Tillsammans med företaget Houdini Sportswear har det här projektets ämne och avgränsningar tagits fram. Houdini är ett svenskt klädföretag som designar friluftskläder av hög kvalitet och med stort fokus på funktion och komfort. De letar ständigt efter nya lösningar för utveckling kring smartare materialval, förbättrad funktion och komfort och mindre materialåtgång. I det här projektet vill Houdini undersöka hur man kan utveckla förhållandet mellan värmeisolering och vikt i flatstickade textila strukturer. Genom att öka textilens värmeisolerande förmåga med fokus på minskad vikt kan både materialåtgång och ökad funktion och komfort nås. En av de viktigaste faktorerna som bidrar till hög värmeisolerande förmåga är mängden instängd stilla luft i den textila strukturen. En tät ytstruktur och mycket volym med många luftfickor är därför intressant för att behålla och immobilisera luften i varan. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur justeringar av parametrar i en distanstextil, stickad på flatstickmaskin påverkar den värmeisolerande förmågan. Tillsammans med Houdini har en viktbegränsning satts på 400 g/m2 och genom hela studien används endast en typ av ullgarn med garngrovlek Nm 48/2 för att skapa en vara som är i monomaterial och som relativt lätt kan brytas ner.   För att testa den värmeisolerande förmågan hos textilier idag använder Houdini och flera andra företag standardiserade testmetoder. På forskningsinstitutet Swerea IVF finns möjligheten att testa sina textilier med vald testmetod. Dessa metoder är dock otillgängliga och kräver avancerad utrustning som kan försvåra processen och ta lång tid. Studiens syfte är därför även att ta fram och jämföra en egen, mer lättillgänglig, framtagen testmetod för värmeisolering med två standardiserade testmetoder, SS-­ISO 5085-­1:2004 och ISO 11092:2014, för att se om och hur resultaten varierar mellan dem.   En förstudie genomförs där olika bindningar och två egna testmetoder för värmeisolering tas fram. En av testmetoderna och en distanstextil utvecklas vidare i huvudstudien. Fokus ligger på variationer av distanstrådens masklängd och placering. Samtliga prover från huvudstudien testas på den egna testmetoden och vissa utvalda prover testas på de två nämnda standardiserade testmetoderna på Swerea IVF. Sedan görs en jämförelse mellan resultaten.   Resultatet visar att det inte finns något tydligt samband mellan ökad masklängd och ökad värmeisoleringsförmåga. Däremot kan vissa slutsatser dras om att ökade intervaller av distanstrådens placering kan öka den värmeisolerande förmågan. Detta ökar dock även vikten. Resultat från mätningar med tre olika testmetoder visar att rangordningen av provers värmeisolerande förmåga skiljer sig mellan de olika metoderna. Den egna testmetoden bör därför vidareutvecklas men anses ändå ha potential för att jämföra provers värmeisolerande förmåga. / This study is a collaboration with the sportswear company Houdini Sportswear. They are looking for new ways to improve function and comfort in their garments with less material waste and choosing more sustainable materials. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between heat and weight in flat bed knitted spacer structures and what parameters that affects it. By creating a material with high heat insulating properties and with focus on reducing the weight it is possible to reduce the material waste and to achieve an improved function. One of the most important factors contributing to high insulation value is the amount of entrapped still air within the textile structure. This project therefore investigates how the stitch length and the placement of the spacer thread can affect the amount of air within the structure and thereby the thermal insulation. Together with Houdini a weight limit has been set to 400 g/m2 and only one type of wool yarn is used throughout the project in order to make a mono-­material fabric that can more easily degrade.   When measuring the thermal insulation properties of a fabric standardized methods are often used. These might have advanced equipment and be hard to access.The second aim of this project is therefore to develop a more accessible test method for measurement of thermal insulation in textiles and also to compare the results from the own method with the results from two standardized methods.   A pre study is made where different structures and two own developed test methods are being investigated. One of the test methods and a spacer binding is further developed in the main study where focus lies on reproducibility of the tests, and variations of the spacer thread stitch length and placement. All of the samples from the main study is tested on the own developed test method and some chosen samples are tested on two standardized test methods: ISO 5085-­1:2004 and ISO 11092:2014 at the Swedish research institute Swerea IVF. A comparison is made between the results from the three methods.   