Bakgrund: Postpartumdepression definieras som en episod av egentlig depression(måttlig till svår) hos en nybliven förälder som har sin debut upp till ett år efter enförlossning. Forskning om nyblivna pappors upplevelser av att insjukna ipostpartumdepression är närapå obefintlig. Förståelse för pappors upplevelser avpostpartumdepression bland sjuksköterskor kan bidra till ett gott bemötande av dennapatientgrupp. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva nyblivna pappors erfarenheter av att insjukna ipostpartumdepression. Metod: En litteraturstudie av åtta vetenskapliga artiklar genomfördes. Databassökningägde rum i Cinahl, Pubmed, PsychInfo samt PubMed. Analys genomfördes med inspirationav kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i tre huvudkategorier och sju subkategorier. Huvudkategorierna var ”behöva tolka och hantera ansträngande symtom”, ”behöva stöd” samt ”negativt påverkade familjerelationer”. Konklusion: Litteraturstudiens resultat visade att pappor beskrev upplevelser avbristande stöd från vården i form av kunskapsbrist. En kartläggning av kunskapsläget ompostpartumdepression hos pappor bland sjukvårdspersonal skulle kunna motiverakunskapshöjande interventioner eller införande av rutinmässig screening. I mötet mednyblivna pappor kan sjuksköterskan med kunskap om symtombilden vidpostpartumdepression bistå med att detektera depressionssymtom samt erbjuda stöd för att tillgodose pappors grundläggande behov. / Background: Postpartum depression is defined as an episode of major depressivedisorder within a year postpartum. There is to this point almost no research about fathers’experiences with onset of postpartum depression. Understanding of such experiencesamong nurses could facilitate better treatment of depressed fathers in interactions with thehealthcare system. Aim: The aim was to describe new fathers experiences with onset of postpartumdepression. Methods: A literature study consisting of eight scientific articles was conducted. Database search was conducted in Cinahl, PubMed, PsychInfo and Scopus. To analyze thestudies, qualitative content analysis was used. Results: The analysis resulted in three main categories and seven sub categories. Themain categories consisted in “Interpreting and Handling Exhausting Symptoms”, “Needfor Support”, and “Negatively Influenced Family Relationships”. Conclusion: Fathers describe lack of knowledge among healthcare providers. Futureresearch about healthcare professionals knowledge about postpartum depression could,depending on results, motivate awareness raising interventions or screening routines.With further knowledge about symptoms of postpartum depression in new fathers, nursescan help detecting such symptoms and offer support in accommodate fathers’ basal needs.

Since the middle of the 20th century, the political aims for parental equality have been the center of attention in Sweden. Women have been helped to join the workforce, and men have been encouraged to take parental leave and be involved and emotionally present as fatherly figures. These changes have contributed to new ideals surrounding fatherhood, which call on men to enact with what can be considered non-normative values, in order to achieve Sweden's state ideological ideals around equal and involved parenthood. This study aimed to investigate how the discourse on modern fatherhood is expressed through SVT's documentary Tre pappor. By examining fatherhood within a contemporary context, this study has contributed to a relatively unexplored field of research. It is essential to examine not merely the way documentaries portray fathers, as well as the divergence in their representation. By exclusively having investigated this subject within the production of a Swedish documentary, the study has contributed with deeper insight into how representational imagery becomes tangible in the confines of one medium. Through a multimodal critical discourse analysis and a framework composed of theoretical explanations of representation, gender, masculinity, and fatherhood, we have been able to study how the documentary's linguistic and visual elements shape the representation of fatherhood, and its contribution to the discourse on modern fatherhood. The results revealed that fathers are depicted through non-normative representations, with a physical and emotional presence. At the same time, an ambivalence about fatherhood is expressed, which is represented by the fathers' attitude towards both non-normative and traditional ideals about masculinity and fatherhood. The documentary also demonstrates how the fathers negotiate their identities, but in various ways. Their identities are based on modern approaches to fatherhood, as well as through more traditional systems. Overall, the study shows that the Swedish ideological ideas concerning the modern and involved father, remain on a discursive level to the greatest extent, and less expressed in practical action. Therefore, the discourse on modern fatherhood is still fragmented, however only to a certain extent, which could consequently indicate that fatherhood still is in continuous change and transformation.

