Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:44:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2476431 bytes, checksum: c677c5ea763b4c6c6871b352e0389ae9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-02 / Starting from the premise that language is a form of social action, the main aim of this study is to examine how students of an Adults Education Program (AEP), from a public school located in a peripheral neighborhood of a city in Minas Gerais, build and take their social identities. Grounded in theories of Ethnomethodological Conversation Analysis (ECA) and in Interactional Sociolinguistics (IS), we analyze the linguistic and discursive choices of these students, observed from the talk-in-interaction in a focus groups, to identify how these students demonstrate membership in certain social categories. To collect the data, we used a focus group, through which students narrated their experiences of living in a peripheral neighborhood. After a detailed transcript of the data generated in the meetings with students, which was done according to the proposal from ECA, we analyzed it based on the concept of Sacks‟ Membership categorization (1992). Since the categorization processes are in use and in constant negotiations, we revealed, thus, students' discursive action, during interactions with one another, to build their identities through self-categorization and categorization. The results of this research indicate participants‟ orientation throughout the interaction, building, through speech, the identity of outsiders, ratifying the label assigned to them by those who occupy prestigious positions of power and by those who recognize themselves as the "good society", as Elias e Scotson (2000). By categorizing themselves as deviant, the participants seem to perceive their place in the city surveyed, but, they do not often accept this label passively: this generates reports of a conflictual relationship between these young people and the members of the so-called "good society". Thus, we conclude that through membership categorization, students build and assume the identity of outsiders, and that a description and categorization work is quite relevant to the study of the construction of social identities. / Partindo da premissa básica de que a linguagem é uma forma de ação social, o objetivo central deste estudo é analisar como alunos da Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) de uma escola pública localizada em um bairro periférico de uma cidade do interior de Minas Gerais constroem e assumem as suas identidades sociais. Embasados em teorias da Análise da Conversa Etnometodológica (ACE) e da Sociolinguística Interacional (SI), analisamos as escolhas linguístico-discursivas desses alunos, observadas a partir da fala-em-interação em grupos focais, para verificar como esses estudantes demonstram pertencimento a determinadas categorias sociais. Para coleta de dados, utilizamos a técnica do grupo focal, através da qual os discentes narram a experiência de morar em um bairro periférico. Após uma minuciosa transcrição dos dados gerados nos encontros com os estudantes, feita de acordo com a proposta da ACE, fizemos uma análise baseada no conceito de Categorização de Membros, de Sacks (1992). Uma vez que os processos de categorização estão em uso e negociações constantes, revelamos, assim, a ação discursiva dos estudantes, durante interações entre si, para a construção de suas identidades por meio de autocategorização e categorização. Os resultados desta pesquisa apontam a orientação dos participantes durante a interação, os quais constroem, através da fala, a identidade de outsiders, ratificando o rótulo que lhes é atribuído por aqueles que ocupam posições de prestígio e poder e que se reconhecem como a boa sociedade , os quais chamaremos de estabelecidos, assim como Elias e Scotson (2000). Ao se categorizarem como desviantes, os estudantes de EJA demonstram perceber o lugar deles na cidade pesquisada, mas, muitas vezes, não aceitam passivamente tal rótulo, o que gera relatos de uma relação conflituosa entre esses jovens e os estabelecidos. Assim, ao concluir que, através da categorização de membros, os estudantes constroem e assumem a identidade de outsiders, demonstramos que o trabalho de descrição e de categorização de membros é bastante pertinente para o estudo da construção de identidades sociais.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:27:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArquivoTotal.pdf: 2607611 bytes, checksum: 77e92b6bb7c711322bb06c270f8a85cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This paper aims to discuss the urban marginality in Latin America, representatives from the cinema of marginality and its aesthetic of dirty realism. The films chosen for the analysis are: Amarelo Manga (2002) and Amores Perros (2000). To this end, there will be a reading of modernity, cinema and cities, as well as the very aesthetic of dirty realism and film of marginality. At another point, we discuss issues related to urban studies in, theories of marginality, configuration establisehd/outsiders, and feelings of insecurity, risk and fear, from sociological references. Finally, the analysis will be made of the films, within the guidelines of the methodology of film analysis. / O presente trabalho, visa discutir a marginalidade urbana na América Latina, a partir de representantes do cinema da marginalidade e sua estética do realismo sujo. Os filmes destacados para a análise são: Amarelo Manga(2002) e Amores Perros(2000). Para tanto, será realizada uma leitura da modernidade, do cinema e das cidades, bem como da própria estética do realismo sujo e do cinema da marginalidade. Em outro momento, discutiremos questões relacionadas aos estudos urbanos dentro, das teorias da marginalidade, da configuração esabelecidos/outsiders, e das sensações de insegurança, risco e medo, partindo de referenciais sociológicos. Para finalizar, será feita a análise dos filmes, dentro das orientações da metodologia da análise fílmica.

