Syftet med vårt arbete har varit att undersöka om kunskaperna hos våra elever ökar inom ritningsläsning, genom att eleverna befinner sig i en miljö med ett verkligt objekt.Vi har utfört ett kvasiexperiment med två grupper, där den ena har fungerat som kontrollgrupp. Kontrollgruppen har genom hela experimentet befunnit sig i en traditionell klassrumsmiljö, medan försöksgruppen i halva experimentet har befunnit sig i miljön med det verkliga objektet. Genom att jämföra provresultaten mellan grupperna, har vi fått fram ett kvantitativt resultat, där eleverna i försöksgruppen förbättrade sina resultat betydligt, i motsats till eleverna i kontrollgruppen. Det tyder på att fler elever i försöksgruppen, fick sina lärstilar tillgodosedda i det verkliga objektet.

Design of experiment (DOE) is a statistical method for testing effects of input factors into a process based on its responses or outputs. Since the influence of these factors and their interactions are studied from the process outputs, then quality of these outputs or the measurements play a significant role in a correct statistical conclusion about the significance of factors and their interactions. Linear regression is a method, which can be applied for the DOE purpose, the parameters of such a regression model are estimated by the ordinary least-squares (OLS) method. This method is sensitive to the presence of any blunder in measurements, meaning that blunders significantly affect the result of a regression using OLS method. This research aims to perform a robustness analysis for some full factorial DOEs by different robust estimators as well as the Taguchi methodology. A full factorial DOE with three factors at three levels, two replicants, and three replicants are performed is studied. Taguchi's approach is conducted by computing the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) from three replicants, where the lower noise factor means the stronger signal. Robust estimators of Andrews, Cauchy, Fair, Huber, Logistic, Talwar, and Welsch are applied to the DOE in different setups and adding different types and percentages of blunders or gross errors to the data to assess the success rate of each. Number and size of the blunders in the measurements are two important factors influencing the success rate of a robust estimator. For evaluation, our measurements are infected by blunders up to different percentages of data. Our study showed the Talwar robust estimator is the best amongst the rest of estimators and resists well against up to 80% of presence of blunders. Consequently, the use of this estimator instated of the OLS is recommended for DOE purposes. The comparison between Taguchi’s method and robust estimators showed that blunders affect the signal-to-noise ratio as the signal is significantly changed by them, whilst robust estimators suppress the blunders well and the same conclusion as that with the OLS with no blunder can be drawn from them.

Forces and moments have been measured on slender bodies in both static angle conditions as well as rapid time-dependent large amplitude maneuvers with the Dynamic Pitch Plunge Roll (DyPPiR) apparatus. <br /> <br /> Lateral and transversal forces as well as all three moments have been measured at static angles of attack and sideslip and unsteady pitch ramp maneuvers at a fixed point of rotation at the quarter length of the body. The two bodies are the DARPA Suboff generic submarine shape and a non-Body-of-Revolution scalene ellipsoid with a constant cross-section midbody. An analytical two-mode equation has been shown to accurately describe the normal force and pitch moment as well as side force and yaw moment for the ellipsoid body. It is based on the observation that the center of pressure for the cross-flow contribution is at a fixed location. For the Suboff body, this assumption is invalid. Unsteady forces and moments can be measured to a very small magnitude of uncertainty and were found to differ from steady forces and moments at the time-instantaneous flow angle during the motion. / Ph. D.

This study contributes to the discussion of managing tourism to a protected area in a developing country (Galapagos, Ecuador). The first part of the analysis provides quantitative data about preferences of tourists and potential impacts on park revenues from price discrimination. It uses the data from a choice experiment survey conducted in the summer of 2009 in which these four attributes of a tour of the Galapagos were described: tour length, depth of naturalist experience, level of protection of Galapagos from invasive species, and price of the tour. On average the Galapagos tourist would be willing to pay slightly more than 2.5 times for a trip with a high-level of environmental protection than for a trip that is equivalent on all other characteristics but has a lower level of environmental protection. The mean marginal willingness to pay (MWTP) for a trip with an in-depth naturalist experience is 1.8 times more than that for a trip with a less detailed naturalist experience but equivalent on other characteristics. The relatively inelastic demand for travel to the islands would allow managers to adjust access fees to shift the distribution of length of trips while not affecting the revenues. The second part of the analysis evaluates the influence on travel to the islands by depicting Galapagos as a standard market commodity as well as depicting it as an environmental commodity. This analysis compares the results obtained from two different choice experiment surveys given to tourists finishing their trip to Galapagos. One survey design portrays the archipelago as a standard holiday island destination while the other design highlights the uniqueness and vulnerability of the islands’ biodiversity and the challenges that tourism poses to the islands’ conservation. Results suggest that additional information modified an individual's decision-making process. In the first design case (which excludes environmental information), the influence of attributes such as length and depth of natural experience is attenuated. The MWTPs estimated for these attributes are smaller in absolute terms although differences on the MWTP are not statistically significant.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第24174号 / 理博第4865号 / 新制||理||1696(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科地球惑星科学専攻 / (主査)准教授 成瀬 元, 准教授 堤 昭人, 教授 野口 高明 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Syftet med undersökningen är att belysa och exemplifiera hur NO-undervisningen kan bli mer elevcentrerad utan att tappa kunskapsinnehåll. Syftet har specificerats genom forskningsfrågan: Hur påverkar genomtänkta lärardemonstrationer i NO-undervisningen elevernas provresultat?   Undersökningsgruppen består av sex klasser i grundskolans högstadium. Klasser som på schemat har fysik (tryck) i årskurs 7 samt kemi (syror och baser) i årskurs 8. Undervisningen (interventionen) fokuserade lärardemonstrationer med elever som assistenter kombinerat med övertänkta diskussionsfrågor. Eventuell utveckling av kunskapsnivån skattades med kvantitativa mått på grundval av skriftliga prov före och efter undervisningen. Prov som bedömdes med ledning av de nationella provens A, C och E bedömningsmallar. En signifikant förbättring konstaterades (p &lt;0,05 via t-test) mellan prestation på prov efter jämfört med före interventionen. Inga generella slutsatser dras men för den aktuella undersökningsgruppen antas den genomförda (teoretiskt grundade) interventionen öka elevernas motivation och bidra till ett mer elevaktivt klassrumsklimat.