Parents’ use of alcohol and drugs is a subject which is discussed in various fields of research and social domains by different actors and professions. The aim of this study is to identify and analyse discourses which appear in Swedish news press (Dagens Nyheter and Aftonbladet), and which similarities and differences that can be discovered regarding motherhood and fatherhood in relation to alcohol and drug use. A Critical Discourse Analysis has been carried out based on Norman Fairclough’s three-dimensional analytical model. The result shows that it is not possible to identify any distinct discourses in the material. Instead three wider discussions where identified: moral discussions about parenthood, discussions on the medical effects of alcohol and drug use, and reflexive and norm critical discussions about current gender roles. The study shows that news press discusses the fact that women’s/mothers’ use of alcohol and drugs tends to be described as more unacceptable and stigmatising in comparison to men’s/father’s use. The number of news articles discussing men’s/father’s use of alcohol and drugs, as well as parents’ drug use, are limited. The study also shows that there are signs of a more gender neutral outlook on parenthood in relation to alcohol and drug use.

<p>Studien syftar till att undersöka hur unga pappor upplever och hanterar rollen som pappa. Som forum för att finna lämpliga respondenter till detta användes verksamheten ”Unga mammor och pappor”. Studien har en kvalitativ ansats och baseras på fem stycken narrativa intervjuer. En intervjuguide med olika teman utformades och dessa teman följer sedan både i resultatet och i analysen. Frågeställningarna har behandlat processen; från graviditeten till idag, vilka förändringar i livssituationen faderskapet medfört, viktiga funktioner i papparollen och hur omgivning och samhälle påverkat dem som pappor. För att analysera resultatet av studien används Eriksons psykosociala utvecklingsteori, The Scripting and Life Course Perspective samt teorier om kön och genus. Resultatet i studien visar bland annat på att alla respondenterna såg positivt på sitt faderskap och de hade anammat detta till fullo. De kände alla att de hade ett stort ansvar och var delaktiga i det som rörde hem och barn. Dock ansågs det finnas en skillnad mellan pappa- och mammarollen gällande ansvarsfördelningen när barnen var små. Främst handlade detta då om att papporna var den primära familjeförsörjaren. Den största livsomställningen som framkom var att mindre tid spenderades på fritidsintressen och vänner till förmån för familjen. Vidare visade resultatet på att upplevelsen av krav från omgivning och samhälle tycks öka med barnens ålder.</p> / <p>The study aims to examine how young fathers experience and handle their role as fathers. As source to find suitable respondents, the program ”Unga mammor och pappor” was used. The study has a qualitative attempt and is based on five narrative interviews. A guide for the interviews was made with different themes and these themes later follows both in the result and in the analyse. The questionnaire in the study involves the process; from pregnancy until today, what kind of changes in their life situation did the fatherhood bring, important functions in the role as father and how the surrounding environment and society has effected them as fathers. To analyse the result of the study we used Eriksons psychosocial developmental theory, The Scripting and Life Course Perspective and theories about sex and gender. The result of the study shows, among other things, that the respondents were all positive to their fatherhood and they had fully adopted it. They all felt a great responsibility and participation considering home and child. However they all believed there to be a difference between the father- and the mother role concerning how to distribute the responsibility when the children are small. Mainly meaning, that the fathers were the primary family providers. The greatest change in their life situation appeared to be that less time was spent on hobbies and friends to the benefit of the family. The result also showed that their experience of the environmental and societal demands seems to grow with the ageing of the children.</p>

