Title: Internet of things and cloud computing adoption within manufacturing among small to medium sized enterprises in Sweden. Authors: Tim Kari and Wesley Kleinreesink Background & Problem discussion: Industries in Europe are facing economic challenges related to global societal and technological developments. The adoption of industry 4.0 technologies such as IoT and cloud computing within manufacturing can be used as a solution to these challenges. SMEs form the backbone of the Swedish economy, making up a large amount of the employment and added value within the country, making them important in this context. Little is known about the maturity levels of IoT and cloud computing and the challenges encountered during adoption of of these technologies by Swedish SMEs. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to investigate maturity levels of IoT and cloud computing adoptions and the associated adoption challenges by looking at Swedish SMEs in the manufacturing industry that are adopting or are interested in adopting IoT and cloud computing technologies within their manufacturing. By addressing the maturity levels and adoption challenges found among the cases and providing more insight into the context in which these are occurring. These insights can then be used for the purposes of addressing maturity levels as practitioner and contributing to current literature regarding maturity levels and adoption challenges found. Method: Following an exploratory research strategy, qualitative data has been gathered both in the form of a literature review as well as a multiple case study through semi-structured interviews. The data has then been analyzed by conducting a conceptual analysis, a cross-case synthesis and pattern matching Findings & Conclusion: The findings indicate that the levels of maturity vary highly between categories and cases, with only a few examples of reaching higher (integrated) levels of maturity. Adoption challenges found were mainly centered around organizational and human challenges as opposed to technical ones, indicating that further focus needs to be put on organizational change management. Furthermore, an apparent lack of knowledge among the case companies may explain both the narrow and simple implementations of IoT and cloud computing as well as the lack of drivers for further adoption. The implications of this means that managers need a larger focus on change management and more comprehensive implementation plans. There is also the need to consider the need for digitalization and to do it in an efficient and useful manner. Further research is needed on these topics, with possible avenues being a focus on smaller companies, a study with a larger sample size or a focus on industries with a higher volume of production as the ones presented in this study were all relatively low-volume.

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Text in English with abstracts in English, isiXhosa and isiZulu / Mother’s nutrition knowledge, one of the guiding factors in developing children’s healthy eating patterns, has received relatively little research attention. This study determines the influence of demographic factors on mothers’ nutritional knowledge in Mthatha in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Quantitative, exploratory descriptive survey used group administrative questionnaire. Closed and open ended questions solicited data in 350 purposely and conveniently selected respondents. SSPS 26.0 Version analysed the data and Factor Analysis summarized for easy interpretation. Although SA FBDG are based on the current consumption of locally available foods, respondents were largely unaware of this tool. Mothers receive informal education on Dietary Guidelines from health centres, but no one knows the extent to which they understand and apply the information. There is general lack of correlation between nutrition knowledge and its application. Mothers require nutrition education and practical application of FBDG to improve their and children’s nutrition security. / Luncinane kwaye alukho nzulu uphando olukhe lwenziwa ngolwazi lomzalikazi ngendlela yokondla. Olu lwazi yenye yeenqobo zokukhokela isiqhelo sokutya ngokunempilo. Esi sifundo senziwe eMthatha, kwiMpuma Koloni yoMzantsi Afrika kwaye siqwalasela ifuthe leempawu zesimo soluntu kulwazi lomzalikazi ngendlela yokondla. Uphando lwenziwe ngokuqwalasela ulwazi olufunyenwe kubantu abaninzi ngokunika amaqela abantu uludwe lwemibuzo. Imibuzo enempendulo ethe gca (evalekileyo) okanye enempendulo exhomekeke kwizimvo zomntu (evulekileyo) yabuzwa kubantu abangama-350 ababekhethwe ngobuchule. Iinkcukacha zolwazi zahlalutywa ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe beSSPS 26.0 lwaze uhlalutyo olwaziwa ngokuba yiFactor Analysis lwashwankathela ukuze ulwazi olufunyenweyo lutolikeke lula. Nangona isikhokelo sendlela yokutya esaziwa ngokuba yiSouth Africa food-based dietary guidelines (SA