The relative polarization of the two photons emitted when a positron annihilates at rest has been re-investigated with high precision and a different method of data analysis. An experiment using a pair of ideal polarization analyzers to measure this relative polarization would be a special case of the general class of thought experiments discussed by Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR). EPR argued from these thought experiments that a physical system can exist in a state with definite values for two non-commuting variables. Since quantum mechanics can not describe such a state, EPR called quantum mechanics "incomplete". But EPR believed a complete theory -sometimes called a hidden variable theory- is possible. (This argument of EPR is sometimes called the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen "paradox".) Our experimental results, together with a theorem due to Bell, provide strong evidence that a local "hidden variable" theory is not possible. The results also rule out a hypothetical modification of quantum mechanics, suggested by Bohm and Aharonov, which was motivated by the EPR thought experiments. Compton scattering was used to analyze the linear polarization. But the theorem of Bell, mentioned above, applies to relatively "ideal" polarization measurements. Therefore, it was necessary to prove the existence, and find the explicit form of the function f relating Compton and ideal linear polarization measurements. The existence of f is shown here to follow from general principles of quantum mechanics, plus parity and angular momentum conservation; the explicit form of f is deduced from the Klein-Nishina equation. Experimental evidence is cited against the argument that f may be different in a local "hidden variable" theory.

Soils contain the largest terrestrial pool of carbon (C), but the magnitude and distribution of the soil C sink may be sensitive to climate change. My dissertation aims to identify key processes that mediate patterns of belowground carbon storage across the globe and quantify the effect of environmental perturbations associated with global change on existing soil carbon stocks in peatland ecosystems. Using meta-analysis, I show that the relationship between plant growth, C allocation, and soil nutrient availability varies on a global scale and high-latitude ecosystems allocate >60% of fixed C to belowground structures. As high latitude ecosystems are warming faster than the global mean, the future of this belowground C store is potentially sensitive to climate change. In high latitude ecosystems in particular, I further show that belowground warming increases the rate of peatland carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) losses, although CH4 emissions are more sensitive to warming than CO2 emissions, which is likely to shift the nature of greenhouse gas emissions and increase the importance of CH4 as a radiative forcing agent in the near-term. I also use a natural peatland water table gradient to identify the effect of water table reduction on peatland C and N cycling and find that microbial community shifts in C and N demand may attenuate production of C-degrading enzymes and C mineralization in the presence of plant roots and in areas with low water tables. Together, my dissertation work highlights the important role of belowground plant and microbial processes in high latitude ecosystems, and identifies the potential influence of factors associated with global change on belowground C and nutrient cycling.

Tidigare forskning visar att omslaget är en avgörande faktor när elever ska välja en bok att läsa. Denna studie har utgått från ett elevperspektiv, vars syfte är att få en bredare förståelse för vad elever utgår från när de väljer en bok. I undersökningen deltog en klass med 23 mellanstadieelever, där en analog enkätundersökning men även ett experiment användes som metod för att besvara denna studies frågeställningar. Den analoga enkäten användes för att få en förförståelse av deltagarnas läsvanor och läsattityder men framför allt för att besvara den ena frågeställningen för detta arbete. I experimentet presenterades ett antal böcker på ett uppdelat sätt, för att se om denna metod kan öka läsintresse hos elever. Resultatet av denna studie från enkätundersökningen visar att majoriteten av denna klass gärna inte läser, men hade ändå valt många böcker att läsa utifrån de böcker som presenterades i experimentet. / <p>Slutgiltigt godkännandedatum: 2023-06-01</p>

This research experiment investigated whether the nuclear taboo was more influential on participants when considering the use of nuclear weapons, or if the participants were influenced more by cost-benefit analysis when deciding to use nuclear weapons. In this study, we presented a fake military scenario to respondents with a total of eight different versions that either did or did not include: genocide, high casualties, and nuclear weapons. Participants could then select whether they agreed, disagreed, or needed more information as there answer. Breaking respondents down into these three groups, the results show that for all three respondent groups the independent variable with the strongest effect was nuclear weapons. The weakest variable was high casualty rates, while genocide had the second strongest effect on the respondents' decision-making process. These findings indicate that respondents were affected by the nuclear taboo and were less likely to cost-benefit analyze when giving their answer to the military proposal.