The results show that tests with our own developed test method has not been able to show a clear relationship between heat insulation and the changes of parameters in different textiles. Although, the samples that have been tested indicate that there might be a relationship between high heat insulating properties when the spacer thread is knitting more frequently. When comparing the results from the three different test methods the own developed method show different raking from the two standardized methods. The own developed test method should therefore be further developed. But still, after discussion with Valter Dejke, researcher at Swerea IVF, and Sibel Okcabol, quality manager at Swerea IVF, it is believed that the own test method could be used for comparing thermal insulating properties between textiles.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:56:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3602.pdf: 6626298 bytes, checksum: 37082215cbad7185dd94995afede1d94 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-31 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / A study on the compressibility of gas filtration cakes through their porosity investigation is presented in this work. The experimental unit consisted of a circular filter with a filtration area of 249 cm2 and a data acquisition system; mass flow rate and relative air humidity were controlled. The filter media used were a polyester felt (weighing 600 g/cm2) and an acrylic felt (weighing 550 g/cm2). A phosphate concentrate phosphate (ρp = 3.20 g/cm3 and dSt = 5.6 μm) and a magnesium silicate (talc) (ρp = 3.09 g/cm3 and dSt = 2.5 μm) were used as powder materials. Superficial filtration velocity was kept constant at 10 cm/s during phosphate concentrate filtration trials and five maximum pressure drops were set (100, 300, 600, 900 and 1200 mmH2O) at constant mass flow rate. Superficial filtration velocity was kept constant at 10 cm/s during talc filtration trials and four maximum pressure drops were set (300, 600, 900 and 1200 mmH2O) at constant mass flow rate. Trials at different filtration velocities (7.5 cm/s, 10 cm/s, 12.5 cm/s and 15.0 cm/s) were also performed. Initially, porosity data as a function of pressure drop per time were obtained. Each cake underwent a process to acquire the necessary resistance to be cut and embedded and then analyzed by a Scanning Electron Microscope. The obtained images were treated and analyzed in an image analyzing software which provided cakes porosity values. Afterwards, the influence of gas superficial velocity on average porosity was evaluated for cakes formed by talc powder. The porosity values obtained with the SEM images were compared to those obtained with equations found in the literature. A difference of 20 to 48% between experimental average porosity and estimated porosity was found for the phosphate concentrate cakes and of less than 13% for the talc cakes obtained at constant velocity. The average porosity values found for talc cakes were higher than those found for phosphate concentrate cakes, which was probably due to the fact that talc particles shape is extremely different from the spherical shape. A compressibility behavior for cakes of the two materials was possible to be observed. Talc cake porosity decreased with the increase of superficial filtration velocity. / Nesse trabalho apresenta-se um estudo da compressibilidade de tortas de filtração de gases através da investigação de sua porosidade. A unidade experimental consistiu de um filtro circular com área livre de filtração de 249 cm2, com vazão mássica e umidade relativa do ar controladas e um sistema de aquisição de dados. Os meios filtrantes utilizados foram um feltro de poliéster (gramatura 600 g/cm2) e um de acrílico (gramatura 550 g/cm2). Os materiais pulverulentos usados foram um concentrado fosfático (ρp = 3.20 g/cm3 e dSt = 5,6 μm) e um silicato de magnésio (talco) (ρp = 3,09 g/cm3 e dSt = 2,5 μm). Para os ensaios de filtração com a rocha fosfática foi fixada a velocidade superficial de filtração em 10 cm/s e cinco quedas de pressão máximas (100, 300, 600, 900 e 1200 mmH2O) à vazão mássica constante. Para os ensaios de filtração com o talco foi fixada a velocidade em 10 cm/s e quatro quedas de pressão máximas (300, 600, 900 e 1200 mmH2O) à vazão mássica constante. Também foram realizados ensaios para o talco a diferentes velocidades (7,5 cm/s, 10 cm/s, 12,5 cm/s e 15,0 cm/s). Inicialmente, obtiveram-se dados experimentais de porosidade em função da queda de pressão por tempo de filtração. Cada torta obtida passou por um tratamento para adquirir resistência necessária e ser analisada em um Microscópio Eletrônico de Varredura. As imagens obtidas foram tratadas e analisadas em um programa de análise de imagem fornecendo o valor da porosidade da torta. Posteriormente, analisou-se a influência da velocidade superficial de filtração na porosidade média de tortas de filtração formadas pelo talco. Compararam-se os valores de porosidade obtidos pelas imagens geradas no MEV com os obtidos por equações da literatura. Encontrou-se uma diferença de 20 a 48% entre os valores de porosidade média experimental e estimada para as tortas de rocha fosfática e de menos de 13% para o talco a velocidade constante. Os valores de porosidade média encontrados para o talco foram maiores que os encontrados para a rocha, provavelmente devido ao fato de que o formato das partículas de talco se distancia muito do formato esférico. Foi possível detectar um comportamento de compressibilidade para as tortas dos dois materiais. A porosidade das tortas de talco tendeu a diminuir com o aumento da velocidade superficial de filtração.