A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo investigar perspectivas de deliberação na prática pianística em função dos níveis de expertise, uma vez que a literatura consultada sustenta a temática num viés de polarização em níveis extremos e deixa em aberto à discussão acerca da prática de níveis intermediários dentre aqueles propostos na literatura de psicologia cognitiva, a saber: novato, iniciante avançado, competente, proficiente e o expert. Fundamentando-se nos princípios fenomenológicos de E. Husserl (1900-1970), o delineamento metodológico envolveu etapas de mapeamento preliminar da amostra, na qual 18 participantes (em níveis de extensão, graduação, pós-graduação universitária e profissional) gravaram em áudio e vídeo uma sessão de prática de duas peças de seus repertórios e participaram de duas entrevistas semiestruturadas. Quatro casos representativos em níveis distintos de expertise foram selecionados e analisados em profundidade por procedimentos qualitativos (perspectiva fenomenológica) e quantitativos (por estatística descritiva e inferencial). Para a descrição do fenômeno da prática, unidades de prática foram delimitadas, e nessas, as essências do fenômeno investigado denominadas categorias psicossensoriais (testar, repetir, isolar, ajustar, alternar, parar, explorar, dispersão e lapso). Essas categorias formaram o arcabouço no qual as incidências (em termos de ações, desvios e procedimentos) foram compiladas e organizadas, resultando maneiras de praticar tanto comuns a todos, como outras peculiares a cada participante investigado. As perspectivas de deliberação foram identificadas e refinadas numa dimensão mais pontual para o fenômeno da prática pianística como um indício de empenho na e para a situação de prática com relação à intencionalidade frente ao fenômeno estudado. Tais perspectivas resultaram na proposição de um modelo, que considera os limites do foco de atenção, as ações da prática sobre a natureza e a mobilidade dinâmica das categorias psicossensoriais, e possíveis fatores resultantes em função de uma dada intensificação de ações empreendidas. O argumento da presente tese é que a deliberação na prática pianística não é uma constante, e sim uma perspectiva dinâmica que ocorre a cada unidade de prática a partir da intencionalidade dos sujeitos para com as obras praticadas. / The present research aimed at investigating perspectives of deliberation in piano practice according to the levels of expertise, since the consulted literature supports this subject in polarized at extreme levels and leaves a gap in the discussion about the practice of intermediate levels among those proposed in the literature of cognitive psychology, namely: novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient and the expert. Based on the phenomenological principles of E. Husserl (1900-1970), the methodological designed involved preliminary sample mapping, in which 18 participants (at university extension, undergraduate, graduate and professional levels) recorded in audio and video one practice session of two musical works from their repertoire and participated in two semi-structured interviews. Four representative cases at different levels of expertise were selected and analyzed in depth by qualitative procedures (phenomenological perspective) and quantitative ones (by descriptive and inferential statistics). For the description of the phenomenon of practice, units of practice were delimited, and in these, the essences of the phenomenon investigated denominated psychosensorial categories (testing, repeating, isolating, adjusting, alternating, stopping, exploring, dispersing and lapsing). These categories made up the framework in which the incidences (in terms of actions, deviations and procedures) were compiled and organized, resulting in ways of practicing both common to all participants and others peculiar to each investigated one. The perspectives of deliberation were identified and refined in a more specific dimension to the phenomenon of piano practice as an indication of commitment in and for the practice situation regarding intentionality at the studied phenomenon. Such perspectives resulted in the proposition of a model, which considers the limits of the focus of attention, the actions of the practice on the nature and the dynamic mobility of psychosensorial categories, and possible resulting factors from a given intensification of undertaken actions. The argument of the present thesis is that deliberation in piano practice is not a constant, but it is a dynamic perspective that occurs to each unit of practice from the intentionality of subjects towards the musical works practiced.