The lack of education and training is seen as South African entrepreneurs’ most frequently mentioned weakness. Therefore, this study addresses the training of entrepreneurs and reveals that education and training are crucial for the development and creation of entrepreneurs. The purpose of this study is to measure the effectiveness of the Women Entrepreneurship Programme (WEP), which was introduced to promote and encourage women entrepreneurs in South Africa. Furthermore, the study will provide a framework for and discuss content of future entrepreneurship training programmes. The literature revealed the need for an entrepreneurship training programme that focuses specifically on the training needs of women. The WEP focuses on areas that are normally neglected in other entrepreneurship programmes and includes topics such as networking and support, the use of role models, confidence-building, and post-care training in the form of mentors and counsellors. The extension of the experimental design by using a control group allowed the effects and benefits of the training intervention (WEP) on the participants to be measured against the control group, hence widening the debate surrounding the rationale for interventions of this nature. The Chi-square test, t-test for independent samples, t-test for paired samples, Mann-Whitney test, and Wilcoxon matched-pairs test were executed to present the statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups. The Kruskal-Wallis One-Way ANOVA test was also executed to illustrate statistical differences between various groups within the experimental group. The findings of this empirical study have helped to highlight the benefits derived by the WEP delegates and that they gained new entrepreneurial, as well as business, skills and knowledge relevant to running a business; increased their confidence in their entrepreneurial abilities, and improved their employability, turnover, productivity and profit. Furthermore it should be emphasised that it was statistically proven that the WEP, as a training intervention, is effective in training potential, start-up and established women entrepreneurs in South Africa. / Thesis (DCom (Business Management))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Business Management / unrestricted

Background: The rapidly changing world of digital technologies forces many companies to undertake a digital shift by transforming existing business models into digital business models to achieve sustainable value creation and value capture. Especially, for established companies, that have been successful leaders before the dot-com bubble (1995-2000) and whose business models have been threatened by the emergence of digital technologies, there is a need for a digital shift. We refer to this digitization of business models as digital business model innovation. However, often adoption and implementation of digital technologies require tremendous changes and thus, can be challenging for established companies. Therefore, agile methods and business experimentation have become important strategic elements and are used to generate and test novel business models in a fast manner. We introduce lean startup as an agile method for digital business model innovation, which has proven to be successful in digital entrepreneurship. Thus, it requires further empirical investigation on how to use lean startup in established companies for successful digital business model innovation. Purpose: The purpose of our study is to identify enablers and barriers of lean startup as a tool for digital BMI in established companies. Thus, we propose a framework showing how established companies can be successful in digital business model innovation by using lean startup. Method: We conducted exploratory, qualitative research based on grounded theory following an abductive approach. Using a non-probability, purposive sampling strategy, we gathered our empirical data through ten semi-structured interviews with experts in lean startup and digital business model innovation, working in or with established companies, shifting their business model towards a digital business model. By using grounded analysis, we gained an in-depth understanding of how lean startup is used in practice as well as occurring barriers and enablers for established companies. Conclusion: We emphasize that successful use of lean startup for digital business model innovation is based on an effective (1) lean startup management, appropriate (2) organizational structures, fitting (3) culture, and dedicated (4) corporate governance, which all require and are based on solid (5) methodical competence of the entire organization. Furthermore, (6) external influences such as market conditions, role of competition, or governance rules indirectly affect using lean startup as a tool for digital business model innovation.

Corporate taxation is a very politicized topic, and policymakers have different perspectives on what level of corporate tax rate yields the optimal outcome for research and innovation activity. The argument is divided where one side believes that corporate taxation and R&D activity has a negative relationship, which implies that a decrease in corporate taxation yields a better outcome for firms’ R&D activity. Whilst the other side believes that there exists a positive relationship, implying that the prevailing strategy is to increase corporate taxes to further encourage R&D activity. Therefore, the inherent purpose of this study focuses on the effect that corporate taxation has on the U.S corporate environment, whilst researching to understand the two polarized perspectives on corporate taxation and discover which perspective appears more prominent. To succeed in this regard, this study extracts internal financial information from firms located in the U.S states, by comparing the corporate tax change that the Trump administration implemented in 2018. Enabling this research study to compare firms’ R&D expenditure during the pre-tax reform (2017) with the post-tax reform (2018), indicating a firm’s differences in R&D expenditure. The difference-in-difference method was used with a total sample size of 71 firms, which uses a control group and a treatment group to negate macro-environmental disruptions to indicate the accurate effects of the tax policy change. The results state that companies that experienced a reduction in corporate taxes raised their R&D expenditure, approximately by 11.60%. This showed that there was a very large increase in R&D activity when corporate taxation was significantly lowered, which would support the literature’s findings that suggested the existence of a negative relationship. However, the research yielded a result that would indicate that the 11.60% increase was not a statistically significant result and that further studies need to be conducted.