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:58:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CamilaCS_DISSERT.pdf: 2789090 bytes, checksum: 9ef229c63f260457515e8c401747ce25 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-10 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / This study aims to evaluate the mechanical properties of polymer matrix composites reinforced with sisal fabric bidirectional tissue (Agave sisalana,) and E-glass fibers, containing the following configuration: a polymer matrix hybrid composite (Polyester Resin orthophalic) reinforced with three (3) layers of glass fibers and alternating-2 (two) layers of bidirectional sisal fabric, and finally a composite of polymer matrix reinforced with five (5) layers of glass fiber mat-type E. For this purpose as first step, the preparation of by sisal, since they are not on the market. The composites were made by manual lamination (Hand lay-up) and evaluated for tensile properties and three point bending both in the dry, and wet conditions aswele as immersed in oil. Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of the materialsweve awalysed, after the completion of the mechanical tests. After the studies, it was proven that the sisal fiber decreases the tensile stiffness of the material above 50% for both situations studied the tensile strength of the material decreases by approximately 40% for the cases mentioned, and when compared to the specific strength stiffness values drop to 14.6% and 29.02% respectively for the dry state only. Constants for bending the values were are to approximately 50% to 25% for strength and stiffness of the material for the cases dry, wet and immersed in oil. Under the influence of tension fluids do not interfere in the stiffness of the material for the bending tests, the same does not occur with the resistance, and these values are modified only in the cases stiffness and flexural strength / Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar as propriedades mec?nicas de comp?sitos de matriz polim?rica refor?ados com tecidos bidirecionais de sisal (Agave Sisalana,) e fibras de vidro E, contendo estes materiais a seguinte configura??o: um comp?sito h?brido de matriz polim?rica (Resina Poli?ster Ortoft?lica) refor?ado com 3 (tr?s) camadas de fibras de vidro e intercalando as 2 (duas) camadas de tecido bidirecional de sisal, e por fim um comp?sito de matriz polim?rica refor?ado com 5 (cinco) camadas de manta de fibras de vidro do tipo E. Para tanto teve se como primeira etapa a confec??o dos tecidos de sisal, j? que estes n?o se encontram no mercado. Os comp?sitos foram confeccionados de acordo com o processo de lamina??o manual (Hand lay-up) e avaliadas as propriedades de tra??o uniaxial e flex?o em tr?s pontos do material tanto em estado seco, como para o material imerso em ?gua destilada e imerso em petr?leo e as caracter?sticas macrosc?picas e microsc?picas dos materiais ap?s a realiza??o dos ensaios mec?nicos, t5amb?m j? realizados. Ap?s a realiza??o dos estudos foi observado que a fibra de sisal diminui a rigidez do material ? tra??o acima de 50 % para ambas as situa??es estudadas, a resist?ncia ? tra??o do material diminui em aproximadamente 40% para os casos citados, sendo que quando comparado ? resist?ncia e rigidez especificas esses valores caem para 14,6% e 29,02 % respectivamente s? para o estado seco. Quando observados as constantes para flex?o esses valores passam a serem de aproximadamente 50 % para a resist?ncia e 25% para a rigidez do material para os casos secos, ?mido e imerso em petr?leo

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:58:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlanJLM_DISSERT.pdf: 1835050 bytes, checksum: 47bf4fbd76665d11995bd7eb5bd3522a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-23 / Materials known as technical textiles can be defined as structures designed and developed to meet specific functional requirements of various industry sectors, which is the case in automotive and aerospace industries, and other specific applications. Therefore, the purpose of this work presents the development and manufacture of polymer composite with isophthalic polyester resin. The reinforcement of the composite structure is a technical textile fabric made from high performance fibers, aramid (Kevlar 49) and glass fiber E. The fabrics are manufactured by the same method, with the aim of improving the tensile strength of the resulting polymer composite material. The fabrics, we developed some low grammage technical textile structures in laboratory scale and differentiated-composition type aramid (100%), hybrid 1 aramid fiber / glass (65/35%) and hybrid 2 aramid fiber / glass (85/15% ) for use as a reinforcing element in composite materials with unsaturated isophthalic polyester matrix. The polymer