Cette recherche porte sur l’analyse de l’activité des entraîneurs experts en gymnastique artistique et vise à décrire et comprendre les ressources cognitives sur lesquelles ils s’appuient pour intervenir auprès des gymnastes et transformer leurs habiletés. Une épistémologie de l’agir professionnel en rupture avec le modèle classique de la rationalité technique a offert le cadre de l’étude des connaissances implicites, façonnées par l’expérience de travail.Une démarche compréhensive et située, respectueuse des conditions d’exercice du métier d’entraîneur a été adoptée. L’anthropologie cognitive a servi d’ancrage disciplinaire, dans la mesure où l’intérêt s’est porté sur les processus cognitifs enchâssés dans les activités humaines. L’ancrage épistémologique de la phénoménologie a été choisi comme renforcement de la démarche compréhensive. Le cadre théorique de l’étude est celui de l’action située.Le terrain de l’étude est celui de l’entraînement sportif de haut niveau : un club sportif de niveau national, ainsi que deux Pôles France d’entraînement de la Fédération Française de Gymnastique (FFG). Deux entraîneurs féminins et douze entraîneurs masculins ont été suivis pendant trois ans au cours de leur activité professionnelle auprès de gymnastes de haut niveau âgés de 7 à 23 ans. Deux types de matériaux complémentaires ont été élaborés : i) Des données d’observation du flux de comportements des entraîneurs ; ii) Des verbalisations réflexives produites par l’entraîneur au cours d’entretiens en cours, ou post-entraînements. Une méthodologie d’ « instruction au pair » a été développée, intermédiaire entre la technique de l’instruction au sosie et l’observation participante. Les matériaux recueillis ont fait l’objet d’une analyse qualitative inductive selon la méthode de comparaison continue afin de produire des résultats théoriques intégrés aux matériaux recueillis. L’étude a permis d’avancer en matière de théorisation de la connaissance pragmatique des entraîneurs experts en gymnastique artistique.Les résultats montrent que les entraîneurs experts interviennent auprès des gymnastes sur des éléments discrets des habiletés gymniques. Ce sont des formes de corps spatialement situées qu’ils nomment phases de placement et qu’ils considèrent comme critiques pour la réussite. Ces formes transitoires dynamiques pour les entraîneurs sont des composantes chronologiques ordonnées de formes plus complexes. Elles organisent l’activité perceptive en focalisant l’attention des entraîneurs sur elles ou certains aspects les composant. Les entraîneurs interviennent auprès des gymnastes sur les propriétés physionomiques et intentionnelles qu’ils leur assignent. L’identification de ces phases par les entraîneurs apparaît comme une composante des processus par lesquels ils se rendent intelligible l’activité des gymnastes réalisant les habiletés gymniques. L’étude a permis de mettre en évidence quatre résultats majeurs concernant cette intelligibilité : a) elle repose sur des formes de corps perçues. Ces formes constituent des totalités signifiantes qui condensent un réseau de relations causales entre les propriétés des phases. Elle repose donc sur un ordre causal simplificateur de la complexité ; b) elle est métaphorique. Elle repose sur un modèle d’intelligibilité analogique implicite ; c) elle est située. Elle repose sur une gestalt expérientielle de la causalité qui permet l’énaction de propriétés typiques des phases de placement en fonction de leur pertinence dans l’action située ; d) il s’agit d’une intelligibilité « bricolée », provisoire, reposant en partie sur des hypothèses interprétatives testées en situation. / This study aims to investigate the expert coaches’ activity. More exactly, it attempts to describe and understand the knowledge being used by coaches while teaching and correcting the athletes’ technical skills in high level artistic gymnastics. An epistemology of professional practice, in break with the model of technical rationality, offers an approach to study the implicit knowledge, shaped by the working experience.A comprehensive and situated approach, respectful of the working conditions of the coaches, was chosen. The disciplinary anchor is cognitive anthropology. The theoretical framework for this research is situated action theory.The field of study is high level sport training: an association of national level and two national training structures of high level, managed by the French Federation of Artistic Gymnastics (FFG). Two expert female coaches and twelve expert male coaches were observed for three years during their professional practice with elite gymnasts aged seven to twenty-three years old. Two types of complementary data were elaborated: i) Data regarding the behavior of coaches during their practice; ii) Reflexive verbalizations by the coaches interviewed during or after the training sessions. The research methodology drew on participant observation and the technical "instructions to the double". It is called "instructions to the pair". The research materials collected were analyzed by means of inductive qualitative analysis and with comparison continuous method. The theoretical results appear through creating and conceptualizing categories identified from research data. They offered the possibility to theorize gymnastics expert coaches’ pragmatic knowledge. The results reveal that expert coaches’ interventions concern elements which compose gymnastic skills. These elements are body shapes spatially located, which are described as "placement phases" by coaches. The coaches considerer them as critical to perform the skills. These transitional and dynamic forms for coaches are chronological and ordered components of more complex forms. They organize perceptive activity by focusing the coaches’ attention on them or on certain aspects which compose them. To improve the achievement of skills, the coaches intervene on properties they assign to the phases they consider as critical: physiognomic and intentional properties. The identification of these phases by coaches seems to be a component of the processes by which they make the activity of gymnasts performing skills intelligible.The study indicates four major results for this intelligibility: a) it is based on body shapes seen. These shapes are meaningful wholes that condense a system of causal relationships between the properties of phases. It is based on a causal order that simplifies the complexity; b) it is metaphorical. It is based on an implicit model of analogical intelligibility; c) It is situated. It is based on an experiential gestalt of causation that allows the enaction of typical properties of the phases according to their relevance in situated action; d) it is a tinkered intelligibility, provisional, based in part on interpretative hypotheses tested in situations.

