Background: In India transgender people have a legacy of representation and acceptance dating back thousands of years within the Hindu religion. However, studies show that transgender people in today’s indian society experience lack of social rights and are discriminated towards when it comes to employment, housing and healthcare. Being discriminated based on who you are may in turn lead to poor physical and mental health. The healthcare services ability to promote health and give good care to transgender patients is limited due to stigma and lack of knowledge in meeting the needs that transgender people may have when seeking healthcare. Aim: The aim of this study is to examine the experience of identity, health and well-being among transgender people in India. Method: A qualitative semi-structured interview study with five participants was made, four of the interviews were used in the result. The participants were interviewed about their experiences of health and well-being as well as the availability and treatment from the healthcare system. The content was analyzed through a content analysis. Results: The result was divided into Identity and Society where the theme Identity contained 1. Life-stance related reflection about gender identity. 2. Life-stance related reflections about own body. 3. Strategies to protect one’s dignity and 4. The meaning of relationships and social networks for one’s own identity. The theme Society dealt with the sub-themes 1. Experiences of attitudes among healthcare professionals and 2. Experiences of discrimination outside healthcare. Discussion: The discussion was held from a life-stance point of view and touched upon how discrimination and lack of knowledge within the healthcare services can lead to not being seen as a person. Violation of dignity was also discussed and how dignity is connected to integrity and self-image as well as how confidence and self-esteem is important in forming one’s identity. / Bakgrund: I Indien har transpersoner sedan tusentals år tillbaka ett stort kulturellt arv och har en lång historia av representation inom hinduismen. Dock visar forskning att transpersoner i dagens indiska samhälle saknar sociala rättigheter och diskrimineras när det kommer till anställning, boende samt hälso- och sjukvård. Att utsättas för diskriminering på grund av att en är den en är kan i sin tur skapa psykisk och fysisk ohälsa. Hälso- och sjukvårdens möjlighet att tillgodose transpersoners behov begränsas av stigma och brist på rätt kunskaper att tillmötesgå de omvårdnadsbehov som transpersoner kan ha när de söker sjukvård. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka transpersoners upplevelse av identitet, hälsa och välmående i Indien. Metod: En kvalitativ semi-strukturerad intervjustudie med fem deltagande genomfördes, fyra av intervjuerna användes i resultatet. Deltagarna intervjuades om sina upplevelser av identitet, hälsa och välmående, samt tillgänglighet och bemötande av hälso- och sjukvård. Innehållet analyserades genom en innehållsanalys. Resultat: Resultatet indelades i Identitet och Samhälle, där temat Identitet innehöll 1. Livsvärldsrelaterade reflektioner om könsidentitet. 2. Livsvärldsrelaterade reflektioner om den egna kroppen. 3. Strategier för att skydda den egna värdigheten och 4. Betydelsen av relationer och sociala nätverks för den egna identiteten. Temat Samhälle innehöll 1. Erfarenheter av bemötande från hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal. och 2. Erfarenheter av diskriminering utanför hälso- och sjukvård. Diskussion: Diskussionen hölls utifrån ett livsvärldsperspektiv och berörde hur diskriminering och brist på kunskap inom hälso- och sjukvård orsakar att en inte blir sedd som en person. Kränkt värdighet diskuterades även och hur värdigheten är kopplad till integritet och självbild samt hur självförtroende och självkänsla är betydelsefullt för identitetsskapande.

