Descartes é considerado tradicionalmente como um racionalista estrito, sendo reconhecido pela clareza e distinção, pela certeza e pelo saber metódico, entretanto, existem conhecimentos que extrapolam tais critérios e mesmo assim ainda ocupam um lugar importante no seu pensamento: a criação das verdades eternas, a união substancial e o homem concreto. Nessa tese, pretendemos mostrar como tais objetos, que extrapolam um saber claro e distinto ou uma compreensão completa, podem ser reabilitados no sistema, como cada um deles mantém uma margem de inteligibilidade e uma margem de ininteligibilidade, como eles são bordas do saber, com uma face voltada para a clareza e distinção e outra voltada para a obscuridade. Deus e a criação das verdades podem ser entendidos mas sem ser compreendidos; já a união substancial é uma noção primitiva mas é da alçada da sensibilidade e não do entendimento. Para ressaltar a originalidade e complexidade do pensamento cartesiano frente aos limites do racionalismo, recorremos ao pensamento de Leibniz, mostrando como as saídas leibnizianas são muito mais tradicionais e condizentes com um projeto de racionalismo estrito. / Descartes is traditionally considered as a strict rationalist, being recognized by clearness and distinction, by certainty and by methodical knowledge, however, there are knowledges that go beyond those criteria and yet take up an important role in the thought of Descartes: the creation of eternal truths, the substantial union and the concrete man. On this thesis, we aim to show how these objects, which go beyond a clear and distinct knowledge or a whole understanding, may be rehabilitated in the system; we aim to show also how each one of those objects maintains an edge of intelligibility and an edge of inintelligibility, how they are borders of knowledge with one side turned to clearness and distinction and the other one turned to obscurity. God and the creation of truths may be understood but without being comprehended; the substantial union is a primitive notion, which, nevertheless, belongs to the sensibility, not to the understanding. To highlight the originality and complexity of Descartes thought front to the limits of rationalism, we recurred to Leibnizs thought, showing how the leibnizians solutions are much more traditional and suitable with a strict rationalism project.

As estratégias construtivistas na obra de Hélio Oiticica estão compreendidas na noção definida pelo artista de \"mundo erigindo mundo\". Esta estratégia é identificável tanto nos aspectos éticos e estéticos das proposições de Oiticica quanto na maneira como seu próprio pensamento é construído de blocos achados nas obras de filósofos, músicos e outros artistas. Este trabalho percorre manuscritos de Hélio Oiticica disponíveis em arquivos digitais para identificar os blocos de pensamento que embasam a produção de Hélio Oiticica, identificando a singularidade de sua obra frente a propostas de alguns de seus contemporâneos. Ainda que reconhecendo a importância do mito e da Mangueira na obra do inventor da Tropicália, o texto enfatiza que a \"síntese\" feita por Hélio Oiticica não se deixa fixar em um estereótipo cultural já que escapa dos espaços delimitados e do tempo cronológico, estabelecendo-se em um \"mundo-abrigo\" virtual, onde Oiticica acha fragmentos das produções de inventores de vários lugares e épocas para compor seu programa além-da-arte. / The constructivist strategies within Hélio Oiticica´s oeuvre are comprehended in the notion of \"world building world\" articulated by the artist. This strategy is discernible both on the ethic and aesthetic aspects of Oiticica´s proposals and on the way his own thought is built out of blocks he found in works by philosophers, musicians and other artists. This text traverses manuscripts by Hélio Oiticica, available in digital archives, to identify the building blocks of the artist´s thought and its singularity in relation to proposals of some of his contemporaries. Although recognizing the importance of the myth and of the Mangueira samba school on the work of the inventor of Tropicalia, this text emphasizes that the \"synthesis\" produced by Hélio Oiticica defies cultural stereotypes since it escapes boundaries and the chronological time, establishing itself within a \"world-shelter\" where the artist finds fragments of the production of other inventors from different cultures and times, to compose his own beyond-the-art program.