Technology adoption could play a crucial role in shaping organizational competitiveness and sustainability in today's dynamic business landscape. This research project investigates the key factors influencing technology adoption processes within established organizations and explores their implications for organizational performance and innovation capabilities. Employing a qualitative method approach, the study combines qualitative data from interviews with key personnel, literatures related to technology adoption and various case studies from diverse sectors and technology. The research is guided by theoretical frameworks such as Innovation Diffusion Theory, Technology Acceptance Model, Organizational Culture Theory, and Change Management Theory, providing a comprehensive lens through which to examine technology adoption processes. Thematic analysis and comparative analysis are employed to identify patterns, themes, and differences across cases, illuminating the complexities and nuances of technology adoption within organizational contexts. The findings highlight the critical role of leadership support, organizational culture, communication strategies, and change management in facilitating successful technology adoption. Moreover, the study underscores the importance of fostering an innovation culture and aligning technology adoption strategies with organizational goals to enhance competitiveness and sustainability. The research contributes to both theoretical knowledge and practical insights by offering recommendations for organizational leaders and practitioners involved in technology adoption initiatives. Overall, this research advances our understanding of technology adoption processes and their implications for organizational dynamics, productivity, and long-term success in established organizations.

The concept of community leadership as a field of study has attracted the attention of researchers for many years across the globe. The role of municipality councils is of great importance as an aspect of democratic governance. Councils have a significant role to play as partners to the central government in providing community services. This research attempts to explore community leadership in a new democracy focusing on the relationship between community members, community leadership and government organisations compared to the same of established democracies. The specific focus of the research investigation is community leaders and community members in the Kingdom of Bahrain as a new democracy. This thesis is an investigation of the success factors and barriers that influence the performance of municipal councils' members as community leaders. It also investigates how community leaders have practiced their roles and duties and assesses their performance and characteristics in new democracy compared to those of established democracies as exemplified in the UK, Canada, Australia, and the Philippines. The research objectives are: (1) to identify success factors that influence community leadership performance in a new democracy as perceived by community leaders; (2) to identify barriers that hinder community leadership performance in a new democracy as perceived by community leaders; (3) to identify the roles and duties practiced by community leadership in new democracies as perceived by community leaders and community members; (4) to assess community leadership performance in new democracy as perceived by community members; and (5) to identify characteristics practiced by community leadership in a new democracy as perceived by community members. Three sequential pilot studies were undertaken to gain better feedback from respondents and to build a strong foundation for the main survey. Two sets of questionnaires were developed for this study; the first set of questionnaires dealt with community leaders in new democracies, where they evaluated the success factors, barriers and roles and duties practiced by community leadership in established democracies. The second set of questionnaires dealt with community members in a new democracy, where they evaluated their community leaders through roles and duties, performances and characteristics practiced by community leadership in established democracies. The findings showed that municipal councils‘ members agreed on the importance of success factors and barriers that influence communities in established democracies and they were very positive about their own perceptions of their roles and duties in municipality work. On the other hand community members were negative about their own perception of their municipal leaders‘ roles and duties, performance and characteristics. The results also revealed an absence of clear demarcations of roles between government agencies and councils, and disproportionate demarcation of the constituents. The respondents agreed that awareness programs could be an important undertaking to improve and enhance the effectiveness of council leaders. This study may contribute to the literature by filling the gap related to success factors and barriers that influence community leadership performance in new democracies, focusing on problems facing community leadership and the solutions to overcome these problems. Furthermore, the governments of new democracies can use the empirical evidence to create and adopt new laws, policies and regulations that will redound to community improvement services, leadership enhancement and goal achievement.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka boendes egna upplevelser av att bo i Tjärna ängar och undersöka vilka föreställningar de har om hur utomstående ser på bostadsområdet för att se om dessa föreställningar påverkar de boende. Studien är en kvalitativ undersökning där semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts. Materialet har analyserats utifrån tre olika tolkningsramar, territoriell stigmatisering, etablerade och outsiders samt media. Resultatet som framkom i studien är att bilden av bostadsområdet Tjärna ängar skiljer sig mellan de boende och samhället. De boende upplever området som tryggt medan samhället ser området som oroligt. De boende menar att medias rapportering är en stor faktor till skapandet av bilden i samhället av bostadsområdet. Vidare framkom att området Tjärna ängar är utsatt för en territoriell stigmatisering. / The purpose of this study is to investigate residents own experience of living in Tjärna ängar and examine the notions they have about how outsiders think of Tjärna ängar to see if these notions affect the residents. The study is a qualitative study in which semi-structured interviews were used. The material has been analyzed from three different theoretical perspectives, territorial stigmatization, established and outsiders and the media. The result showed that the image of the area Tjärna ängar differ between the residents and the community. The residents experience the neighborhood as safe while the community sees it as disordered. The residents think that a major factor in the creation of the image that exists in the community is what media reports about the neighborhood. Furthermore the result showed that the neighborhood Tjärna ängar are subject to a territorial stigmatization.