FBDG) sisekelwe kukutya okufumanekayo endaweni, abathathi nxaxheba abaninzi kolu phando babengazi nto ngesi sikhokelo. Abazalikazi bafumana imfundo engekho sesikweni ngesikhokelo sendlela yokutya kumaziko empilo, kodwa akukho mntu waziyo ukuba bayiqonda kangakanani, beyilandela kangakanani loo nto bayifundiswayo. Kukho ukungahambelani okuxhaphakileyo eluntwini phakathi kolwazi ngendlela yokutya nokulusebenzisa olo lwazi. Abazalikazi badinga ukufundiswa ngendlela yokutya nokusebenzisa isikhokelo iFBDG ukuze baphucule indlela yokutya bona nabantwana babo ngokukhuselekileyo. / Lusathole ukunakwa okuncane kakhulu kwezocwaningo ulwazi lukamama mayelana nokudla okunomsoco, okungenye yezinto eziqondisayo ekuthuthukiseni izindlela zokudla okunempilo ezinganeni. Lolu cwaningo luzocubungula futhi luhlonze umthelela wezimo zenhlalo ezigabeni zabantu abahlukahlukene olwazini lomama mayelana nokudla okunomsoco eMthatha esifundazweni saseMpumalanga Koloni eNingizimu Afrika. Ucwaningokuhlola (isaveyi) olukhwantithethivu (olugxile emananini kanye nobuningi) oluhlolisisayo futhi oluchazayo, lwasebenzisa iphephamibuzo eligcwaliswa ngababambiqhaza abayiqembu. Imibuzo evalekile kanye nemibuzo evulekile yasetshenziswa ukuthola idatha kubabambiqhaza bocwaningo abangama-350 ababekhethwe ngabomu ukufezekisa izinhloso zocwaningo. I-SSPS 26.0 Version yahlaziya idatha kanti futhi i-Factor Analysis yafingqa idatha ukuze ihumusheke kalula. Nakuba imihlahlandlela yokudla okunomsoco yaseNingizimu Afrika (SA FBDG) isuselwe ekudliweni kokudla okutholakala kuleli lizwe njengamanje, ababambiqhaza babengenalo ulwazi lokuthi kukhona imihlahlandlela enjengalena. Omama bayafundiswa, ngendlela engahlelekile, ezizindeni zezempilo mayelana neMihlahlandlela Yokudla Okunempilo, kodwake akekho owaziyo ukuthi baluqonda kangakanani ulwazi abaluthola lapho, futhi balusebenzisa kangakanani. Kuvamise ukuthi kungabi khona ukuhambisana nokuxhumana phakathi kolwazi oluphathelene nokudla okunomsoco kanye nokusetshenziswa kwalo. Omama bayakudinga ukufundiswa mayelana nokudla okunomsoco futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi imihlahlandlela yama-FBDG isetshenziswa ngendlela ephathekayo futhi ebonakalayo ukuze bakwazi ukwenza ngcono ukutholakala kokudla okunomsoco, kubona omama ngokwabo kanye nezingane zabo. / Life and Consumer Sciences / M.C.S.

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Os efeitos dos dados defeituosos sobre os resultados dos processos analíticos são notórios. Aprimorar a qualidade dos dados exige estabelecer alternativas a partir de vários métodos, técnicas e procedimentos disponíveis. O processo de Avaliação da Qualidade dos Dados - pAQD - provê relevantes insumos na definição da alternativa mais adequada por meio do mapeamento dos defeitos nos dados. Relevantes abordagens computacionais apoiam esse processo. Tais abordagens utilizam métodos quantitativos ou baseados em asserções que usualmente restringem o papel humano a interpretação dos seus resultados. Porém, o pAQD depende do conhecimento do contexto dos dados visto que é impossível confirmar ou refutar a presença de defeitos baseado exclusivamente nos dados. Logo, a supervisão humana é essencial para esse processo. Sistemas de visualização pertencem a uma classe de abordagens supervisionadas que podem tornar visíveis as estruturas dos defeitos nos dados. Apesar do considerável conhecimento sobre o projeto desses sistemas, pouco existe para o domínio da avaliação visual da qualidade dos dados. Isto posto, este trabalho apresenta duas contribuições. A primeira reporta uma taxonomia que descreve os defeitos relacionados aos critérios de qualidade da acuracidade, completude e consistência para dados estruturados e atemporais. Essa taxonomia seguiu uma metodologia que proporcionou a cobertura sistemática e a descrição aprimorada dos defeitos em relação ao estado-da-arte das taxonomias. A segunda contribuição reporta relacionamentos entre propriedades-defeitos que estabelecem que certas propriedades visuais-interativas são mais adequadas para a avaliação visual de certos defeitos em dadas resoluções de dados. Revelados por um estudo de caso múltiplo e exploratório, esses relacionamentos oferecem indicações que reduzem a subjetividade durante o projeto de sistemas de visualização de apoio a avaliação visual da qualidade dos dados. / The effects of poor data quality on the reliability of the outcomes of analytical processes are notorious. Improving data quality requires alternatives that combine procedures, methods, techniques and technologies. The Data Quality Assessment process - DQAp - provides relevant and practical inputs for choosing the most suitable alternative through a data defects mapping. Relevant computational approaches support this process. Such approaches apply quantitative or assertions-based methods that usually limit the human interpretation of their outcomes. However, the DQAp process strongly depends on data context