Studien syftar till att undersöka hur unga pappor upplever och hanterar rollen som pappa. Som forum för att finna lämpliga respondenter till detta användes verksamheten ”Unga mammor och pappor”. Studien har en kvalitativ ansats och baseras på fem stycken narrativa intervjuer. En intervjuguide med olika teman utformades och dessa teman följer sedan både i resultatet och i analysen. Frågeställningarna har behandlat processen; från graviditeten till idag, vilka förändringar i livssituationen faderskapet medfört, viktiga funktioner i papparollen och hur omgivning och samhälle påverkat dem som pappor. För att analysera resultatet av studien används Eriksons psykosociala utvecklingsteori, The Scripting and Life Course Perspective samt teorier om kön och genus. Resultatet i studien visar bland annat på att alla respondenterna såg positivt på sitt faderskap och de hade anammat detta till fullo. De kände alla att de hade ett stort ansvar och var delaktiga i det som rörde hem och barn. Dock ansågs det finnas en skillnad mellan pappa- och mammarollen gällande ansvarsfördelningen när barnen var små. Främst handlade detta då om att papporna var den primära familjeförsörjaren. Den största livsomställningen som framkom var att mindre tid spenderades på fritidsintressen och vänner till förmån för familjen. Vidare visade resultatet på att upplevelsen av krav från omgivning och samhälle tycks öka med barnens ålder. / The study aims to examine how young fathers experience and handle their role as fathers. As source to find suitable respondents, the program ”Unga mammor och pappor” was used. The study has a qualitative attempt and is based on five narrative interviews. A guide for the interviews was made with different themes and these themes later follows both in the result and in the analyse. The questionnaire in the study involves the process; from pregnancy until today, what kind of changes in their life situation did the fatherhood bring, important functions in the role as father and how the surrounding environment and society has effected them as fathers. To analyse the result of the study we used Eriksons psychosocial developmental theory, The Scripting and Life Course Perspective and theories about sex and gender. The result of the study shows, among other things, that the respondents were all positive to their fatherhood and they had fully adopted it. They all felt a great responsibility and participation considering home and child. However they all believed there to be a difference between the father- and the mother role concerning how to distribute the responsibility when the children are small. Mainly meaning, that the fathers were the primary family providers. The greatest change in their life situation appeared to be that less time was spent on hobbies and friends to the benefit of the family. The result also showed that their experience of the environmental and societal demands seems to grow with the ageing of the children.

Föräldrarollen, och upplevelserna av den, varierar alltid utifrån många olika faktorer. Under mitten av 1900-talet var den gällande familjenormen att mödrarna tog allt ansvar för hem och omsorg av barnen, medan fäderna stod för försörjningen. Fäderna gavs alltså bara en liten möjlighet att lära känna/knyta an till sina barn när de var små. Vilka effekter detta kan ha haft på relationen mellan fäderna och deras barn, då barnen blivit vuxna, är i stort sett ett outforskat område. Den här studien ämnar kunna belysa dessa. En kvalitativ studie genomfördes där ett antal äldre ensamstående fäder har intervjuats om deras upplevelser och erfarenheter av att vara småbarnsförälder under denna tid. Resultaten från intervjuerna, tillsammans med relevant teori, har gett oss insikt i och förståelse för hur deras situation såg ut då och hur de upplever deras dåvarande fadersroll samt deras nuvarande relationer med de nu vuxna barnen. De visade sig att alla de äldre fäderna som deltog i studien anser sig ha goda, och vad som ger intrycket av att vara kravlösa, relationer med sina nu vuxna barn. Detta trots deras vetskap om vissa försummelser av dem då de var små. Den dåvarande normen gällande familjeordning verkar inte ha haft någon negativ inverkan på just detta. / The parent role and the experiences of being a parent depends on many different factors. During the mid 20th century the standard family construction was that the mothers took on all responsibility regarding the household and caring for children while the fathers were in charge of the bread winning. The fathers were given very little opportunity to get to know/attach to their children when they were young. The effects this could have on the relationships between the fathers and their grownup children is a rather unexplored field. This study aims to elucidate this. A qualitative study was carried through where a number of elderly single fathers were interviewed concerning their experiences of being a parent to a small child during this era. The results from the interviews along with relevant theory have given us knowledge and understanding about their current situation, how they now experience the parent role they had then, as well as about the current relationships they have with their now adult children. It turned out that all the participating elderly fathers consider them selves to have good, and what gives the impression of being unconditioned, relationships with their adult children. Even though the fathers are well aware of the fact that they somehow did neglect their children when they were young. The standard family order that was the rule at the time does not seem to have had any negative effect on the relationships.