Le pluralisme religieux est une réalité objective au Royaume-Uni et en France. Les minorités religieuses, demeurent un sujet récurrent qui suscite d’intarissables réflexions, d’études, de débats scientifiques et politiques. Elles sont une véritable préoccupation pour le politique, l’Europe et l’Etat ; à telle enseigne qu’il faille s’interroger sur ce que l’Etat peut leur proposer comme meilleure protection au XXIème siècle. La France et le Royaume-Uni sont confrontés à ce défi. Outre, la neutralité de l’Etat au regard de la religion rend complexes les rapports de ces minorités religieuses avec l’Etat en France où le concept de minorités religieuses n’est pas connu du droit français en vertu du caractère laïque de l’Etat français proclamé par l’article 1er de sa Constitution et la loi du 9 Décembre 1905 de la Séparation de l’Etat et de l’Eglise. Les minorités religieuses sont un non-sujet en droit français. Mais au Royaume-Uni, les minorités qualifiées de confessions religieuses sont reconnues quand bien même l’Eglise Anglicane est l’Eglise établie et officielle, avec à sa tête la Reine Elizabeth II. Il n’y a pas de séparation entre l’Eglise et l’Etat. En Ecosse, l’Eglise Presbytérienne fait figure d’Eglise établie, mais séparée de l’Etat. Aussi, toujours liée aux minorités religieuses, la question de l’application du principe d’ajustement raisonnable pour écarter des cas de discrimination en matière religieuse. L’ordre juridique britannique connaît ce principe et l’applique. Alors qu’en France, ce principe est ignoré et fait l’objet d’une application purement informelle. Certes, la globalisation apporte des faits positifs en Europe et notamment dans ces deux Etats, mais elle contient aussi des risques auxquels il faut prêter attention au XXIème siècle. Ainsi, les minorités nationales, les communautés linguistiques et les différentes unités constitutives de l’Etat demandent, en faisant appel au principe de la diversité, la reconnaissance de leurs droits collectifs, une multiplication des structures régionales et le perfectionnement de leurs prérogatives. L’apparition des « nouvelles minorités », celles des immigrants posent de nouvelles difficultés. En pratique, la religion historique du pays est privilégiée. Les religions pratiquées par les immigrés – Islam, Bouddhisme, Hindouisme, etc – sont alors l’objet d’une discrimination plus ou moins forte. Le besoin de visibilité de ces religions – et de l’Islam en occurrence – remet en cause le cadre fixé à la fin du XIXème siècle qui régit le fonctionnement des religions dans les divers Etats. Cette évolution touche plus durement les Etats laïcs de tradition catholique comme la France que les pays de tradition protestante où la place du religieux dans l’espace public est par tradition plus facilement acceptée comme le Royaume-Uni. Il faut aussi considérer que les religions importées par les populations migrantes sont souvent des « ethno-religions ». L’enjeu identitaire y est considérable, et il tend même à se substituer à celui de la liberté de croyance. Le Royaume-Uni et la France s’inscrivent dans ce registre à propos de leurs minorités religieuses. / Religious pluralism is an objective reality in France and Great-Britain. The religious minorities remain a recurring subject which inexhaustible reflections, studies, scientific and political debates. They show real concern to policymakers, Europe and State; so much so that it is necessary to wonder about what the State can propose them as better protection in the XXIst century. France and Great-Britain are confronted with this challenge. Besides the neutrality of the State with regard to the religion, makes complex relationships of these religious minorities with the State in France; where the concept of religious minorities is not known of French Law by virtue of the secularity – laic – character of the French State proclaimed by the 1st article of its Constitution and the Law of December 9th, 1905 of the Separation of the State and the Church. The religious minorities are no-subject in French Law. But in Great-Britain, the qualified religious, minorities of religious confessions are recognized when well even the Church of England is established and official Church with at its head Queen Elizabeth II. There is no separation between the Church and the State. In Scotland, the Kirk as considered as established Church and separated from the State. Also, always related to religious minorities, the question of application of reasonable principle of accommodation to draw aside from the cases of discrimination out of religious matter. The British legal order knows this principle and applies. Whereas in France this principle is ignored and is the object of purely abstract application. Admittedly, the globalization brings positive facts to Europe and in particular in these two States, but it contains also risks for which it is necessary to pay attention to the XXIst century. Thus, the national minorities, the speech communities and the various constitutional units of the State require, by calling on the principle of diversity, recognition of their collective rights, a multiplication of regional structures and improvement of their prerogative. The appearance of the “new minorities”, those of immigrants raises new difficulties. In practice, the historical religion of the country is often privileged. The religions practiced by immigrants – Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, etc – are then the object of more or less strong discrimination. The need for the visibility of these religions – Islam I occurrence – calls into question the framework fixed at the end of XIXth century which governs the operation of religions in the various States. This evolution touches hardly the secular States of Catholic tradition like France, than the countries of Protestant tradition where the place of religious in public space is by tradition more easily accepted like Great-Britain. It as should be considered as the religions imported by migrant populations are often “ethno-religions”. The identity challenge is considerable there, and it even tends to replace that of freedom of belief. Great-Britain and France fall under this register in connection with their religious minorities.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:57:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EDM - Mutsu-ko Kobashigawa.pdf: 573531 bytes, checksum: f918f3523e1bae0ae73a299fb358f7fe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-03 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / The aim of the present work was to analyse how the directions introduced by the established curricula, in the present case the National Curricular Parameters (PCN) for Elementary School mathematical area, are being considered, and if they are being interpreted and applied by the teachers. In accordance with a documental research, an analysis was made about the historical trajectory of the curricular reforms of the Brazilian math education and about the relationship between the implementation of the curricular innovations and the teacher´s education. The research work was carried out in two steps. In the first one, a questionnaire was made and used to collect some general informations about the relationship between the teachers and the PCN. In this step, the process involved 67 math teachers from the public school network. These teachers belong to the Educational Directory of the São Vicente Region, with representation of all the municipal districts from this region. In the second step, 33 teachers were selected and distributed in three groups, being each one composed by 11 teachers. Each group took a part in a meeting, when the more specific informations were obtained by using a procedure named focal group. For a more detailed analysis only one group of those groups was selected. The results have shown that, although the teachers reveal to know the orientations found in the PCN, they did not participate with a deep discussion. In many times they have made a contradictory discuss about the subject, making difficult any conjecture about the implementation of the PCN in the classroom. Although there is concordance with some principles such as problem´s solution, connections with subjects from other courses of study, connection with the daily routine and internal articulations, in the practice the teachers showed a great difficulty to implement those ideas. However, they also revealed a great interest into looking for new knowledges, but at the same time they have a certain disappointment about the offered college education / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar como as diretrizes veiculadas por currículos prescritos, no caso os Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCN) para o Ensino Fundamental - área de Matemática - estão sendo apropriadas, interpretadas e aplicadas pelos professores. Por meio de pesquisa documental fizemos uma análise da trajetória histórica de reformas curriculares de Matemática no Brasil, da relação existente entre implementação de inovações curriculares e formação de professores. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada em duas etapas, sendo que na primeira etapa, questionários foram elaborados e utilizados, para coleta de dados mais gerais sobre a relação dos professores com os PCN, envolvendo 67 professores de Matemática da rede estadual, pertencentes à Diretoria de Ensino- Região São Vicente, com representação de todos os municípios dessa região. Na segunda etapa, 33 desses professores, distribuídos em três grupos de 11 professores, participaram de reuniões em que foram coletados dados por meio de procedimentos dos chamados grupos focais. Para uma análise mais detalhada selecionamos apenas um desses grupos. Os resultados mostram que, embora os professores declarem que conhecem as orientações contidas nos PCN, não as discutiram em profundidade e fazem muitas vezes um discurso contraditório a respeito deles, ficando difícil levantar conjecturas sobre sua implementação em sala de aula. Embora haja concordância com princípios como resolução de problemas, conexões com temas de outras disciplinas, com o cotidiano e articulações internas, na prática, os professores revelam grandes dificuldades para a implementação dessas idéias. No entanto também revelam grande interesse por buscar novos conhecimentos mas, ao mesmo tempo, um certo desencanto com as formações que têm sido oferecidas