Este trabalho apresenta o processo de investigação da pesquisa De volta para casa: do professor eterno ao complexo docente, cujo objetivo ímpar foi analisar o desejo realizado de um grupo específico do magistério: o de retornar como docente da escola em que estudaram. O trabalho adotou o estudo de viés analítico sobre a pesquisa de Sobreira (2008), destacando principalmente o conceito de professor eterno avançando para uma outra perspectiva: o complexo docente. A questão central da pesquisa foi descobrir como os desejos/vontades/sonhos docentes interferem em suas escolhas pedagógicas e profissionais. O trabalho considerou importante a análise conjuntural da escola e, consequentemente, do Curso Normal em relação ao que denominou-se supereu educacional e supereu cultural (FREUD, 2006, 1997a, 1997b; SAFATLE, 2007). Realizou-se uma pesquisa de campo em duas escolas estaduais com Curso Normal de Nível Médio. Portanto, discorre através da análise das entrevistas realizadas com trinta docentes que realizaram esse sonho/desejo, procurando escavar em seus relatos os sentimentos em relação ao retorno, suas recordações da época estudantil e do professor admirado (SOBREIRA, 2008). Os principais referenciais teóricos utilizados foram Adorno, Deleuze e Guattari, adicionando aos estudos o diálogo e a aproximação entre seus conceitos de formação e devir, respectivamente. Destaca-se o posicionamento da pesquisa em relacionar esses dois autores, de correntes filosóficas distintas, num ponto de convergência imbricado com a perspectiva freudiana a respeito das três tarefas impossíveis (governar, psicanalisar e educar). Assim como nestas tarefas, os conceitos de formação e devir estão prenhes da impossibilidade de determinação apriorística de resultados. Nestes termos, aventa-se o imperativo de repensar o currículo da formação docente, a partir do envolvimento dos sentimentos e desejos presentes no magistério, numa construção emancipatória das relações pedagógicas.

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Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-05-25T21:21:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaAparecidaSantos.pdf: 5437358 bytes, checksum: 7d0fb7d9c036565940c65b37d2add22c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-25T21:21:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaAparecidaSantos.pdf: 5437358 bytes, checksum: 7d0fb7d9c036565940c65b37d2add22c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / This work consists in showing a reflection about the female sexuality through a rich dialogue between History and Literature in order to highlight the assimilation and spread of the imaginary about the female body through literary works and movements. For this purpose, it was highlighted, first, some symbolic constructions that promoted the conception of an alleged ontological existence of a feminine nature, resignified in this research by the idea of an eternal feminine, that it would be appropriate and disseminated through various legitimating discourses, among them, the very literary discourse. In addition, it aims to emphasize not only the external influences exerted on literary discourse in the representation of a particular conception of reality guided by the hierarchical difference between sexes, but it also highlighted the active character of the literature in the construction and propagation of those values. Concomitantly with this, it was emphasized during the research, the mechanisms of control and repression that acted upon the female body and sexuality, which would be gradually produced, operated and improved according to the needs and interests of each society. In this perspective, in order to analyze the views on femininity propagated by the literature of the Nineteenth Century, it was evidenced the ruptures and continuities in relation to both social imaginary as the behaviors and meanings that were directed and imputed to women, taking another times as reference, observing, as well, its transformations along time, which would be ruled not only by the substitution of a discourse by another, but, mainly, by the continuous overlapping of a discourse by another, forming, in this way, a long-term structure. For this purpose, it demonstrate the perception of some authors of the Enlightenment regarding this issue, as well, as how the writers of the Romantic and Realistic movements worked this theme. Finally, it aimed to prioritize the analysis of the Naturalist School, relating it to the theme worked through the production of authors such as Émile Zola, Aluísio Azevedo and Júlio Ribeiro, highlighting how the nuances about female sexuality were manifested in their productions and the way which the various institutionalized knowledge of the Nineteenth Century sought todeny it, idealize it, and, finally, objectify it. / O presente trabalho consiste em apresentar uma reflexão sobre a sexualidade feminina a partir de um rico diálogo entre a História e a Literatura, com a finalidade de evidenciar a assimilação e propagação de um imaginário sobre o sexo feminino por meio de obras e estéticas literárias. Para tanto, destacou-se, primeiramente, algumas construções simbólicas que promoveram a concepção de uma pretensa existência ontológica de uma natureza feminina, ressignificada nesta pesquisa pela ideia de um eterno feminino, que seria apropriada e disseminada por meio de vários discursos legitimadores, dentre os quais, o próprio discurso literário. Ademais, buscou-se enfatizar não apenas as influências externas exercidas sobre o discurso literário na representação de determinada concepção de realidade pautada na diferença hierarquizante entre os sexos, mas, também, evidenciar o caráter ativo da Literatura na construção e propagação deste mesmo ideário. Concomitantemente a isto, enfatizou-se no decorrer da pesquisa os mecanismos de controle e repressão que atuavam sobre o corpo e a sexualidade feminina, que seriam, gradualmente, produzidos, operacionalizados e aperfeiçoados de acordo com as necessidades e interesses de cada sociedade. Nesta perspectiva, com a finalidade de analisar as visões de feminilidade propagadas pela Literatura do século XIX, evidenciou-se as rupturas e permanências em relação tanto ao imaginário social quanto aos comportamentos e significados que foram direcionados e imputados às mulheres, tendo por referência outras épocas, observando, assim, suas transformações ao longo do tempo, que seriam pautadas não apenas pela substituição de um discurso por outro, mas, principalmente, pela sobreposição contínua de um discurso sobre outro, vindo a formar, assim, uma estrutura de longa duração. Para tanto, buscou-se demonstrar a percepção de alguns autores do Iluminismo sobre tal questão, assim como a forma como tal tema foi trabalhado pelos literatos da estética Romântica e Realista. Por fim, priorizou-se a análise da Escola Naturalista, relacionando-a ao tema trabalhado a partir da produção de autores como Émile Zola, Aluísio Azevedo e Júlio Ribeiro, destacando de que forma as nuances acerca da sexualidade feminina foram apropriadas em suas produções e a maneira a partir da qual os mais variados discursos e saberes institucionalizados do século XIX buscaram negá-la, idealizá-la e, por fim, objetificá-la.