Le domaine de la chirurgie de par son environnement sensible, ses enjeux de qualité et de sécurité se rapproche naturellement d’autres univers tels que l’industrie nucléaire, l’aviation civile et le domaine militaire. La technicité voire même la connaissance déclarative de chaque individu composant un élément de l’ensemble d’individus interagissant ensemble dans ces environnements ne suffisent pas à atteindre des niveaux suffisants de sécurité. Plus de 70% des évènements indésirables graves seraient liés à des problèmes humains de coordination et de communication. Les compétences non techniques (CNT) sont ainsi nécessaires pour assurer une performance efficiente et sûre. La première partie de ce travail fait un état des lieux de la littérature sur les CNT en chirurgie. Après des définitions générales et un positionnement de ces compétences vis-à-vis notamment des compétences techniques et procédurales, nous présentons une revue systématique de la littérature des CNT dans le domaine spécifique de la neurochirurgie. La deuxième partie de ce travail s’intéresse quant à elle aux compétences interpersonnelles en focalisant le propos sur le travail en équipe et la communication. Le concept de familiarité au sein d’une équipe est exploré. Pour ce faire, nous présentons une étude observationnelle qui a été réalisée en environnement réel de bloc opératoire de neurochirurgie portant sur les interruptions de tâches et le travail d’équipe. Ces interruptions de tâches sont en effet des évènements itératifs entrainant la mobilisation de CNT au sein d’un groupe de professionnels. La troisième partie est consacrée aux compétences cognitives avec une étude reposant sur des entretiens de neurochirurgiens de différents niveaux d’expertise ; celle-ci ayant pour objectif de mieux comprendre la représentation mentale que se fait le chirurgien lors de son planning opératoire pré-chirurgical. La méthodologie qualitative de la théorisation enracinée est utilisée dans cette partie et nous justifions son emploi pour ce travail. / The field of surgery with its sensitive environment, its quality and safety issues is naturally close to other work environments such as the nuclear industry, civil aviation and the armed forces. The technical expertise and even the declarative knowledge of each individual component of the set of individuals interacting together in these environments are not sufficient to achieve sufficient safety levels. More than 70% of serious adverse events are due to human coordination and communication issues. Non-technical skills (NTS) are thus essential to ensure efficient and safe performance. The first part of this work is a review of the literature on NTS in surgery. After giving general definitions and positioning these skills with respect to technical and procedural skills, we present a systematic review of the CNT literature in thespecific field of neurosurgery. The second part of this work focuses on interpersonal skills: on teamwork and communication. The concept of crew familiarity is explored. In order to achieve this, we present an observational study carried out in a real neurosurgical operating room environment dealing with workflow disruptions and involving teamwork. These workflow disruptions are iterative events leading to the mobilization of NTS within a group of professionals. The third part is dedicated to cognitive skills with a study based on interviews of neurosurgeons with different levels of expertise. The aim is to better understand the surgeon’s mental representation during preoperative surgical planning. Grounded theory approach, a qualitative methodology, is used in this part and we justify its use for this work.

Percevoir la douleur d’autrui présente des intérêts considérables, autant pour la personne qui exprime une douleur, que pour la personne qui y fait face. A ce jour, l’évaluation de la douleur d’autrui demeure sous-estimée. Il apparait donc nécessaire d’approfondir la connaissance des déterminants de l’évaluation de la douleur d’autrui. Ce travail doctoral s’intéresse à l’évaluation, par des observateurs, des comportements prototypiques émis par les personnes qui ressentent des douleurs. Dans un premier temps, il examine dans quelle mesure les observateurs s’appuient sur des comportements particuliers (i.e., comportements de communication : expressions faciales et paraverbales, et de comportements de protection : cinématiques lombopelviennes et boiterie d’esquive) lorsqu’ils doivent juger l’intensité de la douleur d’autrui. Les contributions de l’expertise clinique et de la familiarité avec la douleur y sont examinées. Dans un deuxième temps, il interroge la contribution des traits de personnalité du Big Five dans la réponse sociale à la douleur d’autrui. Les résultats montrent que lorsqu’il s’agit d’estimer l’intensité de la douleur lombaire d’autrui, les expressions faciales de la douleur priment sur les cinématiques lombopelviennes (étude 1). Toutefois, lorsqu’il s’agit d’évaluer l’intensité de la douleur podale d’autrui, l’expression paraverbale de douleur ne prime pas sur les comportements de boiterie (étude 2). Les études 1 et 2 ne font pas émerger de consensus relatif aux règles d’intégration utilisées par les observateurs. Par ailleurs, le caractère consciencieux (études 3 et 4), l’agréabilité (étude 3) et le névrosisme (étude 4) contribuent à la réponse sociale à la douleur d’autrui. La contribution de ces trois traits s’exprimerait à un niveau contrôlé, i.e., top-down (étude 5). Les résultats des études menées sont susceptibles d’enrichir le Modèle de la Communication de la Douleur et étendent le champ d’application des traits de personnalité du Big Five. / Recognizing and interpreting other’s pain can be of great importance to the person in pain as well as to the person witnessing the other’s distress. According to recent studies other’s pain remains underestimated. Thus, it appears necessary to better understand the knowledge of variables that contribute to other’s pain assessement. On one hand, this doctoral project aimed at determining if observers rely more on communicative than on protective pain behaviors (facial and paraverbal expressions) when estimating other’s pain. It also questioned how observers integrate information from pain behaviors. On the other hand, the contribution of Big Five personality trait in the social response to other’s pain has been examined. When assessing low back pain, observers particularly relied on facial expression than on lumbopelvic kinematics (study 1). Nevertheless, when estimating heel pain, paraverbal expression did not contribute more than limping behaviors to observers’ pain estimates (study 2). No concensus has emerged regarding the way observers integrated information from the different pain behaviors (studies 1 and 2). In addition, conscientiousness (studies 3 and 4), agreableness (study 3), and neuroticism (study 4) contributed to the social response to other’s pain. The contribution of these traits seems to be driven by top-down processes (study 5). These results are likely to expand the communication model of pain, and the contribution of Big Five personality traits.

