No description available.

Esta pesquisa apresenta um estudo detalhado da tributação passiva a ser utilizada como instrumento de proteção ambiental pelo Estado, através da análise dos fundamentos jurídicos, econômicos e ambientais. É utilizada a revisão bibliográfica e legislativa sobre o tema, no Brasil, e em alguns países da América e da Europa. Procura-se analisar a utilização da extrafiscalidade ambiental para induzir os contribuintes a condutas protecionistas. É abordada a viabilidade legal de tais tributos, bem como a efetividade dos mesmos na preservação do meio ambiente. Os tributos indutores são apresentados como forma de internalizar as externalidades negativas. São abordados exemplos de incentivos fiscais, alíquotas diferenciadas e reduções de bases de cálculo já em vigor ou em projetos de lei em tramitação. A tributação passiva é mostrada como uma forma de proteção ambiental que deve ser combinada com a tributação ativa resultando em efetiva política pública de proteção ambiental. / This research presents a detailed study of passive taxation to be used as an instrument of environmental protection by the State, by analyzing legal, economic, and environmental foundations. The bibliographic and legal reference in Brazil was used and also from other countries in America and Europe. We tried to analyze the use of an environmental excessive preocupation with the creation of taxes to induce the taxpayers to protectionist behaviors. The legal feasability of such taxes was approached, as well as its effectiveness in the preservation of the environment. The inducing taxes are presented as a means of internalizing negative externalities. Examples of tax incentive, diferentiated tax rates, and reductions in the basis of calculation were approached, those that were in force or in bills in normal course through legal channels. Passive taxation is shown as a form of environmental protection that should be combined with an active taxation, resulting in an effective public policy of environmental protection.

Denna uppsats undersöker hur olika aktörer inom politik och juridik ser på landsbygdsutveckling i strandnära lägen, så kallade LIS-områden, som syftar till att bidra till landsbygdskommuners ekonomiska och demografiska utveckling i strandnära områden. Det empiriska materialet består uteslutande av domstolsreferat från Mark- och miljööverdomstolen samt riksdagsdebattprotokoll mellan åren 2012–2019 som analyserats kvalitativt. Sammanfattningsvis verkar naturvärden spela en liten roll vid juridiska överväganden om strandskyddsdispenser i strandnära lägen. Däremot används naturen och landskapet som argument för politiska ståndpunkter för eller emot ett förändrat strandskydd. En annan slutsats som kan dras från analysen är att länsstyrelserna i många fall hamnar i kläm mellan juridik och politik när man överprövar strandskyddsdispenser i landsbygdskommuner. Slutligen förefaller den allmänna politiska viljeriktningen i riksdagen idag gå mot att kommunerna delegeras mer makt till självbestämmande kring byggande i strandnära lägen och att strandskyddet kommer att bli alltmer selektivt i framtiden. / This essay explores how various actors within politics and law look upon rural development at waterfront locations, the so-called LIS-areas, which aims at contributing to the rural municipalities’ financial and demographic development in riparian areas. The empirical material is exclusively based on court reports from the Land and Environment High Court in Sweden and debate records from the Swedish Parliament between 2012-2019 which have been analysed qualitatively. In summary, nature seems to play a small role in court decisions about exemptions from the riparian law. However, nature and scenic landscapes are being used as political arguments for or against exemptions from the riparian law. Another conclusion from the analysis is that the Swedish County Boards are pushed into a tight corner between law and politics when they retry exemptions from the riparian law in rural municipalities. Finally, there is a common political direction of will, in the Swedish Parliament today, towards delegating more power to the municipalities for deciding on building in riparian areas and that beach protection will become more selective in the future.

This thesis aims to demonstrate how the processes of gentrification and displacement are interrelated processes that invent new ways of perpetuating anti- blackness in the U.S. I demonstrate this through an engagement with Christina Sharpe’s (2016) analysis of the imagery of the wake, the ship, the hold, and the weather as axis points that position Black life in the afterlife of slavery—how the conditions of slavery are ongoing today—presenting the racist encounters at Lake Merritt as illustrative examples. In her most recent book, In the Wake: On Blackness and Being, Sharpe (2016) deploys an interdisciplinary approach to critically theorize Black subjection and grief through a Black feminist framework, offering care, or what she terms “wake work” as an anecdote to state-sanctioned anti-black violence. She turns to poetry, film, historical archives, and intimate personal experiences to thoroughly articulate how the past is not passed; I reveal how capitalist logic simultaneously structures media representations of Black people in ways that distort what we signify— monstrosity, threat, and criminal are three examples of this distortion—and fix abstract space in hegemonic spatial imaginaries through privatization and commodification. Most importantly, I turn to art and expression—prominent examples being “BBQ’N While Black” and "The Black Spatial Imaginary" as a community response to BBQ Becky and serial displacement in Portland, Oregon respectively—as resistance and examples of place-making practices that Black people have been engaged in historically to articulate their self-hood, belonging, and beauty through Black love. I strive to undertake this work with intentionality and care, which necessitates an undisciplined approach as academic disciplines have historically deployed methodologies that construct narratives on Blackness that reproduce colonial and anti-black violence.

No description available.

