo: legal, filosófico ou estético. Além disso, aprofundar nos objetos da EPO e as regras a desempenhar. A Ordem Pública ambiental existe, mas carece de uma fundamentação teórica / Abstract: The present work discusses Public Order. It presents a definition of environmental public order [EPO] from the components public security, public salubrity and public tranquility. Analyzing social, economic, political and environmental variables, the instruments for EPO are presented. The comprehension of territorial management instruments, which aim both environmental protection and social welfare promotion, is based on the understanding of the environmental sustainability process construction facilitated by the EPO knowledge. This interdisciplinary subject interconnects science-technical and social knowledges for the scope of State ruling as an allied for the constitution of a national consciousness in a democratic State. This thesis was developed through qualitative methodology, based on the analysis of the specialized literature and participant observation, resulting in a theoretical and conceptual model for environmental public order. The classical Public Order trilogy - public security, public salubrity and public tranquility - is approached from the sustainable development perspective. The public safety, currently the most highlighted component, proposed as an environmental element, deals with features that allow to ensure values, particularly, the right of life - human life, of environmental goods and of an ecologically balanced environment. These features allow also to protect life in all forms as well as to ensure socio-environmental rights. The environmental salubrity component has as an object the environmental hygiene analysis and safeguards the environmental public health. In addition, the environmental public tranquility is recognized by safety and salubrity public actions, which characterizes the good order and the environmental tranquility. The good order leads to the recognition that the environment is undisturbed, while the environmental tranquility is noticed when there are no physical or natural risks by anthropogenic activities to the environment. As a conclusion, there is a demonstration that the environmental Public Order reflects a State whose the actions assume the environment as a value to be protected and defended, essential to general prosperity, and combine equity concerns to harmony and equitable disposition, in order to stimulate the maintenance of peace among people. This work is not an end in itself. Future researches should deepen into EPO nature, from whatever field: legal, philosophical or esthetic. Also, deepen into EPO objects and the rules to perform. The environmental Public Order exists but lacks a theoretical support / Doutorado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Doutor em Engenharia Civil

Magister Legum - LLM / The International Committee of the Red Cross/Crescent (ICRC) has been the only agency promoting the observance of the law of armed conflict. It has invested considerably in finding solutions to protecting people and regulates the means and methods of warfare. Throughout the development of the law of armed conflict, the protection of the environment was never the centre of focus. From the early 1868 Declaration of Saint Petersburg to the Hague Regulations of 1907, attention was given to weakening the military forces of the enemy and the right of the belligerents not to destroy or seize the enemy’s property, unless such destruction or seizure be imperatively demanded by the necessities of war. Through AP I, the basic principle of IHL was reaffirmed. The concepts of military necessity and proportionality became clearer, permitting only those acts of war which are proportional to the lawful objective of a military operation. Considering the cruelty experienced through the crises that occurred in the RC, it is therefore imperative for the administration to enforce their observation. In the light of the above background the aims of this research paper are to seek to explore the challenges that the current RC administration is facing in implementing IHL and IEL principles. In addition, the research paper will analyse the possibilities to promote the implementation of IHL and IEL instruments within the public domain, mostly the army, to dissipate any ignorance that occur. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) has also made it clear that an obligation rests upon states to take environmental considerations into account during armed conflict in so far as these relate to states’ military objectives