SAMMANFATTNING Studiens syfte var att undersöka om det förekommer könsdiskriminering mot fäder i vårdnadstvister. Frågeställningar och syften som användes var: (1) Att undersöka om könsdiskriminering mot pappor i vårdnadstvister existerar. (2) Om och hur pappor upplever ett könsdiskriminerande bemötande på familjerättsenheter. För att besvara frågeställningarna användes en mixad design bestående av en kvantitativ vinjettstudie och en kvalitativ analys av texter. Vinjettstudien riktades mot familjerättssekreterare inom socialtjänsten som i sitt yrke arbetar med frågor som hanterar vårdnad, boende och umgänge i vårdnadstvister mellan två vårdnadshavare. Inom den kvalitativa delen, annonserade författarna till studien efter fäders egna upplevelser av en vårdnadstvist. Annonseringen skedde på ett pappaforum på internet. Resultaten analyserades i ett mångdimensionellt perspektiv. Resultaten i vinjettstudien visade inte på diskriminering när respondenterna skulle göra riskbedömningar efter kön. Däremot hittades diskriminering mot fäder när respondenterna skulle bedöma vårdnad, boende och umgänge. Här bedömdes modern som den bäst lämpade trots att vårdnadshavarna hade identiska bakgrunder. I den kvalitativa tolkningen av fäders texter var det mest framträdande att de var övertygade om att deras biologiska kön var en belastning i en vårdnadstvist. / Gender discrimination against fathers in custody disputes? Does gender discrimination against men exist in custody disputes and, if so, how do the fathers perceive the treatment from social services? ABSTRACT The objective of the study was to examine whether gender discrimination against fathers exists in custody disputes. The issues and aims used were: (1) To examine whether gender discrimination against fathers exists in custody disputes. (2) If and how fathers perceive a gender discriminating treatment from family law departments. In order to answer the issues a mixed design consisting of a quantitative vignette study and a qualitative analysis of texts was used. The vignette study was directed towards social workers working within family law departments who handle issues regarding custody, residency and access in custody disputes between two guardians. Within the qualitative part, the authors advertised for fathers' personal experiences of a custody dispute. The announcement was made on a forum on the internet, especially aimed at fathers. The results were analysed through a multidimensional perspective. The results of the vignette study showed no evidence of discrimination regarding the respondents risk assessments based on gender. However, the study revealed discrimination against fathers when the respondents were to assess matters regarding custody, residency and access. Here the mother was deemed as the most suitable, despite the fact that the guardians had identical backgrounds. In the qualitative interpretation of texts written by fathers the most prominent was that they were convinced that their gender was a encumbrance in a custody dispute.

Bakgrund: Forskning om psykisk ohälsa relaterat till föräldraskap har under en längre tid varit kopplad till kvinnan och barnets behov. Sedan 1990-talet har forskningen ökat inom området postpartum depression (PPD). Det är först under senare tid som fäders psykiska ohälsa har börjat undersökas mer grundligt. Enligt studier drabbas mellan 6-10 % av blivande och nyblivna fäder av depressionssymtom. Förutom lidande hos fadern, har negativa konsekvenser hos både partnern och barnet identifierats. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa depressionssymtom hos blivande och nyblivna fäder. Metod: En litteraturstudie i ett deskriptivt syfte med induktiv ansats som granskade relevanta originalartiklar som svarade på denna studies syfte och frågeställningar. Artiklarna kvalitetsgranskades initialt enligt kvalitativa och kvantitativa kvalitetsgranskningsmallar och resultatet analyserades. Resultat: Blivande och nyblivna fäder riskerar att drabbas av depression innan, under och efter förlossningen. Depressionssymtom är förknippat med destruktiva tankar och beteendeförändringar, vilka förutom att påverka faderns vardag, innebär negativa konsekvenser för familjen och för barnet. Riskfaktorer, bland annat depression hos partnern, har identifierats kunna öka risken ytterligare för depression hos fäder. Screening och strategier för att identifiera blivande och nyblivna fäders depression är motiverat, men har bevisats vara otillräckliga. Rutiner, omvårdnad och kompetens att inkludera fäder behöver förbättras inom MVC och BVC. Pappagrupper värderas högt och har visat sig normalisera tillvaron hos nyblivna fäder. Slutsats: Blivande och nyblivna fäder beskriver ett brett spektrum av negativa känslor och beteendeförändringar. Fäder riskerar att utveckla depressionssymtom i samband med en eventuell depression hos modern. Stöd som pappagrupper samt inkludering av vårdpersonal är friskfaktorer som identifierats och som beskrivits som positivt av fäder. / Background: Research on mental health related to parenting has for a long time been linked to the woman and the child's needs. Since the 1990s, research has increased in the field of postpartum depression (PPD). It is not until recently that the mental health of the fathers has been investigated more thoroughly. According to studies, between 6-10 % of future and first-time fathers suffer from depression symptoms. In addition to suffering in the father, negative consequences for both the partner and the child have been identified. Aim: The purpose was to illustrate depression symptoms in future and first-time fathers. Method: A literature study with a descriptive purpose with an inductive approach that examined relevant original articles that responded to the aim and issues of this study. The articles were quality tested initially with qualitative and quantitative quality assessment templates and then the result was analyzed. Results: Future and first-time fathers are at risk of depression before and after the child’s birth. The experience of this depression is associated with destructive thoughts and behavioral changes, which, apart from affecting the father's everyday life, have negative consequences for the family and for the child. Risk factors, including the partner’s depression, have been identified to further increase the risk of depression in fathers. Screening and strategies for identifying father’s depression are motivated, but proven to be insufficient. Routines, nursing and skills to include fathers need improvement in both maternity care center and child health care center. Dad groups are highly valued and have been shown to normalize first-time fathers existence. Conclusion: Fathers describe a wide range of negative emotions and behavioral changes. Fathers risk developing depression symptoms in the event of a possible depression in the mother. Support such as dad groups and being included by nurses and healthcare professionals are described as health factors that fathers appreciated.