knowledge since it is impossible to confirm or refute a defect based only on data. Hence, human supervision is essential throughout this process. Visualization systems belong to a class of supervised approaches that can make visible data defect structures. Despite their considerable design knowledge encodings, there is little support design to data quality visual assessment. Therefore, this work reports two contributions. The first reports a taxonomy that organizes a detailed description of defects on structured and timeless data related to the quality criteria of accuracy, completeness and consistency. This taxonomy followed a methodology which enabled a systematic coverage of data defects and an improved description of data defects in regard to state-of-art literature. The second contribution reports a set of property-defect relationships that establishes that certain visual and interactive properties are more suitable for visual assessment of certain data defects in a given data resolution. Revealed by an exploratory and multiple study case, these relationships provides implications that reduce the subjectivity in the visualization systems design for data quality visual assessment.

Os efeitos dos dados defeituosos sobre os resultados dos processos analíticos são notórios. Aprimorar a qualidade dos dados exige estabelecer alternativas a partir de vários métodos, técnicas e procedimentos disponíveis. O processo de Avaliação da Qualidade dos Dados - pAQD - provê relevantes insumos na definição da alternativa mais adequada por meio do mapeamento dos defeitos nos dados. Relevantes abordagens computacionais apoiam esse processo. Tais abordagens utilizam métodos quantitativos ou baseados em asserções que usualmente restringem o papel humano a interpretação dos seus resultados. Porém, o pAQD depende do conhecimento do contexto dos dados visto que é impossível confirmar ou refutar a presença de defeitos baseado exclusivamente nos dados. Logo, a supervisão humana é essencial para esse processo. Sistemas de visualização pertencem a uma classe de abordagens supervisionadas que podem tornar visíveis as estruturas dos defeitos nos dados. Apesar do considerável conhecimento sobre o projeto desses sistemas, pouco existe para o domínio da avaliação visual da qualidade dos dados. Isto posto, este trabalho apresenta duas contribuições. A primeira reporta uma taxonomia que descreve os defeitos relacionados aos critérios de qualidade da acuracidade, completude e consistência para dados estruturados e atemporais. Essa taxonomia seguiu uma metodologia que proporcionou a cobertura sistemática e a descrição aprimorada dos defeitos em relação ao estado-da-arte das taxonomias. A segunda contribuição reporta relacionamentos entre propriedades-defeitos que estabelecem que certas propriedades visuais-interativas são mais adequadas para a avaliação visual de certos defeitos em dadas resoluções de dados. Revelados por um estudo de caso múltiplo e exploratório, esses relacionamentos oferecem indicações que reduzem a subjetividade durante o projeto de sistemas de visualização de apoio a avaliação visual da qualidade dos dados. / The effects of poor data quality on the reliability of the outcomes of analytical processes are notorious. Improving data quality requires alternatives that combine procedures, methods, techniques and technologies. The Data Quality Assessment process - DQAp - provides relevant and practical inputs for choosing the most suitable alternative through a data defects mapping. Relevant computational approaches support this process. Such approaches apply quantitative or assertions-based methods that usually limit the human interpretation of their outcomes. However, the DQAp process strongly depends on data context knowledge since it is impossible to confirm or refute a defect based only on data. Hence, human supervision is essential throughout this process. Visualization systems belong to a class of supervised approaches that can make visible data defect structures. Despite their considerable design knowledge encodings, there is little support design to data quality visual assessment. Therefore, this work reports two contributions. The first reports a taxonomy that organizes a detailed description of defects on structured and timeless data related to the quality criteria of accuracy, completeness and consistency. This taxonomy followed a methodology which enabled a systematic coverage of data defects and an improved description of data defects in regard to state-of-art literature. The second contribution reports a set of property-defect relationships that establishes that certain visual and interactive properties are more suitable for visual assessment of certain data defects in a given data resolution. Revealed by an exploratory and multiple study case, these relationships provides implications that reduce the subjectivity in the visualization systems design for data quality visual assessment.