Įvaldantis sporto vadybos pokyčius, suvokiantis savo atsakomybės ir kvalifikacijos reikšmę, turintis puikias kompetencijas bei derybinius įgūdžius, sporto vadybininkas - vertybė daranti sėkmingą įtaką savo ir kitų karjerai. Tyrimo objektas – atsakomybės ir kompetencijos reikšmė sporto vadybininko karjeroje. Tyrimo tikslas – ištirti ir įvertinti atsakomybės ir kompetencijos reikšmę atitinkančią šiandienos sporto vadybos tendencijas, sporto vadybininko karjeroje. Šiam tikslui pasiekti buvo keliami tokie uždaviniai: 1. Atskleisti ir apibrėžti atsakomybės ir kompetencijos reikšmę vadybos teorijos kontekste; 2. Nustatyti atsakomybės ir kompetencijos reikšmę sporto vadybininko karjeroje; 3. Identifikuoti atsakomybės ir kompetencijos reikšmės ypatumus skirtingo tipo sporto organizacijų vadybininkų karjeroje. 4. Palyginti skirtingo tipo sporto organizacijų vadybininkų atsakomybės ir kompetencijos reikšmės gautus duomenis bei pateikti rekomendacijas. Tiriamieji klausimai – Lietuvoje atsakomybės ir kompetencijos reikšmės sporto vadybininko veikloje, teorinis bei praktinis ištyrimas nepakankamas. Sporto vadybininko asmenybės kompetentingumas – vienas svarbiausių veiksnių, turinčių reikšmės vadybininko karjerai kaip profesionalo adaptacijai sporto organizacijose. Taigi kyla klausimas, ar sporto vadybininkams jų karjeroje turi reikšmės atsakomybė ir kompetencija. Atliekant tyrimą ir bus siekiama atsakyti į šį klausimą. Siekiant numatyto tikslo remtasi hipoteze: skirtingų sporto... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / When a sports manager is aware and able to master sports management changes, understands the necessity of his qualification, has excellent management competencies as well as negotiation skills, he, undoubtedly, becomes a successful contributor both to his own and others‘ careers. The object of the research – responsibility and expertise ‘s significance in a sports manager‘s career. The aim is to investigate and evaluate the importance of responsibility and expertise in correspondence with today's trends in sports management and a sports manager‘s career. To achieve this aim, the following objectives were proposed: 1. to reveal and define the significance of responsibility and expertise in management theory; 2. to set the importance of responsibility and expertise in a sports manager’s career; 3. to identify responsibility and expertise’s special characteristics suitable to managers’ working in different types of sports organizations; 4. to compare managers’ responsibility and expertise on the basis of the survey data and suggest recommendations. Research questions – the study of responsibility and expertise ‘s significance in sports manager‘s activities, as well as theoretical and practical survey in Lithuania is insufficient. Sports manager‘s personal competency is one of the most important factors having influence on a manager‘s career as a professional adaptation in any sports organization. This raises the question whether responsibility and expertise play a very... [to full text]

La voix humaine constitue la partie dominante de notre environnement auditif. Non seulement les humains utilisent-ils la voix pour la parole, mais ils sont tout aussi habiles pour en extraire une multitude d’informations pertinentes sur le locuteur. Cette expertise universelle pour la voix humaine se reflète dans la présence d’aires préférentielles à celle-ci le long des sillons temporaux supérieurs. À ce jour, peu de données nous informent sur la nature et le développement de cette réponse sélective à la voix. Dans le domaine visuel, une vaste littérature aborde une problématique semblable en ce qui a trait à la perception des visages. L’étude d’experts visuels a permis de dégager les processus et régions impliqués dans leur expertise et a démontré une forte ressemblance avec ceux utilisés pour les visages. Dans le domaine auditif, très peu d’études se sont penchées sur la comparaison entre l’expertise pour la voix et d’autres catégories auditives, alors que ces comparaisons pourraient contribuer à une meilleure compréhension de la perception vocale et auditive. La présente thèse a pour dessein de préciser la spécificité des processus et régions impliqués dans le traitement de la voix. Pour ce faire, le recrutement de différents types d’experts ainsi que l’utilisation de différentes méthodes expérimentales ont été préconisés. La première étude a évalué l’influence d’une expertise musicale sur le traitement de la voix humaine, à l’aide de tâches comportementales de discrimination de voix et d’instruments de musique. Les résultats ont démontré que les musiciens amateurs étaient meilleurs que les non-musiciens pour discriminer des timbres d’instruments de musique mais aussi les voix humaines, suggérant une généralisation des apprentissages perceptifs