This thesis has examined unmarried fathers in two parishes of Umeå in northern Sweden during the period 1897-1937. The main focus is on the consequences that ensued the legislation that formalized men’s obligations towards children born out of wedlock, which was passed on June 14th, 1917. The period chosen for this thesis analysis is twenty years before and after 1917. This enables a comparison between the society of the late 19th century and a society smitten by a modernised social reform in the early 20th century. To investigate the subject matter, records of birth and baptismal have been studied with a primary focus on patterns concerning fathers of illegitimate children. Both parishes presented a considerably small number of unmarried fathers compared to married men, throughout the entire period. The town of Umeå had the largest overall share in comparison with the countryside. It was pre-supposed, based on previous research, that the social class to which most unmarried fathers belonged, were in the lower ranks of society. This turned out to be an accurate assumption based on statistics from both parishes presented in this thesis. The statistics did not present any men from the upper class as fathers of children born out of wed-lock. Monetary as well as societal pressure were identified as possible explanations why some men avoided fathering illegitimate children. All in all, the legislation was interpreted as some-what successful in Umeå; achieving an apparent reduction in total shares of unknown fathers, a rising number of pledged paternities and presenting a few examples of men sentenced to fa-therhood in court. The legislation also provided unmarried women with a voice in legal matters concerning their illegitimate children.

Den här kvalitativa studien syftar till att undersöka familjebehandlares föreställningar gällande fäder med kriminell bakgrund i behandlande insatser. Studiens resultat bygger på fem semistrukturerade intervjuer med familjebehandlare verksamma inom en kommun i Mellansverige. Det insamlade materialet har bearbetats utifrån en tematisk analysmetod. Tolkning och analys av resultatet har gjorts utifrån rollteori och hegemonisk maskulinitet. Resultatet visade att kriminalitetens art hos fäderna har betydelse för familjebehandlarnas föreställningar. Samtidigt visar resultatet att barnets bästa alltid går i första hand i familjebehandlande insatser, oberoende av kriminalitetens art. Resultatet visar även att familjebehandlarna tenderar att se fadern i sin roll som förälder och därmed se hans kriminella roll som sekundär. Ändå finns det en tydlig syn hos familjebehandlarna på hur en fader med kriminell bakgrund förväntas vara. Studiens slutsatser är att familjebehandlarna beträder olika roller beroende på situation och att rollen har betydelse. Förväntningar finns på såväl familjebehandlares föreställningar som fäders beteende i de behandlande insatserna. För att få till ett bättre möte behöver familjebehandlarna se komplexiteten i fäderna med kriminell bakgrunds multipla roller. / This qualitative study aims to examine family therapists' views ​​regarding fathers with a criminal background in treatment interventions. The results of the study are based on five semi-structured interviews with family therapists active in a municipality in central Sweden. The collected material has been processed based on a thematic analysis method. Interpretation and analysis of the result has been made on the basis of role theory and hegemonic masculinity. The results showed that the nature of crime among fathers is important for the views of family therapists. At the same time, the results show that the child's best interests always come first in family treatment interventions, regardless of the nature of the crime. The results also show that family therapists tend to see the father in his role as a parent and thus see his criminal role as secondary. Nevertheless, there is a clear view among family therapists of what a father with a criminal background is expected to be. The study's conclusions are that family therapists take on different roles depending on the situation and that the role is important. There are expectations of both family therapists views and fathers behavior in the treatment interventions. In order to have a better meeting, the family therapists need to see the complexity of the fathers with multiple roles of criminal background.