composites produced were tested in uniaxial tensile fracture surface and it?s evaluated by SEM. The purpose of this work characterize the performance of polymer composites prepared, identifying changes and based on resistance to strain corresponding to the mechanical behavior. The objectives are to verify the capability of using this reinforcement structure, along with the use of high performance fibers and resin in terms of workability and mechanical strength; verify the adherence of the fiber to the matrix and the fracture surface by electron microscopy scanning and determination of tensile strength by tensile test. The results indicate that, in a comparative study to the response of uniaxial tensile test for tensile strength of the composites and the efficiency of the low percentage of reinforcement element, being a technical textile fabric structure that features characteristic of lightness and low weight added in polymer composites / Os materiais denominados de tecidos t?cnicos podem ser definidos como estruturas projetadas e desenvolvidas com a fun??o de atender a requisitos funcionais espec?ficos de diversos setores da ind?stria com aplica??es espec?ficas. Nesse sentido, este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento e a fabrica??o de comp?sito polim?rico com resina poli?ster isoft?lico. O refor?o do comp?sito ? uma estrutura de tecido t?xtil t?cnico confeccionado com fibras de alto desempenho de aramida (Kevlar 49) e fibra de vidro E. Os tecidos s?o fabricados pelo mesmo m?todo, com o objetivo do aprimorar a resist?ncia a tra??o do material comp?sito polim?rico resultante. Os tecidos, foram desenvolvidos em escala laboratorial com baixa gramatura e composi??o diferenciada de aramida (100%), h?brido 1 fibra de aramida/vidro (65/35%) e h?brido 2 fibra de aramida/vidro (85/15%) para utiliza??o como elemento refor?ante em comp?sitos com matriz de poli?ster insaturada isoft?lico. Os comp?sitos polim?ricos produzidos foram ensaiados em tra??o uniaxial e sua superf?cie de fratura avaliada por MEV. A proposta do trabalho ? caracterizar o desempenho dos comp?sitos polim?ricos elaborados, identificando as altera??es e baseando-se na resist?ncia ao ensaio de tra??o correspondente a comportamento mec?nico. Os objetivos s?o verificar a potencialidade da utiliza??o desta estrutura de refor?o, juntamente com a utiliza??o das fibras de alto desempenho e a resina, em termos de trabalhabilidade e resist?ncia mec?nica; verificar a ader?ncia da fibra ? matriz e a superf?cie de fratura atrav?s de microscopia eletr?nica de varredura e determina??o de resist?ncia ? ruptura por ensaio de tra??o. Os resultados indicam que, em um estudo comparativo para a resposta dos ensaios mec?nicos de tra??o uniaxial h? resist?ncia ? ruptura dos comp?sitos e a efici?ncia da baixa porcentagem do elemento de refor?o, sendo uma estrutura de tecido t?xtil t?cnico que apresenta caracter?stica de leveza e baixa gramatura adicionada nos comp?sitos polim?ricos

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A animaÃÃo de tecido vem sendo estudada abundantemente nas Ãltimas dÃcadas por haver demanda na indÃstria do entretenimento bem como no comÃrcio eletrÃnico de roupas. Esse tipo de animaÃÃo, na maioria das vezes, à feita com base em simulaÃÃo fÃsica, havendo muito gasto computacional. Esse trabalho tenta usufruir de vÃrios modelos para diminuir esse gasto. à feito uma modelagem do tecido com uma malha triangular e usa-se um modelo massa-mola-amortecedor para simular as forÃas entre as partÃculas, que sÃo os vÃrtices dessa malha. Dependendo da disposiÃÃo do modelo do tecido e dos objetos da cena, sÃo detectadas colisÃes entre eles. A malha à discretizada ou simplificada, levando em consideraÃÃo a compressÃo, a colisÃo e a curvatura das molas, para que seja usada uma malha boa em cada passo ao longo da animaÃÃo. Portanto, o objetivo principal desse trabalho à estudar o comportamento do tecido utilizando o modelo de remalhamento para adaptar essa malha. / In the last decades, cloth animation has been the focus of much research, due to demands from the entertainment industry and from e-commerce. That type of animation is most often the result of a physics-based simulation and has a great computational cost. This work investigates how to reduce the computational cost of the simulation, by refining the mesh only in regions that need a fine level of detail. The fabric model consists of a triangular mesh and uses a spring-mass-damper system to compute the forces among the particles, which are located at the meshâs vertices. The collision detection depends on the arrangement of the cloth model and the objects in the scene. The mesh is refined or simplified, taking into account the spring compression, collision and curvature, so the simulation uses a better mesh every time step. Therefore, this workâs main objective is to study the dynamic behavior of cloth, using a remeshing procedure in order to adapt the mesh.