This thesis addresses two interpretative questions concerning the philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche. The first is to ascertain the primary objection that Nietzsche has to a morality that he describes as decadent. The conclusion reached is that Nietzsche’s objection to decadent morality is based on the harm it does to a class of “higher” individuals who have valuable work to perform in achieving a desirable future for humanity. The second question is to determine the manner in which Nietzsche’s own values are to be understood based on the skepticism he expresses concerning the objectivity of value. The conclusion reached is that Nietzsche’s values are objects of the same analysis he applies to human values generally. The values Nietzsche endorses, including the valuing of “higher” individuals, are to be understood as symptoms of a particular physiology and its relationship to living.

There are many parallels and points of similarity between the themes of the play Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett and the themes explored by Friedrich Nietzsche. This essay examines the play in light of some of Nietzsche’s key concepts, such as the Will to Power, the Übermensch or Overman, the Eternal Recurrence, as well as the aesthetic conception of existence. The essay argues that while Waiting for Godot shares many of the premises and conclusions of Nietzsche’s philosophy, the play can also be interpreted as a critique of the same. The play presents a post-religious world marked by pessimism and resignation rather than affirmation and Nietzschean amor fati. The characters are as far removed from the heroic Overman ideal as can be imagined, unable to harness the Will to Power, which is absent or distorted or even unknowable. Communication is fraught with difficulty and uncertainty. The dynamic of the Eternal Recurrence is present but rather than being affirmed it is a source of crushing boredom, tediousness and existential angst. The characters are unable to embrace the Eternal Recurrence and are in a continual state of mental flight from its implications. They suffer from a vague recollection of the past while projecting their hopes into the future in order to diminish the unbearable suffering of the existing present, or state of perpetual becoming. Beckett can thus be said to be offering a satirical critique of the concept of salvation, both in its traditional religious sense as well as in the sense implied by Nietzsche’s concept of the Eternal Recurrence. However, Beckett does offer a sense of hope by suggesting, paradoxically, that the abandonment of hope of salvation may lead to a sort of salvation of resignation.