causés par la pratique musicale. La seconde étude avait pour but de comparer les potentiels évoqués auditifs liés aux chants d’oiseaux entre des ornithologues amateurs et des participants novices. L’observation d’une distribution topographique différente chez les ornithologues à la présentation des trois catégories sonores (voix, chants d’oiseaux, sons de l’environnement) a rendu les résultats difficiles à interpréter. Dans la troisième étude, il était question de préciser le rôle des aires temporales de la voix dans le traitement de catégories d’expertise chez deux groupes d’experts auditifs, soit des ornithologues amateurs et des luthiers. Les données comportementales ont démontré une interaction entre les deux groupes d’experts et leur catégorie d’expertise respective pour des tâches de discrimination et de mémorisation. Les résultats obtenus en imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle ont démontré une interaction du même type dans le sillon temporal supérieur gauche et le gyrus cingulaire postérieur gauche. Ainsi, les aires de la voix sont impliquées dans le traitement de stimuli d’expertise dans deux groupes d’experts auditifs différents. Ce résultat suggère que la sélectivité à la voix humaine, telle que retrouvée dans les sillons temporaux supérieurs, pourrait être expliquée par une exposition prolongée à ces stimuli. Les données présentées démontrent plusieurs similitudes comportementales et anatomo-fonctionnelles entre le traitement de la voix et d’autres catégories d’expertise. Ces aspects communs sont explicables par une organisation à la fois fonctionnelle et économique du cerveau. Par conséquent, le traitement de la voix et d’autres catégories sonores se baserait sur les mêmes réseaux neuronaux, sauf en cas de traitement plus poussé. Cette interprétation s’avère particulièrement importante pour proposer une approche intégrative quant à la spécificité du traitement de la voix. / The human voice is the most meaningful sound category of our auditory environment. Not only is the human voice the carrier of speech, but it is also used to extract a wealth of relevant information on the speaker. Voice-sensitive areas have been identified along the superior temporal sulci of normal adult listeners. Yet little data is available on the nature and development of this selective response to voice. In the visual domain, a vast literature focuses on a similar problem regarding face perception. Several studies have identified processes and regions involved in visual expertise, demonstrating a strong resemblance to those used for faces. In the auditory domain, very few studies have compared voice expertise to expertise for other sound categories. Such comparisons could contribute to a better understanding of voice perception and hearing. This thesis aims to clarify the nature of the processes and regions involved in voice perception. Different types of experts and different experimental methods were used in three separate studies. The first study assessed the influence of musical expertise on timbre voice processing, by using using behavioral voice and musical instrument discrimination tasks. The results showed that amateur musicians performed better than non-musicians in both tasks, suggesting a generalization of auditory abilities associated with musical practice. The second study compared event related potentials evoked by birdsongs in bird experts and non-expert participants. Because a different topographical distribution was observed among bird experts in all sound categories, a definitive interpretation was difficult to make. In the third study, we asked whether the voice-sensitive areas would be recruited by different categories of sounds of expertise in guitar makers, bird experts and non-experts. The behavioral data showed an interaction between the two groups of experts and their respective category of expertise for memory and discrimination tasks. The functional magnetic resonance imaging results showed an interaction of the same type in the left superior temporal sulcus and the left posterior cingulate gyrus. The results show that the voice selective areas do not exclusively process voice stimuli but could also contribute to expert-level processing of other sound categories. Therefore, cortical selectivity to human voice could be due to a prolonged exposure to voice. The data presented demonstrate several behavioral and anatomo-functional similarities between cerebral voice processing and other types of auditory expertise. These common aspects can be explained by a functional and economical brain organization. Consequently, sound processing would rely on shared neural networks unless necessary. This interpretation is particularly important to suggest an integrative approach for studying voice processing specificity.