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2016-09-28T21:13:38Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacão - Edinardo Rodrigues Lucas - 2016.pdf: 19077249 bytes, checksum: c49a9650b8e12ca3bb256286e7ea6d5b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-09-30T12:58:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacão - Edinardo Rodrigues Lucas - 2016.pdf: 19077249 bytes, checksum: c49a9650b8e12ca3bb256286e7ea6d5b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-30T12:58:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacão - Edinardo Rodrigues Lucas - 2016.pdf: 19077249 bytes, checksum: c49a9650b8e12ca3bb256286e7ea6d5b (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-29 / Great deal of Brazilian cities’ territory could show urban quality of excellence if the state as a funding entity and a promoter of urban interventions such as the construction of housing projects put value on the project. Goiânia, capital of Goiás state, is a city that was planned in the early 1930s to house 50,000 inhabitants. In 2015, its population exceeds 1.4 million people. In addition to the original city plan — made by architects Attilio Corrêa Lima and, later, Armando de Godoy —, a significant part of its urban fabric had an effective participation of the State in its building by conducting and implementing housing projects of social interest. This study aimed to think of Goiânia’s urban space production that was a result from housing developments undertaken by local government, since the early days of territory occupation to the present day. It focuses on architecture and urbanism based on the idea that a social housing plan needs a clear understanding of past processes and of scars left in the territory. To understand the current and past processes was necessary to seek theoretical frameworks that conceptualize housing and city also in its subjective dimensions expanding the possibilities of analysis. In a second step it was necessary to establish a research methodology that would enable the analysis at different scales (municipal and enterprise) reaching satisfactory results formatted based on quality parameters from different authors. Done methodology, research brings a periodization of the issue of housing in Goiania analyzing aspects of the production of urban space in the municipal scale and highlighting projects that are analyzed in more detail. The mapping and analysis of the production of detailed urban space in two main case studies (Conjunto Vera Cruz and Residencial Jardim Cerrado) allows reflect on the projective premises that contribute to the creation of qualified spaces for full human development. Research results lead to the understanding that a social housing project must be connected to a city project. Thus, promoting the right to housing becomes a tool for a city that was born as planned one to regain control of its expansion by producing and managing urban space to ensure good living conditions for the whole of the population. / Boa parte do território das cidades brasileiras poderia apresentar qualidade urbanística de excelência se o Estado — financiador e/ou promotor de intervenções urbanas como a construção de conjuntos habitacionais — valorizasse o projeto. Goiânia, capital de Goiás, planejada na década de 1930 para abrigar 50 mil pessoas, abriga na atualidade mais de 1,4 milhão de habitantes. Além do plano original — de Attílio Corrêa Lima e Armando de Godoy —, parte significativa do seu tecido urbano teve participação efetiva do Estado em sua construção, em especial na condução e implementação de conjuntos habitacionais de interesse social. A pesquisa apresentada visa refletir sobre a produção do espaço urbano em Goiânia resultante de empreendimentos habitacionais realizados pelo poder público com ênfase na arquitetura e no urbanismo, partindo do princípio de que um plano de habitação social necessita de entendimento claro dos processos passados e das cicatrizes deixadas no território. Para compreender os processos atuais e do passado foi necessário buscar referenciais teóricos que conceituassem habitação e cidade também em suas dimensões subjetivas ampliando as possibilidades de análise. Em um segundo momento foi necessário estabelecer uma metodologia de pesquisa que possibilitasse a análise em diferentes escalas (municipal e do empreendimento) chegando a resultados satisfatórios baseados em parâmetros de qualidade formatados a partir de diversos autores. Concluído a metodologia, a pesquisa traz uma periodização da questão da habitação em Goiânia analisando aspectos relativos a produção do espaço urbano na escala municipal e destacando empreendimentos que são analisados de forma mais detalhada. O mapeamento e a análise da produção do espaço urbano detalhada em dois principais estudos de caso (Conjunto vera Cruz e Residencial Jardim Cerrado) permite refletir sobre as premissas projetuais que colaboram para a criação de espaços qualificados para o pleno desenvolvimento humano. A análise crítica nos leva a crer que um projeto de habitação social tem de estar conectado a um projeto de cidade. Assim, a promoção do direito à habitação passa a ser instrumento para que a capital que nasceu planejada retome o controle de sua expansão, produzindo e gerindo o espaço urbano de forma a garantir boas condições de vida à toda a população.