The aim of this essay is to discuss the meaning of the human and its possible overcoming in Friedrich Nietzsche’s doctrine of the eternal recurrence of the same, with Martin Heidegger’s readings of Nietzsche as point of departure. According to Heidegger, Nietzsche’s doctrine of the eternal recurrence of the same represents the end of occidental metaphysical thinking. The thought concludes a thinking of being as the presence of beings, where the original question of being was never developed out of its own ground. But at the heart of this interpretation, often considered “violent”, lies the question of whether man is able to think being out of his finitude. This is the question I will unfold, through a reading of Nietzsche’s thought of the eternal recurrence of the same, as it is presented in his Thus spoke Zarathustra, as an attempt to think beings in their being beyond a “humanization” of them, expressed in transcendental aims, purposes and categories. This attempt, I argue, is essentially bound up with a comportment toward the human self as the finite and the corporal. In this sense the human being in its finitude and corporeality is thefocus and the basis for the search for “the overman”. But this focus on man, as he who can overcome himself, is at the same time a focus that canbe said to lead man away from himself, in not asking the deeper question about what it means to be this human being. I will furthermore consider the tragic as the theme where this question of the overcoming of the human comes to the fore; the dionysic-tragic reveals both a view of man as the being that is mastered by the abyss that underlies this world, and therefore mastered by his finitude - and as the being who can master this same abyss, in thinking it as one with the human self. The purpose is not to take a position for or against Heidegger’s reading, but to develop a discussion between Heidegger and Nietzsche about the human self as always being both the closed and the open, and about the ways in which human thinking can approach this.

The issues and solutions reviewed within the Local Agenda 21 are almost the ranges in dealing with local activities. Thus, the local government involvement and cooperation will be the critical factors to determine if it is available for national eternal management in the future. On the eternal management, the local government bodies are playing the very important roles for the realized tasks because local government bodies emphasize the public affairs to serve local regions and also hold the duty to improve local environment and life quality. Meanwhile, despite the small duty ranges of local government bodies, they actually own much on autonomy management. They can directly and effectively promote and implement various public measures. In addition, the local eternal management is featured with the characteristics varying with locations. Because the establishment and research about sustainable development systems is not only a nationwide issue but also the issue focused by the efforts made by cities, communities or even business organizations. Within this research, we make the research criteria based on the Kaohsiung City-Kaohsiung County-Pington County Sustainable Development Strategy Report. By using questionnaire survey, we focus on the eternal development strategies of Pington County. Also, through the research goals about overall regional sustainable development, we insightfully investigate the sustainable development courses and strategies about Pington County only. Seeing from the execution of eternal development policies locally, the single local government body will make the materialization of local eternal development easier and more harmoniously. By referring to cases about the sustainable development activities made by Kigmen County, Hualien County, Tainan County, Yilan County and Changhua County, totally 5 county government bodies, we investigate the research courses, methods and strategies of sustainable development activities of local county governments. Also, based on the research basis of Kaohsiung City-Kaohsiung County-Pington County Sustainable Development Strategy Report, we make further efforts for professional questionnaires in dealing with the sustainable development strategies of Pington County. Through 4 dimensions separately of environment, society, economic and systems, we create 43 issues about the eternal development of Pington County. Also, we focus on these issues for the upcoming efforts which shall be made by Pington County for their own eternal development goals so that our research can be available for the reference made by Pington County to execute their own eternal development strategies.

The doctrine of eternal recurrence is not only an aspect of Nietzsche&rsquo / s philosophy, but a notion that structures the base of his philosophy. The doctrine is analyzed by many interpreters in various ways. The cosmological and the ethical-existential approaches to the doctrine are at the very base wrong. The doctrine&rsquo / s impact cannot be adequately understood in these terms. Besides, the doctrine of eternal recurrence has multiple problems within it, problems which can be solved if the doctrine is understood and analyzed properly. In this thesis it was suggested, following Lawrence J. Hatab and Pierre Klossowski, that the doctrine should be read in terms of mimetic literality. And in this way the reading and the understanding of the doctrine lead the self to a dissolution which solves many of the problems within the doctrine.