Notre investigation est une étude du processus de la création spatiale non maîtrisée et du développement de la ville de Kinshasa dans les collines de l’Ouest et du Sud-ouest. Cette recherche a essayé d’analyser les défis et opportunités pour l’aménagement et le développement urbain. Notre attention était focalisée sur la question de l’envahissement des espaces libres et les interstices aux encablures des cités planifiées et ses conséquences environnementales et socio-économiques. A l’issue de cette analyse il s’est avéré d’abord que les politiques urbaines souffrent d’une cohérence en matière d’organisation de l’espace. La maîtrise de l’urbanisation passe par le contrôle du foncier qui pourrait contraindre une expansion spatiale marquée par le paradigme de marginalisation écologique. C’est l’un des principaux moyens de dompter la croissance urbaine et de donner aux quartiers et par le fait même à la ville de Kinshasa la physionomie qu’on lui souhaiterait. / Our investigation is a study of the process of spatial creation and uncontrolled development of the city of Kinshasa, in the hills of the West and of the Southwest. This research has attempted to analyze the challenges and opportunities for planning and urban development. We focused on the issue of the invasion of open spaces and interstices to cables in planned cities and its environmental and socio-economic consequences. Based on our analysis, we concluded that urban policies suffer from a lack of coherent organizing space. Management of urbanization includes controlling land which could constrain spatial expansion, characterized by the paradigm of ecological marginalization. This is one of the main ways to tame urban growth and give neighborhoods as well as the city of Kinshasa the desired physiognomy.

The present research aims to develop a novel technique for creation of composite riot helmet shells with reinforcing fibre continuity for better protection against low velocity impacts. In this research an innovative, simple and effective method of making a single-piece continuously textile reinforced helmet shell by vacuum bagging has been established and discussed. This technique also includes the development of solid collapsible moulding apparatus from non-woven fibres. Angle-interlock fabric due to its good mouldability, low shear rigidity and ease of production is used in this research. Several wrinkle-free single- piece composite helmet shells have been manufactured. Low-velocity impact test on the continuously reinforced helmet shells has been carried out. For this purpose an in-house helmet shell testing facility has been developed. Test rig has been designed in such a way that the impact test can be carried out at different locations at the riot helmet shell. Low-velocity impact test has been successfully conducted on the developed test rig. The practical experimentation and analysis revealed that the helmet shell performance against impact is dependent on the impact location. The helmet shell top surface has better impact protection as compared to helmet shell side and back location. Moreover, the helmet shell side is the most at risk location for the wearer. Finite Element models were created and simulated in Abaqus software to investigate the impact performance of single-piece helmet shells at different impact locations. Models parts have been designed in Rhinoceros software. Simulated results are validated by the experimental result which shows that the helmet top position is the safest position against an impact when it is compared to helmet back and helmet side positions.

Ossos trabeculares possuem uma microestrutura porosa e podem ser modelados como um sólido elástico linear, heterogêneo e anisotrópico. A microtomografia tridimensional por raios-x (uCT) tem sido mundialmente utilizada para a caracterização de osso trabecular em pesquisas relacionadas à qualidade óssea e à doenças do metabolismo ósseo como a osteoporose. Na literatura há poucas investigações comparando as análises morfométricas 2D e 3D de osso trabecular. Nesta investigação amostras de osso trabeculares cilíndricas extraídas da cabeça femoral bovina foram utilizadas para a comparação dessas análises por \'mü\'CT. O software CT-Analyser foi utilizado para medidas em três direções (crânio-caudal, lateral-medial e anterior-posterior) de diversos parâmetros da microestrutura trabecular tais como espessura trabecular, separação trabecular, número trabecular e os autovalores do tensor de anisotropia (M). A comparação entre os valores dos parâmetros medidos por análises morfométricas 2D e 3D foi realizada pelo teste-t pareado com nível de significância p < 0,05 e por correlação linear de Pearson. Os autovalores da matriz M mostram que a microestrutura trabecular bovina tem uma tendência para a simetria transversalmente isotrópica. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a microtomografia tridimensional por raios-X é uma técnica de grande potencial para caracterização da qualidade óssea gerando bons parâmetros para o diagnóstico de doenças do metabolismo ósseo. / Trebecular bones have a porous microstructure and can be modeled as a linear elastic solid, heterogenous and anisotropic. The x-ray tridimensional microtomography (\'mü\'CT) has been worldwide used for the assessment of trabecular bone in investigations related to bone quality and aimed to the diagnostic of bone metabolic diseases such as osteoporosis. In the literature few investigations have compared the 2D and 3D morphometric analysis of trabecular bone. In this investigation cylindrical trabecular bone samples were harvested from bovine head femur to carry out that comparison by \'mü\'CT. The CT-Analyser software was used to measure in three directions (superior-inferior, lateral-medial and anterior-posterior) several microstructural trabecular parameters such as trabecular thickness, trabecular separation, trabecular number and the eigenvalues of the fabric tensor (M). The comparison between the parameters values measured by 2D and 3D morphometric analysis was performed by the paired-sample t test with a level of significance p < 0,05 and the Pearson\'s linear correlation. The eigenvalues show that the bovine trabecular microstructure has a tendence to transverse isotropy symmetry. The results show that x-ray tridimensional microtomography (\'mü\'CT) is a technique of great potential for characterization of generating good bone quality parameters for the diagnosis of diseases of bone metabolism.