A Cryptomeria japonica D. Don. "elegans" é uma conífera pertencente à família Taxodiaceae, que apresenta crescimento rápido e boas respostas à fertilização. Dez variações nas concentrações de nitrato e amônio presentes no meio de cultura MS foram realizadas no cultivo 'in vitro' de brotações obtidas a partir de explantes primários de ápices caulinares durante 90 dias. A cada 30 dias foram avaliados, a taxa de crescimento relativo e o incremento em massa vegetal seca. Ao final de 90 dias, foram realizadas análises dos teores de proteínas solúveis totais, aminoácidos solúveis totais, carboidratos não-estruturais totais e eletroforese de proteínas totais em gel de poliacrilamida. Os tratamentos que exibiram resultados mais satisfatórios foram utilizados em um experimento com diferentes relações auxina/citocinina, onde foram avaliadas a produção de brotações e a altura média das mesmas aos 30, 60 e 90 dias de cultivo. As concentrações de nitrato e amônio entre 25 e 31mmol.L -1 e até 5mmol.L -1, respectivamente, foram as mais efetivas para o crescimento e desenvolvimento do material vegetal cultivado 'in vitro'. Durante o experimento com diferentes concentrações de ANA e BAP, foi possível observar que a produção de brotações, etapa essecial para um processo de micropropagação eficiente, foi superior quando as combinações entre nitrato e amônio foram 22,5 + 2,5mmol.L -1 e 25,0 + 5,0mmol.L -1. / Cryptomeria japonica D. Don. "elegans" is a fast-growing tree belonging to the Taxodiaceae and it is considered a responsive species 'in vitro'. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of ten different concentrations of nitrate and ammonium in morphogenesis 'in vitro' of Cryptomeria japonica D. Don. "elegans" explants. Analysis of relative growth rate, total soluble proteins, total soluble aminoacids, total non structural carbohydrates and electrophoresis of total proteins was performed in order to observe the role of different nitrogen sources on the growth and development of the explants cultivated 'in vitro'. The concentratios of nitrate and ammonium that showed the best results were selected and used in an experiment with different concentrations of NAA and BAP to observe the shoot production. Each experiment was analised at the 30 th , 60 th and 90 th days of culture. The biochemical analysis was performed only at 90 th day of cultive. Concentrations from 26 to 31mmol.L -1 of NO3 - and lower than 5mmol.L -1 of NH4 + were the most effective for growth and development of the explants. However, the experiment with different concentrations of NNA and BAP showed that the best shoot production was achieved on 22,5mmol.L -1 of NO3- + 2,5mmol.L -1 of NH4 + and on 25,0mmol.L -1 of NO3 - + 5,0mmol.L -1 of NH4 + and with 2,0mg.L -1 of BAP + 1,0mg.L -1 of NNA.

La simulation des procédés de production des composites à renforts tissés est un enjeu majeur pour les industries de pointe, où leur utilisation s’intensifie. La maitrise des procédés d’obtention des composites à matrice et fibres en céramique, notamment les étapes de mise en forme et de pyrolyse, s’avère primordiale. La connaissance et la simulation du comportement mécanique aux différentes étapes est nécessaire pour optimiser les performances des pièces finales. Deux approches de modélisation macroscopique des renforts tissés épais de composite sont détaillées : une approche continue classique et une approche semi-discrète. Pour cela, une loi de comportement hyperélastique initialement orthotrope est développée. Cette loi est basée sur l’observation phénoménologique des modes de déformation privilégiés, à partir desquels sont proposés des invariants physiques de la transformation. L’identification des paramètres matériaux nécessaires est décrite. Une version modifiée de cette loi, sans contribution en tension, est implémentée dans un élément semi-discret, où le travail en tension est alors pris en compte par des barres discrétisant le tissage réel. Les importantes différences de rigidités entre sollicitations en tension et en cisaillements font des renforts tissés épais des matériaux fortement anisotropes. Leur modélisation numérique met en évidence des phénomènes parasites ou des limitations liés à cette spécificité. Le phénomène de verrouillage en tension est tout d’abord mis en évidence. Une solution basée sur une formulation éléments finis enhanced assumed strain est proposée pour des éléments continus classiques ou semi-discrets. Puis des problèmes liés aux simulations numériques dominées par la flexion sont soulevés : l’hourglassing transverse et l’absence de résistance locale à la courbure. Dans le cas de l’hourglassing transverse, deux méthodes de rigidification de ces modes de déplacement sont proposées : par moyennage des dilatations dans l’élément ou par ajout d’une rigidité matérielle tangente supplémentaire. Pour l’introduction d’une résistance à la courbure, une méthode basée sur l’utilisation purement numérique de plaques rotation free est proposée. Celles-ci permettent le calcul de la courbure induisant, par l’intermédiaire d’un moment de flexion, des efforts internes supplémentaires. Finalement, la modélisation du retour élastique après pyrolyse de la matrice organique à précurseurs céramique est réalisée. Le comportement de la matrice pyrolysée est identifié expérimentalement à l’aide d’une loi hyperélastique isotrope transverse. L’addition de cette loi, qui prend comme référence la préforme déformée, à la loi de comportement initiale du renfort tissé permet de visualiser les déformations obtenues en fin de pyrolyse. Cette modélisation est comparée à des résultats expérimentaux. / Manufacture processes modeling of woven fabrics composites is a major stake for state-of-the-art industrial parts, where