Cette thèse examine les indices comportementaux et neurophysiologiques reflétant le traitement des visages émotionnels. L’étude de ces indices chez l’adulte et l’enfant ayant bénéficié d’un développement ordinaire conduit à l’élaboration d’un modèle proposant l’intervention séquentielle de différents traitements (analytique, holistique, configural) selon un décours temporel particulier (100ms, 170ms, 220ms). La N170 semble dépendante des capacités émotionnelles des sujets, et son développement serait lié à la maturation de l’exploration visuelle des visages, en lien avec le développement d’une expertise. Les dysfonctionnements de ces indices sont ensuite appréhendés chez des enfants atteints d’autisme. Les résultats suggèrent que les troubles de la perception des émotions faciales puissent trouver leur origine dans un dysfonctionnement majeur des premières étapes sensorielles, limitant l’expérience et donc l’expertise pour les visages. L’observation longitudinale de ces indices au cours d’une Thérapie d’Echange et de Développement confirme l’efficacité des soins non seulement d’un point de vue clinique mais aussi neurophysiologique. / This work investigates the behavioral and neurophysiological indices involved in emotional face processing.The study of these indices in healthy adults and typically developing children allows to elaborate a model proposing that different mechanisms (analytic, holistic and configural) succeed one another in a specific timing (100ms, 170ms, 220ms). The N170 seems to be sensitive to the subject’s emotional skills, and its development is linked to the maturation of visual face exploration, related to the acquisition of expertise.The dysfunctions of these indices are then investigated in children with autism. The results suggest that the default of the emotional faces perception could start from atypicalities in visual perceptual processes, affecting the experience and then the expertise for faces. The longitudinal observation of these indices during Exchange and Developmental Therapy confirms both clinical and neurophysiological efficiency of the care.

[pt] O objetivo desta tese é investigar o processo de revisão da escrita e o processo de estabelecimento da correferência quanto à forma como são monitorados por grupos com diferentes graus de experiência em escrita. A pesquisa insere-se no quadro dos estudos sobre processamento da escrita, focalizando o processo da produção, e ancora-se, teoricamente, no tocante à pesquisa em escrita, no modelo de processamento cognitivo da escrita de Flower e Hayes (1980) e no modelo de revisão de Hayes (1987). Nos estudos da correferência, consideram-se as principais teorias voltadas para a investigação da influência de fatores que favorecem a acessibilidade à memória para seu estabelecimento, a Teoria da Acessibilidade (Ariel, 1990), a Teoria da Centralização (Grosz, Joshi e Weinstein, 1995) e a Hipótese da Carga Informacional (Almor, 1999). Relacionamos as questões teóricas aos dados de natureza cognitiva obtidos por meio de metodologia experimental. O laboratório utilizado foi o LAPAL, na PUC-Rio. Os experimentos conduzidos basearam-se em tarefas de produção e revisão de textos. Foi utilizada a ferramenta de keystroke logging Inputlog (http://www.inputlog.net/) para gravação e análise dos dados. Os participantes eram alunos de graduação e de pós-graduação de uma instituição pública e de uma instituição privada no Rio de Janeiro. No primeiro experimento foram analisados dados de natureza global do processamento da escrita e do processamento da correferência a partir de imagens-estímulos de duas histórias em quadrinhos, sem material verbal. No que tange ao comportamento global do processamento de escrita, foram verificadas medidas relativas ao processo e ao produto do texto produzido (em termos de número de caracteres e de palavras) e também relativas a pausas e tipos de revisões realizadas. No âmbito das medidas voltadas especificamente para o processamento da correferência, foramanalisados dados relacionados aos tipos de expressões referenciais selecionadas para introduzir e retomar entidades discursivas, bem como quanto ao momento em que elementos de retomada foram revistos (revisão do tipo imediata ou posterior) e à natureza do tipo de alteração implementada no que tange ao grau de especificidade do termo usado na substituição (mais/menos específico). O segundo experimento objetivou investigar os fatores que influenciam a escolha de uma expressão referencial anafórica a partir da informação contida no antecedente. Foi conduzida tarefa de revisão com quatro textos de mesmo tipo narrativo. Em cada tipo de texto avaliou-se os tipos de retomadas anafóricas das expressões referenciais em função do grau de ativação de informação na memória favorecido pela acessibilidade ao antecedente. Foram tomadas como variáveis independentes a função sintática do antecedente (mais suj.; menos suj.), o papel temático (mais agente; menos agente), e a distância entre o antecedente e o elemento de retomada (igual período; diferente período). No primeiro experimento os resultados apontaram divergências entre os tipos de revisões efetuadas (imediatas/posteriores) e quanto à proporção de revisões efetuadas (apagamentos/inserções) indicando que o grupo de alunos de pós-graduação empregou mais qualitativamente estratégias e recursos de revisão no monitoramento de seus textos do que os alunos de graduação. No segundo experimento, na análise estatística conduzida para cada grupo separadamente, foi verificado efeito principal de posição sintática (nos 2 grupos), distância (nos 2 grupos), e papel temático (no grupo de pós-graduação). Além disso, verificaram-se efeitos de interação entre posição e distância, e entre posição, papel temático e distância (grupo de graduação) e de posição e distância (grupo de pós-graduação). A qualidade das revisões efetuadas foi diferente, tendo o grupo de alunos de pós-graduação efetuado mais revisões do tipo posterior e percentualmente mais revisões que implicaram modificações na qualidade textual. Em conjunt / [en] The purpose of this doctoral thesis is to investigate the writing process and the process of establishing coreference as to how they are monitored by groups of