L'objectif de cette thèse est de proposer une étude exhaustive de l’œuvre de l'artiste allemand contemporain Franz Erhard Walther (1939, Fulda - ), accompagnant l'élaboration du catalogue raisonné de l'ensemble de son travail. En effet, pour cet artiste à l’œuvre colossale, la nécessité de la réalisation d'un catalogue raisonné se pose depuis plusieurs années. Bien que son œuvre ait une place fondamentale dans l'histoire de l'art de la deuxième moitié du XXème siècle, le travail de Walther reste encore très mal connu et souvent sujet à confusion. Cette œuvre, caractérisée en grande partie par l'utilisation de la couture comme technique et du tissu comme matériau, et dont la monumentalité n'a été rendue possible que grâce à la collaboration de l'artiste avec sa première femme, Johanna Frieß, trouve sa spécificité à travers l'évolution du concept de Handlung, propre à l'artiste. Cette étude propose donc le premier véritable catalogue raisonné de Franz Erhard Walther, de ses premières œuvres en 1954 à ce jour, accompagné d'une étude précise de chaque groupe d’œuvres, replaçant ainsi l'ensemble dans le contexte de l'histoire de l'art. / The objective of this thesis is to propose an exhaustive study of the work of the german contemporary artist Franz Erhard Walther (1939, Fulda - ), as well as the catalogue raisonné of his work. There is indeed since many years an imperative need for such a comprehensive catalogue, given the colossal production of Walther. Although his work plays a prominent role in the Art History of the second half of the XXth century, it remains little-known and is still subject of some confusion. This body of work, mainly characterized by the use of sewing as technique and tissue as material, and whose enormity wouldn't have been possible without the collaboration of the artist's first wife, Johanna Frieß, finds its specificity in the concept of Handlung that Walther developed. This study includes thus the first actual catalogue raisonné of Franz Erhard Walter, from his first-ever works of 1954 until now, as well as a specific study of every group of works, putting it in the context of Art History.

El proyecto está basado en la implementación de un centro cultural en el distrito de Carabayllo originado a partir del déficit cultural arraigado en la zona; de igual manera, con este proyecto se busca desarrollar una identidad colectiva que enorgullezca a los habitantes y convierta al distrito en la capital social de Lima norte. Estos objetivos estarán desarrollados bajo la arquitectura social y sus distintas estrategias de diseño que permitan la relación constante entre la trama urbana existente y la estructura social. Por este motivo, se propone un edificio mimetizado a su perfil urbano que fomente la generación y revitalización de espacios públicos mediante un programa de usos comunes educativos, laborales e inclusivos basados en las necesidades de sus habitantes. / The project is based on the implementation of a Cultural center in the district of Carabayllo, originated from the cultural deficit rooted in the area; likewise, this project seeks to develop a collective identity that will make the inhabitants proud and turn the district into the social capital of northern Lima. These objectives will be developed under the social architecture and its different design strategies that will allow the constant relationship between the existing urban fabric and the social structure. For this reason, it is proposed a building blended with its urban profile to promote the generation and revitalization of public spaces through a program of common educational, labor and inclusive uses based on the needs of its inhabitants. / Trabajo de investigación

This master thesis is aimed at computational modeling of ballistic resistant layered laminate. The introductory sections of the thesis are aimed at understanding the individual topics that are closely related to the interaction of the projectile and target and computational modeling of this process. The main goal of this thesis was to create a computational model that is able to reflect the behavior of aramid fabric during the interaction with the projectile. During the development of the computational model were used more methods of modeling and also more material models were used. For the purposes of the development of the computational model were used the available data of the companies SVS FEM s.r.o. and VVÚ s.p. The outcome of the diploma thesis is a computational model of aramid fabric which is designed for ballistic protection simulations. This model is validated on the basis of available experiments. The validated computational model is then applied to the simulation of ballistic protection.