their usage is intensifying. Control of all the manufacturing stages of ceramic matrix composites, particularly the forming and pyrolysis steps, is essential. Understanding and simulation of the mechanical behavior at each stage is required to optimize the final product performances. Two macroscopic modeling approaches of thick woven fabric reinforcements are detailed: a continuous classical one and a semi-discrete one. An initially orthotropic hyperelastic constitutive law is thus established. This law is based on a phenomenological observation of the main fabric deformation modes, from where physical invariants of the deformation are suggested. The required material parameters identification is explained. A modified version of this law, without any tensile energetic contribution, is implemented in a semi-discrete element where the tensile work is taken into account by bars that discretize the real weaving. Thick woven reinforcements are highly anisotropic materials due to the large ratio between the tensile rigidity and the others. Their numerical modeling highlights spurious phenomena and limitations related to this specificity. The tension locking is firstly tackled. A remedy based on an enhanced assumed strain finite element formulation is suggested for classical continuum and semi-discrete elements. Problems linked to bending-dominated numerical simulations are brought to attention : transverse hourglassing and lack of local bending stiffness. For the transverse hourglassing situation, two stiffening technics are proposed : averaging the dilatation through the whole element or adding a supplementary tangent material rigidity in a specific direction. The local bending stiffness problem is solved by calculating the curvature inside the element by using rotation free plates. The induced bending moment leads to supplementary internal loads. Finally, the elastic springback following the pyrolysis of the polymer matrix with ceramic precursors is modeled. The constitutive behavior is experimentally identified with a transverse isotropic hyperelastic law. Added to the initial reinforcements’ hyperelastic law, with the preformed fabric as reference configuration, the pyrolysis induced deformations can be visualized. This final model is compared with experimental results.

On désigne habituellement par retrait-gonflement des sols argileux les variations de volume qu’un massif d’argile peut subir sous l’effet des variations de la pression interstitielle négative (succion) de l’eau, lors d’une humidification ou d’un séchage. L’objectif de ce travail est de compléter les connaissances expérimentales sur le comportement hydromécanique des sols gonflants rencontrés dans les travaux de génie civil, de géotechnique et de géotechnique de l’environnement afin de mieux en tenir compte dans les modèles de calcul. De nombreux travaux ont montré l'intérêt de réaliser des essais œdométriques pour caractériser le potentiel et la cinétique de gonflement des sols. Ils ont révélé également l’influence de l’humidification ou du séchage sur le gonflement ou le retrait, avec des pertes ou des augmentations de rigidité des éprouvettes. En revanche, l’influence de plusieurs cycles de séchage/humidification sur le comportement mécanique n’a été que très rarement analysée. Cette thèse rapporte les résultats d’études expérimentales effectuées à l’œdomètre avec imposition de succion par la méthode osmotique sur des matériaux gonflants compactés lâches et naturels denses. Plusieurs cycles de séchage/humidification ont été appliqués sur ces matériaux sous trois faibles charges mécaniques constantes. Pendant ces cycles, les éprouvettes manifestent un retrait cumulé pour le sol lâche et un gonflement cumulé pour le sol dense. Les résultats montrent que dans les deux cas, les déformations volumiques convergent vers un état d’équilibre où le sol présente un comportement réversible. A la fin des cycles de succion, un cycle de chargement/déchargement a été effectué sous les succions constantes. Les valeurs de la pression de préconsolidation p0(s), de l’indice de compression vierge [lambda(s]] et de l’indice de compression élastique [kappa] dépendent directement des chemins de contrainte suivis. L’ensemble des résultats expérimentaux permet de déterminer les surfaces de charge : la limite de séparation de micro/macro (Lm/M) ; la surface de chargement-effondrement (LC : Loading Collapse du modèle BBM) et la surface de comportement saturé (SCS). La succion limite entre la micro- et la macrostructure (Lm/M) dépend parfaitement de la structure interne et du diamètre qui délimite les deux familles de pores. L’évolution de la pression de préconsolidation en fonction de la succion imposée est présentée par la surface LC. Les courbes de compressibilité sous différentes succions convergent vers la courbe correspondant à l’état saturé sous de fortes contraintes appliquées. La pression à partir de laquelle, le sol continue son chemin sur la courbe du comportement normalement consolidé est appelée la pression de saturation (Psat). Plus la succion imposée est élevée, plus la charge nécessaire pour atteindre cette pression de saturation est importante. La surface SCS présente la variation de la pression de saturation en fonction de la succion imposée. Nous pouvons considérer que les surfaces de charge SCS et LC sont uniques pour les sols denses cependant elles se superposent à la fin des cycles de succion pour les sols lâches. Les cycles hydriques augmentent aussi la limite (Lm/M) entre la micro- et la macrostructure pour les deux sols / We usually define the swelling-shrinkage of the swelling soils by the volume variation of a clayey layer exposed to the negative water pore pressure (suction) variations during