The digital age has ushered in the increased preservation and accessibility of cultural heritage material within memory institutions through the creation of digital reproductions. This study explores individual digitisation professionals' perceptions of ethical issues This study explores individual digitisation professionals' perceptions of ethical issues and ethical guidelines. Employing a survey study in the form of a questionnaire, this exploratory study intends to lay a foundation upon which further research can be done. The questionnaire garnered both qualitative and quantitative data. A small sample of digitisation professionals from Northern Europe and North America were surveyed and the qualitative findings were analysed through the use of a thematic analysis method. This study finds that there is much to consider such as culture, narrative, and individual rights. This study highlights that there is a spectrum of ethical issues faced by digitisation professionals, with a majority of respondents discussing consent, privacy and cultural sensitivity. In discussing the findings, a lens of professional ethics theory is applied to understand how attitudes towards ethical issues and ethical guidelines in digitisation can be understood. This study creates insights into what a group of digitisation professionals perceive as lacking in ethical guidelines regarding digitisation and the ethical issues. Further research in this area is encouraged.

A question addressed in this study is; how are identities of children constructed using narratives and photographs in humanitarian discourse? This study is a sociological exposition of ethical issues that arise from representations of children within humanitarian discourse. Humanitarian discourse is treated as a special type of cultural representation. This discourse entails uses of a special form of language that constructs represents and portrays stereotypical identities of children. Such cultural representation illustrates how children’s identities are socially constructed realities. Constructions of realities of children are shaped, influenced and ‘controlled’ by intentions of humanitarian professionals as social actors. Humanitarian professionals’ actions as agents are also located within socio-cultural structures and contexts that give rise to the humanitarian discourse. This means reality is not ‘unified’ but a product of intentional and conscious inter-subjective human actions in specific contexts. Such is an assumption of phenomenological sociological theory that situates this study. This assumption also influenced qualitative research methods of this study. Qualitative methods emphasise the significance of individual perceptions and interpretations when analysing social issues. Identified ethical issues arise from practical program situations causing humanitarian professionals to collect children’s narratives and photographs in the first instance. Those situations include; conducting child focused researches, designing children’s programs, writing child rights advocacy articles and policy briefs, marketing children’s issues, media publishing, writing project proposals, monitoring and evaluating projects. Ethical issues that arise from the above include; violations of children’s privacies, lack of informed consent to collect and use children’s narratives and photographs, uses of enticements to induce information from children, disclosures of sensitive data, exaggerations, sensationalising and manipulations of children’s identities. Based on study findings, knowledge or academic contribution situated within phenomenological sociology is proposed. The study’s knowledge contribution is that constructions of children’s identities reveal how perceptions and interpretations of identities create socially determined realities within humanitarian discourse. / Sociology / D. Phil. (Sociology)

En Argentine, la biotechnologie agricole, spécialement le soya transgénique, a été adoptée de façon fulgurante et elle a provoqué un fort choc dans l’économie nationale et dans la société. Actuellement, dû à la gravité des conséquences de ce phénomène, les médias, et la presse en particulier, ont fait écho du débat. Le but général de cette étude est d’analyser le débat de société sur ce phénomène dans la presse écrite argentine. Pour ce faire, trois objectifs spécifiques ont été retenus : dresser un portrait général du discours; comprendre le contexte politique et économique qui a permis l’insertion de la biotechnologie agricole en Argentine; et analyser les enjeux socioéthiques subjacents au problème des biotechnologies. Pour répondre à ces objectifs, on a effectué une analyse de contenu du discours social circonscrit à la presse écrite argentine entre les années 1999- 2006. La démarche privilégiée inclut la classification des articles de journaux par l’utilisation de mots-clés et l’assignation à des catégories thématiques avec l’assistance des techniques d’analyse de texte par ordinateur. Les résultats de cette étude signalent pour la période étudiée une importante couverture journalistique des biotechnologies agricoles, couverture qui, en général, a été favorable. La quantité d’articles augmente avec les années et montre un virage important des sujets commerciaux à des questions politiques. Le débat autour des conséquences environnementales et sociales de l’application du nouveau modèle agricole sont pauvrement représentées et montrent une apparition plus tardive dans les journaux argentins. Cependant, cela pourrait s’expliquer par un déplacement dans l’axe de la discussion des biotechnologies vers la sojisation qui devient l’enjeu central du débat autour du phénomène agricole. / In Argentina, agricultural biotechnology – especially transgenic soya – has been widely adopted causing a strong impact on the national economy and society. Today, because of its important impact, the media and the written press in particular have published substantial material on this phenomenon of agricultural biotechnology. The overall objective of this study is to analyze the social debate on this phenomenon in the Argentinean written press. To this end, three specific objectives were retained: to provide an overview of the discourse; to understand the political and economic context that permitted the inclusion of agricultural biotechnology in Argentina; and to analyze the socio-ethical issues underlying the integration of biotechnology into Argentinean agriculture. To meet these objectives, I conducted a content analysis of social discourse in the Argentinean press during the years 1999-2006. I classified articles using keywords and constructed thematic categories using computer-assisted text analysis techniques. The results of this study show a wide coverage of agricultural biotechnology with a generally positive presentation. The number of articles increases over time and shows a major shift from a discussion of economic to political issues. The debate over the environmental, social and ethical consequences of the implementation of this new agricultural model is poorly represented and has a late appearance in the press. However, this could be explained by a change in the focus of discussion from biotechnology to sojisation, which includes many of these issues and which has become the focus of debate about agriculture.