different degrees of writing experience. The research is part of the study of writing processing, focusing on the production process, and is theoretically anchored in writing research related to the Cognitive Writing Model of Hayes and Flower (1980) and in Hayes s Writing Revision Model (1987). In the studies of coreference, we consider the main theories that investigate the influence of factors that favour accessibility to memory, Accessibility Theory (Ariel, 1990), the Centering Theory (Grosz, Joshi and Weinstein, 1995) and the Information Load Hypothesis (Almor, 1999). We related the theoretical questions to the data captured by means of experimental methodology. The laboratory used was LAPAL, at PUC-Rio. The experiments conducted were based on writing production and revision tasks and we used the technological tool of keystroke logging Inputlog (http://www.inputlog.net/) to record and analyse data. Participants were graduate and post graduate students of public and private institutions in Rio de Janeiro.In the first experiment the data analysed related to production of writing and coreference processing from image-stimuli of two comic strips without verbal material. Concerning the measures related to writing production, we analysed the relation between the process and product in terms of the number of characters and words as well as pauses and the types of revisions made. Regarding the measures of coreference processing, we examined the types of of referential expressions selected to introduce and to establish coreference within discourse entities, as well as data related to the moment when correferential elements were revised (immediate or delayed revisions) and the degree of specificity implied in the alterations worked out. The second experiment aimed to investigate the factors that influence the choice of anaphoric referential expressions from the type of information contained in the antecedent. We conducted an experiment of writing revision consisting of four different texts of the same discursive genre. In each of them we took into account the degree of activation in memory provided by information that favours accessibility to memory stored items. The independent variables were the syntactic function of the antecedent(more subject/less subject), the thematic role of the antecedent (more agent/less agent) and the the distance between the antecedent and the anaphoric referential expression (equal period/different period). Results from the first experiment pointed out differences between the types of revisions (immediate/delayed) and the proportion of revisions made (deletions/insertions) indicating that post-graduate group used more revision strategy resources while monitoring their production as compared to the group of graduates. In the second experiment, statistical analysis conducted for each group separately revealed effects of the factors considered as for syntactic position (in the 2 groups), thematic role (in the post-graduates group) and distance (in both groups). In addition, interaction effects between distance and syntactic position and between position, thematic role and distance (graduates group) and position and distance (post-graduates group) were significant. The quality of the revisions was proven diverse, having post-graduates proceeded to more delayed revisions that imply alteration in overall text quality than the group of graduates. As a whole, the experiments conducted allowed us to identify differences between the experimental groups and suggest evidence that schooling level plays an important role in writing and in the choices made in for coreference processing.

Cette thèse vise à explorer la situation dans laquelle des chercheurs en sciences humaines et sociales témoignent en tant qu’experts dans des procédures judiciaires. À partir de l’analyse de cinq procès ayant eu lieu dans des contextes nationaux différents et impliquant des disciplines hétérogènes, elle montre que pour comprendre l’activité de ces experts il est essentiel d’étudier méticuleusement leurs positionnements épistémologiques, c’est-à-dire la manière dont ils emploient des références, concepts et arguments qui relèvent d’une série de débats fondamentaux et de longue durée au sein des sciences sociales. Cette thèse montre que les positionnements épistémologiques des chercheurs en sciences sociales dans des controverses ayant des enjeux pratiques considérables dépendent d’abord des intérêts sociaux auxquels ils prêtent allégeance. Mais les modalités de déploiement des représentations épistémologiques varient aussi selon le type d’implication de l’expert dans le procès, les normes qui encadrent l’expertise judiciaire, les positionnements précédents dans la controverse et les disciplines impliquées. S’inscrivant dans un projet de recherche de sociologie de l’épistémologie, dont il trace les lignes directrices, ce travail souhaite contribuer, ce faisant, à comprendre les raisons qui nous poussent à adopter certains postulats dans la compréhension du monde social et les conséquences pratiques qui en découlent. / This thesis aims to explore the situation in which social scientists testify as expert witnesses in courts of law. Drawing on a study of five trials that took place in different countries and involved various disciplines, it shows that a proper understanding of social scientists’ role in this context requires a careful examination of their epistemological positionings, i.e. how they relied on references, concepts, and arguments which are part of a set of recurring debates on fundamental issues in the social sciences. This thesis shows that how social scientists take a side on these debates in court chiefly depend on the social interest to which they swear allegiance. However, their deployment of epistemological representations also hinges on the type of implication of the expert, the legal norms that regulate their testimony, previous positionings and the discipline of the expert. Taking part to a research project on the sociology of epistemology, this thesis aims to contribute to a better understanding of the reasons that lead us to adopt certain assumptions in the comprehension of social life and the practical consequences they may have.