the wetting and drying periods. In this research, we try to complete our experimental knowledge on the hydromechanical behaviour of the swelling soils used in civil engineering, geotechnical engineering and geoenvironmental engineering, to better modelize these soils in our numerical calculations. Several authors have used the oedometer tests to characterize the capacity and the process of the soil expansion. They have also studied the influence of the wetting and drying on the soil swelling or shrinkage which can decrease or increase the soil rigidity. However, the influence of several hydraulic cycles on the mechanical behaviour has been rarely studied. This thesis presents an experimental study performed on compacted loose and natural dense expansive soils using osmotic oedometers. Several successive cycles were applied under three different low constant vertical net stresses. The loose soil presents a significant shrinkage accumulation while the dense one produces the swelling accumulation during the suction cycles. The suction cycles induced an equilibrium stage which indicates an elastic behaviour of the samples. At the end of suction cycles, a loading/unloading test was performed at the constant suctions for both materials. The mechanical parameters, i.e. the virgin compression index [lambda(s)], the apparent preconsolidation stress p0(s) and the elastic compression index values [kappa] ?are completely dependent on the followed stress paths. The whole experimental results made it possible to define the yielding surfaces: suction limit between micro and macrostructure (Lm/M), loading collapse (LC) and saturation curve (SCS). The suction limit (Lm/M) depends completely to the soil fabrics and to the diameter separating the micro- and macrostructure. The preconsolidation stress variation with suction is represented by the LC surface. The compression curves at different imposed suctions converge towards the saturated state for the high applied vertical stresses. We consider the saturation pressure (Psat) as the necessary pressure to reach the saturated state for an imposed suction. The higher the suction, the higher the saturation pressure. The yielding surface representing this pressure as a function of suction is called the saturation curve (SCS). Generally we can state that the suction cycles unified the LC and SC surfaces and increased the (Lm/M) up to a higher value

This thesis presents the results of a combined magnetic fabric and palaeomagnetic analysis of lower crustal rocks exposed in the Oman (Semail) ophiolite. This has long been an important natural laboratory for understanding the construction of oceanic crust at fast spreading axes and its subsequent tectonic evolution, but magnetic investigations in the ophiolite have been limited. Analyses presented here involve using: (i) magnetic anisotropies as a proxy for magmatic petrofabrics in lower crustal rocks in order to contribute to outstanding questions regarding the mode of accretion of fast-spread oceanic crust; and (ii) classical palaeomagnetic analyses to determine the nature of magnetization in these rocks and gain further insights into the regional-scale pattern of tectonic rotations that have affected the ophiolite. The extensive layered gabbro sequences exposed in the Semail ophiolite have been sampled at a number of key localities. These are shown to have AMS fabrics that are layer-parallel but also have a regional-scale consistency of the orientation of maximum anisotropy axes. This consistency across sites separated by up to 100 km indicates large-scale controls on fabric development and may be due to consistent magmatic flow associated with the spreading system or the influence of plate-scale motions on deformation of crystal mushes emplaced in the lower crust. Detailed analysis of fabrics in a single layer and across the sampled sections are consistent with either magmatic flow during emplacement of a melt layer into a lower crustal sill complex, or traction/drag of such layers in response to regional-scale stresses (e.g. mantle drag). Together, results support formation of the layered gabbros by injection of melt into sill complexes in the lower crust. New anisotropy data from the overlying foliated gabbros sampled at two key localities also provide insights into the style of melt migration at this crustal level. Fabrics are consistent with either focused or anastomosing magmatic upwards flow through this layer, reflecting melt migration beneath a fossil axial melt lens. Previous palaeomagnetic research in lavas of the northern ophiolitic blocks has demonstrated substantial clockwise intraoceanic tectonic rotations. Palaeomagnetic data from lower crustal sequences in the southern blocks, however, have been more equivocal due to complications arising from remagnetization. Systematic sampling resolves for the first time a pattern of remagnetized lowermost gabbros and retention of earlier magnetizations by uppermost gabbros and the overlying dyke-rooting zone. Results are supported by a positive fold test that shows that remagnetization of lower gabbros occurred prior to Campanian structural disruption of the Moho. NW-directed remagnetized remanences in the lower units are consistent with those used previously to infer lack of significant rotation of the southern blocks. In contrast, E/ENE-directed remanences in the uppermost gabbros imply a large, clockwise rotation of the southern blocks, of a sense and magnitude consistent with that inferred from extrusive sections in the northern blocks. Hence, without the control provided by systematic crustal sampling, the potential for different remanence directions being acquired at different times may lead to erroneous tectonic interpretation.