This thesis is focused on social work with foreigners. Firstly were introduced the topic of migration, the history of migration in the Czech Republic and the basic concepts related to this topic, usefulness of integration and migration policy of the Czech Republic. Then was introduced the Biblical view and view of Catholical social teaching. Then were introduced social work with foreigners, theories and methods, also the values of social work and possible obstacles that await social workers ort he interdependence of the field with other experts. The aim of the thesis was with using literature and other available sources, to introduce concept of migration and introduce how social work works with foreigners, point out and than reflect on whether social workers encounter ethical problems or dilemmas and how they work with them. To achieve the aim of the thesis were used not only gained knowledge of the studied material but also results from qualitative research. Two research questions have been set for the purposes of the thesis, which complement the research objective. This thesis is intended for readers who want to gain basic knowledge about the global phenomenon of migration and than this thesis may be useful for social work students or graduated social workers who are working with this group.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:20:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andre Luis Cais.pdf: 1116607 bytes, checksum: 7bbfc501bfa8eb94855f57658a33bae3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-24 / This proposal aims to reflect on the recent discussion presented by academic and scientific community about the use of animals in scientific experimentation and propose improvement of Brazilian legislation on animal welfare. It is necessary a brief historical background on the origin and evolution of the concept of anthropocentrism to current biocentrism, closely related to the discussion of Nature and animal rights. The discussion dealt with some thoughts about the justification for the use of animals in scientific experiments and the need for an effective and efficient Board of Ethics, able to manage animal experiments or avoid their repetition and multiplication without substantial reason or scientific basis that may benefit man rather than the conservation of nature. In this context, Nature, especially animals, deserve a proper reflection and a philosophical inquiry: are animals subjects of rights or do they deserve to be respected only under a humanist view in favor to the human use and benefit? / A presente proposta tem por objetivo refletir sobre a recente discussão apresentada pela comunidade acadêmica e científica acerca do uso de animais na experimentação científica, bem como propor o aperfeiçoamento da legislação brasileira sobre o bem-estar animal. Faz-se necessário um breve contexto histórico sobre a origem e a evolução do conceito de antropocentrismo para a corrente do biocentrismo, intimamente relacionada com a discussão sobre a natureza e os direitos dos animais. A discussão abordada faz uma reflexão sobre a justificativa para a utilização de animais em experimentos científicos e a necessidade de um Conselho de Ética efetivo e eficaz, capaz de gerenciar experimentações em animais ou impedir a sua repetição e multiplicação, sem razões substanciais ou embasamento científico que beneficie o homem em detrimento da conservação da natureza. Nesse quadro, a natureza, em especial os animais, merecem uma reflexão adequada e um questionamento filosófico: os animais são sujeitos de direitos ou merecem ser respeitados apenas por uma visão humanista em prol do uso e do benefício humano?