Submitted by Aline de Menezes Santos (alinemindy@hotmail.com) on 2015-01-22T17:14:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação.pdf: 1660781 bytes, checksum: 3e2ae31844a512326c2ea2e018c5579d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2015-02-10T13:43:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação.pdf: 1660781 bytes, checksum: 3e2ae31844a512326c2ea2e018c5579d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2015-02-12T12:51:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação.pdf: 1660781 bytes, checksum: 3e2ae31844a512326c2ea2e018c5579d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-12T12:52:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação.pdf: 1660781 bytes, checksum: 3e2ae31844a512326c2ea2e018c5579d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-22 / Independent regulatory agencies (IRAs) were established to regulate public services and economic and social sectors, in three levels of government. Provided with decision-making, administrative and financial autonomy, with fixed terms for its leaders and not identical to the Executive, have an 'identity' itself to ensure the independence inherent to the regulatory activity. Assuming that the quality of regulations depends on the quality of regulators, key decision-making borrowers under the regulatory agencies, the present study sought to understand some important aspects related to autonomy as it is manifested in practice: expertise levels of regulators and the dynamic capture them. To this purpose, a database containing information on state regulators was built, highlighting features related to the IRAs and individual characteristics of regulators from graduation, previous experience and postgraduate courses, conduction and mandate renewals, until placement professional postoffice. The analysis, descriptive, indicates that nearly 50% of state regulators are engineers and economists, the rest being distributed among various professions, especially the area of law, indicating a legalistic tradition in Brazilian IRAs, as well as many of the listed to take over as leader confirms previous experience in the regulated sector. However, the expertise differs according to the region of the country and the type of regulatory agency, being lower in the northern and largest region in the southeast, also dominated more specialized agencies. Also it notes a tendency to create a regulocratas network: regulators that stand out for a professional trajectory between agencies. When data are looked at from the capture theories, it is emphasized that, unlike the US regulators, most state regulators remains in the public sector after leaving the executive board. The party conduction and renewals indicate predominance of parties as PSDB and PMDB, however it is perceived that renewals take place independent of party power, indicating the strength of the Brazilian model / As agências reguladoras independentes (ARIs) foram instituídas para regular serviços públicos e setores econômicos e sociais, nas três esferas de governo. Providas de autonomia decisória, administrativa e financeira, com mandatos fixos para seus dirigentes e não coincidentes com os do Executivo, possuem uma 'identidade' própria a fim de garantir a independência inerente à atividade da regulação. Partindo da premissa que a qualidade de regulações depende da qualidade dos reguladores, principais tomadores de decisão no âmbito das agências reguladoras, o presente estudo buscou compreender algumas dimensões importantes relacionadas à autonomia tal como esta se manifesta na prática: os níveis de expertise dos reguladores e a dinâmica de captura dos mesmos. Com este fim, foi construído um banco de dados com informações relativas aos reguladores estaduais, destacando características relacionadas com as ARIs e características individuais dos reguladores, desde áreas de formação, experiência prévia e cursos de pós, conduções e reconduções de mandato, até a colocação profissional pós-agência. A análise, de natureza descritiva, indica que quase 50% dos reguladores estaduais são engenheiros e economistas, o resto se distribuindo entre várias profissões, com destaque para a área de direito, indicando uma tradição legalista nas ARIs brasileiras. Boa parte dos indicados para assumir o cargo de dirigente comprova experiência prévia no setor regulado. Entretanto, a expertise difere de acordo com a região do país e o tipo de agência reguladora, sendo menor na região norte e maior na região sudeste, onde também predominam agências mais especializadas unissetorial ou bissetorial. Também se observa a tendência de criação de uma rede de regulocratas: reguladores que se destacam por uma trajetória profissional entre agências. Quando os dados são olhados a partir das teorias de captura, destaca-se que, diferentemente dos reguladores norte-americanos, a maior parte dos reguladores estaduais permanece no setor público após o cargo na diretoria colegiada. As conduções e reconduções partidárias indicam predominância de partidos como PSDB e PMDB, contudo percebe-se que as reconduções acontecem independente de corrente partidária, indicando a solidez do modelo brasileiro.