Upper part of the orogenic crust (superstructure) significantly differs from the lower part of the crust (infrastructure) by structural and metamorphic record. This fundamental observation is explained by interruption of the mutual evolution due to mechanical decoupling of the hot and ductile infrastructure from the cold and brittle superstructure at certain stages of the orogenic evolution. The superstructure-infrastructure transition zone is a rheologically predisposed domain of sharp deformation and metamorphic gradients with polyphase structural record. Understanding of the deformation partitioning in such a rheologically complex setting is a key aspect in linking of the individual deformation stages between upper and lower crust. The transition zone between unmetamorphosed early-Variscan superstructure (Teplá-Barrandian Domain) and late Variscan high- grade infrastructure (Saxothuringian Domain) crops out at the western margin of the Teplá- Barrandian Domain in the Bohemian Massif. This area is a continuous mid- to lower-crustal section with early-Variscan structural and metamorphic record, which is superposed onto pre-Variscan episode. This thesis aims to decipher individual deformation events, to evaluate their manifes- tations at different crustal levels and to bring new and unifying...

3D textile performs offer a high potential to increase mechanical properties of composites and they can reduce the production steps and costs as well. The variety of woven structures is enormous. The algorithms based on the conventional weaving notation can only represent the possible woven structures in a limited way. Within the scope of this dissertation, a new weaving notation was developed in order to analyze the multilayer woven structures analytically. Technological solutions were developed in order to guarantee a reproducible preform production with commingled hybrid yarns. Terry weaving technique can be utilized to create vertical connections on carrier fabrics, which makes it suitable for the development of complex profiles. A double rapier weaving machine was modified with electronically controlled terry weaving and pneumatic warp yarn pull-back systems. Various spacer fabrics and 3D profiles were developed. A linear take-up system is developed to assure reproducible preform production with a minimum material damage. Integrated cutting and laying mechanisms on the take-up system provides a high level of automation.

A model is presented to use normalized multi-linear tension and compression material characteristics of strain-hardening textile reinforced concrete and derive closed form expressions for predicting moment-curvature capacity. A set of design equations are derived and simplified for use in spreadsheet based applications. The model is applicable for both strain-softening and strainhardening materials. The predictability of the simplified model is checked by model calibration and development of design charts for moment capacity and stress developed throughout the cross section of a flexural member. Model is calibrated by predicting the results of Alkali Resistant Glass and Polyethylene fabrics. A case for the flexural design of Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete (GFRC) specimen as a simply supported beam subjected to distributed load is used to demonstrate the design procedure.

Denna studie skrivs i ett intresse av ett företag som arbetar med 3D-simulering vid prototypframtagning av provplagg. Syfte med studien är att undersöka korrespondensen mellan virtuell- och fysisk avprovning gällande storlek, passform och val av tyg. I studien undersöks 3D-simuleringsprogrammet CLO 3D och digitalisering av tygprov med applikationen CLO Fabric kit, som komplement i syfte att utvärdera skillnaden mellan virtuell- och fysisk avprovning. Två plagg, bestående av t-tröja i bomullstrikå och skjorta i linneväv, provas av i storlekar: XS, M och XL på tre provpersoner och tre avatarer med motsvarande mått. Ett protokollmed foton från båda avprovningarna bedöms med frågor gällande plaggets visuella skillnad och passform. Resultatet visade att T-tröjan i bomullstrikå gav likvärdigt passform mellan virtuell- och fysisk avprovning i samtliga storlekar. Vid avprovning av skjortan i linneväv var passformsskillnaden mellan virtuell- och fysisk avprovning på storlek XL tydlig. Övriga storlekar hade däremot ett likartat resultat.3D-simulering är en effektiv avprovningsmetod, då man kan modifiera avaterns mått, digitalisera in tygprover och prova av flera storlekar vid virtuell avprovning. Däremot behöver man vara medveten att flera faktorer kan påverka passformen vid virtuell avprovning som till exempel avatarens kroppshållning och tygets mekaniska egenskaper vid digitalisering. / This study writes in an interest of a company that works with 3D-simulation in prototyping sample garments. The purpose of the study is to investigate the correspondence between the virtual and physical try-on regarding size, fit and fabric choice. The study examines the 3D-simulation program CLO 3D and digitization of fabric samples with the CLO Fabric kit application as a complement to evaluate the difference between virtual and physical try-on. Two garment, consisting of t-shirt made of knitted cotton and a shirt made of linen, are fitted in size XS, M and XL on three test persons and three avatars with corresponding measurements. A protocol containing photos from both virtual and physical try-on where evaluated with questions regarding the balance and fit of the garment. It showed that the T-shirt made of knitted cotton gave equivalent results between virtual and physical try-on in all sizes. When comparing the shirt in linen, the fit differed in size XL during virtual and physical try-on. However, Size XS and M had a similar result during virtual and physical try-on. Using 3D-simulation is an advantage when you can modify the avatar's dimensions, digitize fabric samples and try multiple sizes during virtual try-on. However, one needs to be aware that several factors can affect the fit during virtual try-on, such as the avatar posture and the mechanical properties of the fabric during digitization.