En Argentine, la biotechnologie agricole, spécialement le soya transgénique, a été adoptée de façon fulgurante et elle a provoqué un fort choc dans l’économie nationale et dans la société. Actuellement, dû à la gravité des conséquences de ce phénomène, les médias, et la presse en particulier, ont fait écho du débat. Le but général de cette étude est d’analyser le débat de société sur ce phénomène dans la presse écrite argentine. Pour ce faire, trois objectifs spécifiques ont été retenus : dresser un portrait général du discours; comprendre le contexte politique et économique qui a permis l’insertion de la biotechnologie agricole en Argentine; et analyser les enjeux socioéthiques subjacents au problème des biotechnologies. Pour répondre à ces objectifs, on a effectué une analyse de contenu du discours social circonscrit à la presse écrite argentine entre les années 1999- 2006. La démarche privilégiée inclut la classification des articles de journaux par l’utilisation de mots-clés et l’assignation à des catégories thématiques avec l’assistance des techniques d’analyse de texte par ordinateur. Les résultats de cette étude signalent pour la période étudiée une importante couverture journalistique des biotechnologies agricoles, couverture qui, en général, a été favorable. La quantité d’articles augmente avec les années et montre un virage important des sujets commerciaux à des questions politiques. Le débat autour des conséquences environnementales et sociales de l’application du nouveau modèle agricole sont pauvrement représentées et montrent une apparition plus tardive dans les journaux argentins. Cependant, cela pourrait s’expliquer par un déplacement dans l’axe de la discussion des biotechnologies vers la sojisation qui devient l’enjeu central du débat autour du phénomène agricole. / In Argentina, agricultural biotechnology – especially transgenic soya – has been widely adopted causing a strong impact on the national economy and society. Today, because of its important impact, the media and the written press in particular have published substantial material on this phenomenon of agricultural biotechnology. The overall objective of this study is to analyze the social debate on this phenomenon in the Argentinean written press. To this end, three specific objectives were retained: to provide an overview of the discourse; to understand the political and economic context that permitted the inclusion of agricultural biotechnology in Argentina; and to analyze the socio-ethical issues underlying the integration of biotechnology into Argentinean agriculture. To meet these objectives, I conducted a content analysis of social discourse in the Argentinean press during the years 1999-2006. I classified articles using keywords and constructed thematic categories using computer-assisted text analysis techniques. The results of this study show a wide coverage of agricultural biotechnology with a generally positive presentation. The number of articles increases over time and shows a major shift from a discussion of economic to political issues. The debate over the environmental, social and ethical consequences of the implementation of this new agricultural model is poorly represented and has a late appearance in the press. However, this could be explained by a change in the focus of discussion from biotechnology to sojisation, which includes many of these issues and which has become the focus of debate about agriculture.