Due to the comprehensiveness of the topic of animal protection, the thesis focuses on its specific segment - liability in tort in the field of animal protection as individuals. In the diploma thesis the term "animal" is used stricto sensu - it means individuals falling under the term "animal", as defined by the Act No. 246/1992 Coll., on the Protection of Animals Against Cruelty - ie every living vertebrate, except humans, but not the fetus or embryo. The aim of the diploma thesis is to give an explanation of tortious liability in the field of administrative and criminal law in animal protection, to critically evaluate the current legislation, identify problematic areas and suggest possible changes. The secondary goal is to present the basic scope of the primary obligations set by the Act No. 246/1992 Coll., on the Protection of Animals Against Cruelty. The diploma thesis is divided into a total of six chapters, introduced by the introduction and supplemented by the conclusion. The first chapter provides an explanation of the basic concepts that are used in the field of animal protection, such as the term "animal" and similar terms or for example term "welfare". It defines the position of animals in private and public law and presents the subsequent categorizations of animals. The second chapter...

No description available.

The University Area (UA), a low-income, unincorporated neighborhood in Hillsborough County, Florida, is a site of sustainable redevelopment by the local government and nonprofit organizations. Throughout the past decade, the transitions in local and state political climates have significantly impacted the residents’ ability to advocate for infrastructural and environmental improvement to the site. This thesis discusses the findings of a research project dedicated to exploring resident perspectives of stormwater management, infrastructure, and the redevelopment currently occurring the University Area. Drawing from theoretical concepts in political ecology, environmental justice, and the interplay of agency and structure, this research investigates the impacts of flooding on the UA’s residents and infrastructure; specifically, the ways it affects the population’s interaction with their environment. Data were collected using a mixed methods approach including participant observation; semi structured interviews with residents, developers, and community organization employees; ground truthing the area to verify the location of the stormwater drains present in a selection of the UA; a historical review of the area’s land use; and analysis of critical environmental justice databases. Findings indicate that flooding in the University Area is related to historical oppressive housing strategies against minority and low-income populations. Results found that flooding in UA is caused by a combination of faulty infrastructure (impervious surfaces and a subpar, unmaintained stormwater system), increasing rain events (climate change), and the lack of municipality support (power dynamics). The oppressive power dynamic present in the relationship between the residents and their respective property owners and the county municipality services exacerbates problems with flooding. Redevelopment plans in the University Area must address the effects of historical marginalization and disenfranchisement of the current residents with respect to housing segregation and lack of municipality support. Without these considerations, the cycle of disenfranchisement faced by the current residents of the UA will likely continue and worsen over time.

The detrimental consequences associated with industrial models of food production are becoming more difficult to ignore. In response, one dominant approach to mitigating the myriad environmental, social, and ethical harms relating to food has sought to increase the efficiency of agricultural outputs through scientific and technological innovation. Although technology certainly has some role to play in any vision of a sustainable future, technocratic approaches to problem solving are insufficient—and arguably inappropriate—for addressing many of the kinds of complex challenges that we face today. There are recent indications that both agri-food law and policy and innovation policy are being taken more seriously in Canada, which creates an opportunity to reflect more deliberately on their ends and means. This dissertation explores the topic of how laws, policies, and other tools of governance can work to better align technological innovations in the agri-food sector with shared environmental goals and ethical aspirations. Taking a critical legal perspective closely informed by feminist insights and the work of existing, analogous justice movements, I examine several interlinkages between technology, law, the environment, and society to evaluate some of the failings of existing approaches to food systems transformation and to offer a contribution to the conversation about alternative pathways. Given the context-specific nature of food systems and food systems governance, my focus is primarily on Canada, but the universal importance of food in a globalized world renders some comparative and transnational discussion unavoidable. I use case studies and discourse analysis to demonstrate that, when considered through a justice-oriented lens, several of the new and emerging technologies being championed in the agri-food sector may not be as beneficial as their proponents claim. Instead, they may serve to retrench injustice and cement existing, exploitative power structures, making them more difficult to challenge and change later down the line. Thus, if technologies are to serve public instead of private interests in the ways they are incentivized, designed, regulated, and used, we will need to see broad systemic and structural reforms informed by thoughtful shifts in our values and priorities, rather than merely reactive adjustments to our policies and practices. Though this undertaking will be difficult, it is not impossible; this dissertation offers one way to facilitate the process of seeding change for environmental sustainability and technological justice.

Legal Regulation of the Placing of Hazardous Chemical Substances and Mixtures on the Market in European Union Environmental Law Abstract: The aim of the thesis was to explore the main features of the legal regulation of the placing of hazardous chemical substances and mixtures on the market in European Union environmental law, namely those features which significantly affect the achievement of a high level of protection of human health and the environment. In order to fulfil this aim, two regulatory regimes governing the placing on the market of substances and mixtures were analysed: a general one, mainly represented by the REACH Regulation (No. 1907/2006) and the CLP Regulation (No. 1272/2008), and a special one, where the Plant Protection Products Regulation (No. 1107/2009) was the object of analysis. The thesis first deals with general issues of the regulation of hazardous substances and mixtures: the role of private and public law, the phenomenon of the so-called proceduralisation of environmental law and the definition of basic terms (including a detailed analysis of the concepts of hazard, hazardous properties, risk and related terms). This general part is followed by an analysis of the most important legal institutions contained in the mentioned legislation (notably registration, evaluation,...