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A study of the relevant theoretical concepts and empirical research was undertaken to explore the role of the social worker pertaining to the problem of epilepsy in the black community of Mamelodi. The sample comprised 40 families in which there was a person with epilepsy. Data were obtained through an interview schedule administered by the researcher. The literature study highlighted the phenomenon epilepsy, causes of epilepsy/ psychosocial effects of epilepsy on the epileptic and his family and the treatment of the epileptic. However/ it became quite clear that a multi-disciplinary team approach is vital importance in the treatment of an epileptic Furthermore/ significant others like traditional healers, faith healers, priests, relatives and friends were identified as some of the important informal support systems. Although the findings of study cannot be generalised to the entire population they can be of great significance for further research. / 'n Studie van die relevante konsepte asook empiriese navorsing is gedoen om die rol van die maatskaplike werker met betrekking tot die probleem van epilepsie in die swart gemeenskap van Mamelodi te eksploreer. Die steekproef is saamgestel uit 'n groep van 40 gesinne met 'n epileptikus in hul midde. Inlighting is verkry deur groep van onderhoudskedule. Die literatuurstudie beklemtoon die volgende: die verskynsel van epilepsie, oorsake van epilepsie, psigososiale gevolge van epilepsie op die per soon met epilepsie en sy gesin en die behandeling van die epileptikus. Dit het egter duidelik na vore gekom dat 'n multi-dissiplinere spanbenadering van die uiterste belang is in die behandeling van die epilepsielyer. Dit het ook duidelik geword dat betekenisvolle ander persone soos tradisionele genesers, geloofsgenesers priesters, familie en vriende van die mees belangrike steunstelsels is. Alhoewel bevindinge van die studie nie veralgemeen kan word en van toepassing gemaak kan word op die bevolking as geheel nie, kan dit egter van groot belang vir verdere navorsing wees. / Social Work / M.A. (Social Science)

A study of the relevant theoretical concepts and empirical research was undertaken to explore the role of the social worker pertaining to the problem of epilepsy in the black community of Mamelodi. The sample comprised 40 families in which there was a person with epilepsy. Data were obtained through an interview schedule administered by the researcher. The literature study highlighted the phenomenon epilepsy, causes of epilepsy/ psychosocial effects of epilepsy on the epileptic and his family and the treatment of the epileptic. However/ it became quite clear that a multi-disciplinary team approach is vital importance in the treatment of an epileptic Furthermore/ significant others like traditional healers, faith healers, priests, relatives and friends were identified as some of the important informal support systems. Although the findings of study cannot be generalised to the entire population they can be of great significance for further research. / 'n Studie van die relevante konsepte asook empiriese navorsing is gedoen om die rol van die maatskaplike werker met betrekking tot die probleem van epilepsie in die swart gemeenskap van Mamelodi te eksploreer. Die steekproef is saamgestel uit 'n groep van 40 gesinne met 'n epileptikus in hul midde. Inlighting is verkry deur groep van onderhoudskedule. Die literatuurstudie beklemtoon die volgende: die verskynsel van epilepsie, oorsake van epilepsie, psigososiale gevolge van epilepsie op die per soon met epilepsie en sy gesin en die behandeling van die epileptikus. Dit het egter duidelik na vore gekom dat 'n multi-dissiplinere spanbenadering van die uiterste belang is in die behandeling van die epilepsielyer. Dit het ook duidelik geword dat betekenisvolle ander persone soos tradisionele genesers, geloofsgenesers priesters, familie en vriende van die mees belangrike steunstelsels is. Alhoewel bevindinge van die studie nie veralgemeen kan word en van toepassing gemaak kan word op die bevolking as geheel nie, kan dit egter van groot belang vir verdere navorsing wees. / Social Work / M.A. (Social Science)