A question addressed in this study is; how are identities of children constructed using narratives and photographs in humanitarian discourse? This study is a sociological exposition of ethical issues that arise from representations of children within humanitarian discourse. Humanitarian discourse is treated as a special type of cultural representation. This discourse entails uses of a special form of language that constructs represents and portrays stereotypical identities of children. Such cultural representation illustrates how children’s identities are socially constructed realities. Constructions of realities of children are shaped, influenced and ‘controlled’ by intentions of humanitarian professionals as social actors. Humanitarian professionals’ actions as agents are also located within socio-cultural structures and contexts that give rise to the humanitarian discourse. This means reality is not ‘unified’ but a product of intentional and conscious inter-subjective human actions in specific contexts. Such is an assumption of phenomenological sociological theory that situates this study. This assumption also influenced qualitative research methods of this study. Qualitative methods emphasise the significance of individual perceptions and interpretations when analysing social issues. Identified ethical issues arise from practical program situations causing humanitarian professionals to collect children’s narratives and photographs in the first instance. Those situations include; conducting child focused researches, designing children’s programs, writing child rights advocacy articles and policy briefs, marketing children’s issues, media publishing, writing project proposals, monitoring and evaluating projects. Ethical issues that arise from the above include; violations of children’s privacies, lack of informed consent to collect and use children’s narratives and photographs, uses of enticements to induce information from children, disclosures of sensitive data, exaggerations, sensationalising and manipulations of children’s identities. Based on study findings, knowledge or academic contribution situated within phenomenological sociology is proposed. The study’s knowledge contribution is that constructions of children’s identities reveal how perceptions and interpretations of identities create socially determined realities within humanitarian discourse. / Sociology / D. Phil. (Sociology)

This thesis addresses asylum policy from an ethical perspective. The research question is whether the asylum policy of the EU and Czech Republic needs to be as restrictive as it is at the moment. The thesis examines several theoretical approaches to asylum policy, with emphasis in ethical issues. From this perspective, the humanitarian principle is drawn and subsequently applied to the current EU and Czech asylum policy. The hypothesis is that it is possible to adopt a more flexible and open asylum policy in the EU and Czech Republic, with very limited impact on the national and supranational expenditures. The core part of the thesis presents a critical evaluation of EU and Czech asylum policy. The aim of the thesis is to elaborate specific practical recommendations for the future development of the EU and Czech asylum policy.

Depuis les débuts de la dialyse chronique, de multiples innovations ont permis d’améliorer le cure (la thérapeutique) chez les personnes dialysées en augmentant leur espérance de vie et leur qualité de vie (QV), sans que l’on sache trop si parallèlement, cela a entraîné une amélioration du care (la prise en soin). Aujourd’hui, en France, des disparités importantes sont observées dans la prise en charge de l’insuffisance rénale chronique terminale (IRCT). La transplantation rénale et les méthodes de dialyse « autonome » sont insuffisamment développées alors qu’elles sont reconnues pour donner les meilleurs résultats en termes de QV et de coût. Ces inégalités de prises en charge viennent interroger les valeurs de justice et d’équité des soins. D’autre part, deux enquêtes nationales de QV menées chez des patients en IRCT ont montré des indicateurs sensiblement en baisse en 2011 par rapport à 2005. Là encore, ces résultats questionnent l’éthique du soin. Ils incitent à mieux comprendre les déterminants de la QV de ces personnes, et notamment de celles qui sont dialysées. Lors de l’enquête récente des Etats Généraux du Rein, les patients ont exprimé leurs insatisfactions par rapport aux évolutions actuelles du traitement par dialyse qui vont dans le sens d’une déshumanisation du soin et d’un désintérêt pour le bien-être de la personne soignée, alors que la dialyse chronique est une lourde contrainte qui a de multiples répercussions dans la vie au quotidien chez les personnes dialysées et leurs proches. Elle peut aussi affecter leur réseau social. Les patients qui s’adaptent le mieux à leur nouvelle vie sont ceux qui sont les mieux soutenus par leur entourage et par les équipes soignantes.Jusqu’à présent, peu de travaux se sont intéressés au réseau de soutien de ces personnes dialysées. C’est pourquoi cette thèse propose une recherche sur leur QV et leur soutien relationnel. Elle s’appuie sur une étude prospective observationnelle (RS-QUADDIAL) réalisée chez 36 patients dialysés pendant leur première année de traitement. Ce travail comporte l’analyse de leur QV par les questionnaires SF-36 et KDQoL, l’observation de leur vécu au quotidien par des entretiens qualitatifs semi-directifs et l'identification de leur réseau social personnel. Le traitement des entretiens a été effectué par une analyse de contenu thématique classique, celui des questionnaires QV et des réseaux sociaux d’ego a été effectué avec SAS ou R en fonction des besoins. Une Classification Ascendante Hiérarchique des réseaux d’ego élaborée sur la densité des relations a permis de dégager 7 types de réseaux qui ont été croisés avec des descripteurs sociodémographiques, les résultats des questionnaires QV et ceux de l’analyse thématique. Cette thèse permet de mettre en évidence l’importance et la force du réseau de soutien de ces 36 patients sur la période observée. Elle permet aussi de conclure que les personnes dont la QV est la moins altérée par le fardeau de la maladie rénale sont celles qui ont un réseau de soutien de petite taille, dense, où tout le monde se parle, et dans lesquels les liens forts prédominent. L’Education Thérapeutique du Patient (ETP), par le développement des compétences psycho-sociales, devrait permettre aux personnes dialysées non seulement de maintenir ou de renforcer leur réseau de soutien si précieux au quotidien, mais aussi d’accroître leur potentiel d’autonomie dans ce contexte d’interdépendance. De nombreuses études ont montré que le développement de l’ETP en néphrologie incitait les patients à choisir les méthodes de dialyse les plus « autonomes » mais l’intégration aux soins de ce nouveau modèle de relation soignants-soignés n’est pas encore une pratique courante. Dans les années à venir, il appartiendra aux pouvoirs publics de permettre ce développement de l’ETP dans le but de réduire les coûts de traitement tout en ayant le care comme exigence politique pour offrir aux patients une vie aussi bonne que possible. / Since the beginning of chronic dialysis, many innovations have allowed to make progress in cure for persons on dialysis, increasing their life expectancy and improving their quality of life, without really knowing whether, in parallel, this resulted in improving care. Significant disparities can be observed today in France, concerning the management of end-stage chronic kidney disease. Kidney transplantation and self-care dialysis are not developed enough even if it is acknowledged that they give the best results in terms of quality of life and cost. These inequalities in disease management question the values of justice and equity in care. Besides, two national quality of life surveys conducted with patients suffering end-stage chronic kidney disease showed a substantial decrease of indicators between 2005 and 2011. Once again, these findings raise questions about care ethics.They encourage to better understand the determinants of the quality of life of these persons, in particular those who are on dialysis. During the recent survey of “Les États Généraux du Rein”, patients expressed their dissatisfaction concerning the current developments of dialysis treatment that tend towards the dehumanisation of care and disinterest in the well-being of the person receiving care, whereas chronic dialysis is a heavy constraint with multiple repercussions in the daily lives of the persons on dialysis and their loved ones. Chronic dialysis may also affect their social network. The patients who best adapt themselves to their new life are those who are best supported by their relatives and care teams.Until now, very few studies have been carried out on the support network for these persons on dialysis. This is why this thesis focuses on investigations on their quality of life and relational support.It is based on a prospective observational study (RS-QUADDIAL) performed with 36 patients on dialysis during the first year of their treatment. This work includes the analysis of their quality of life using Questionnaires SF-36 and KDQoL, the observation of their daily lives through semi-structured qualitative interviews, and the identification of their personal social network. The interviews were the subject of a classic thematic content analysis; the quality of life and ego social networks’ questionnaires were processed with SAS or R, depending on the needs. An Ascending Hierarchical Classification of the ego networks developed on the intensity of relations made it possible to identify 7 types of networks which were cross-checked with sociodemographic descriptors, the results of the quality of life questionnaires and those of the thematic analysis. This thesis highlights the importance and strength of the support network of these 36 patients over the observation period. It also allows to conclude that the persons whose quality of life is least altered by the burden of the kidney disease are those with a limited and dense support network in which everyone talks with one another, and in which strong links prevail.Through the development of psychosocial skills, Therapeutic Patient Education (TPE) should enable the persons on dialysis not only to maintain or strengthen their support network which is so valuable every day, but also to increase their potential autonomy in this context of interdependence. A lot of studies showed that the development of TPE in nephrology encourages the patients to choose the most “autonomous” dialysis methods but the integration of this new care provider-patient relationship model within care is not yet common practice. In the coming years, it will be up to the public authorities to allow for the development of TPE in order to reduce treatment costs and at the same time consider care as a political requirement to provide patients with the best living conditions.