À l'heure actuelle et depuis plusieurs années, les nouveaux systèmes développés par les industriels ne cessent de se complexifier, de faire intervenir toujours plus de technologies différentes et cela, pour maximiser la rentabilité, améliorer les fonctionnalités, voire proposer de nouveaux services. L'approche d'ingénierie système à base de modèles (ISBM) adresse particulièrement ces problématiques et est de plus en plus plébiscitée par les industriels. Pour autant, l'ISBM ne permet pas d'assurer la sûreté de fonctionnement (SdF) de nos systèmes modernes. C'est pourquoi ces travaux visent à assurer la cohésion de l'ISBM avec les études de SdF ainsi que sa valorisation pour ces études. Le langage de modélisation SysML est choisi pour réifier l'ensemble des résultats des activités d'ingénierie système sous la forme d'un modèle système. Ce modèle système est ensuite manipulé par les processus de la méthodologie MéDISIS, définie dans la thèse, afin de faciliter les études de SdF. La thèse aborde notamment la génération d'AMDEC fonctionnelle et l'application de la méthodologie FIDES pour l'évaluation de fiabilité, avec l'aide de bases de données pérénisant les informations dysfonctionnelles. Les principes précédents sont aussi appliqués à un projet industriel conséquent : le projet LEA qui consiste à la réalisation d'un prototype de véhicule hypersonique. La thèse met l'accent sur l'étude de SdF des composants de type COTS qui sont courant au sein du projet LEA.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-08-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:48:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_da_me_assis_parcial.pdf: 54774 bytes, checksum: d766c143bca0c004bcecebbd9cc9a048 (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2014-11-14T12:16:57Z: souza_da_me_assis_parcial.pdf,Bitstream added on 2014-11-14T12:17:44Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000638477.pdf: 729122 bytes, checksum: 3041b976b775470280bae3f35a83a9b9 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Essa dissertação concebe uma breve reconstituição da situação dos estudos plinianos no Brasil e no mundo, apresentando os principais pesquisadores da referida área. Aborda a problemática da representação de homem político de acordo com o discurso apresentado por Plínio, o Jovem em seus livros de I à IX. Por meio desse epistolário faz uma análise da contribuição da fides e da virtus, bem como da imagem que o autor constói de si e do princeps na constituição do modelo de homem político durante o período de 96 a 113 d.C. Para tanto, utilizase dos pressupostos advindo das contribuições metodológicas elaboradas pela Histórica Cultural, em especial pelo conceito de representação adotado por Roger Chartier / This dissertation conceives a brief reconstitution of studies about Pliny, the Younger in Brazil and in the World, showing the majors researchers of this area. Approach problematic of the civil man’s representation according to the discourse presented by Pliny, the Younger in him books I to IX. Through this epistolary, we make a analysis of the contribution of the fides and the virtus, as well as the image created by the autor about himself and about the princeps in the constitution of the civic man’s model while 96 to 113 a. D. For this, we used the assumptions coming of methodological contributions prepared by the Cultural History, in special the representation’s concept adopted by Roger Chartier

Apparently the existence of deepgoing antinomies in our system of contracts is an experience too painful to rise to the full level of our consciousnes. In the current transformative milieu, the South African law of contract continues its attempts to convey an image of contract as a coherent system of clear and neutral rules. These attempts stem from the belief that the rule-book, in and of itself, can offer us determinate answers in all contractual disputes. This study was borne out of a concern that in its commitments to sustain this image, the South African law of contract is not sufficiently concerned with transformation and the ideal of justice. In the seventies, Kennedy exposed the ambivalence of the contract system and argued that private law vividly reflected the fundamental contradiction; the irresolvable tension in and among us between acting purely out of self-interest or allowing our actions to be informed, influenced and curtailed by others. Kennedy asserted that the fundamental contradiction could be construed as a continuum with two opposing ‘ideal typical’ positions on both the level of form and substance. On the substance level he referred to this warring engagement as individualism and altruism. On the form level, the ideal typical commitments prefer law either in the form of rules or as open-ended standards. Kennedy’s most provocative claim was that individualism preferred law in the form of rules whereas altruism favoured the open-ended standard form. This claim reflected the understanding that form and substance are interdependent because it is impossible not to ask: ‘Form of what?’ Dalton later added more explicitly that form and substance would politically always generate a hierarchy within a legal system. Following Kennedy, this study engages with the South African law of contract in a similar way. It argues that the South African law of contract not only reflects the fundamental contradiction profoundly, but also privileges and works to sustain the individualism/rule position. This position is not sufficiently concerned with the ethical element of contract (good faith) and with the ideal of contractual justice. I consider whether and how the transition from a totalitarian state to a constitutional democracy affected this hierarchy. I arrive at disappointing but nevertheless hopeful conclusions in the sense that the bias inculcated in the law of contract cannot take anything away from the fact that it operates in the penumbra of a Constitution which is committed to openness, equality, dignity and freedom in all human relationships, including those of a contractual nature. In resisting the traditional representations of contract and in support of the above, I propose a re-emphasis on good faith as the ethical element of contract. Good faith cannot be contained in a neat and tidy legal definition. It realises that we are, in the community of contracting persons, each responsible for the other’s well-being and that we should ultimately remain concerned with the constitutive values of the supreme law under which the subordinated but indispensable law of contract must continue to operate. The difficulty and complexity of this exercise provides no alibi. Copyright 2005, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Barnard, AJ 2005, A critical legal argument for contractual justice in the South African law of contract, LLD thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06192006-083839/ > / Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Jurisprudence / LLD / Unrestricted

At present there are different reliability standards that are being used for carrying out reliability prediction. They take into consideration different factors, environments and data sources to give reliability data for a wide range of electronic components. However, the users are not aware of the differences between the different reliability standards due to the absence of benchmarks of the reliability standards that would help classify and compare between them. This lack of benchmark denies the users the opportunity to have a top-down view of these different standards and choose the appropriate standard based on qualitative judgement in performing reliability prediction for a specific system. To addres this issue, the benchmark of a set of reliability standards are developed in this dissertation. The benchmark helps the users of the selected reliability standards understand the similarities and differences between them and based on the evaluation criterion defined can easily choose the appropriate standard for reliability prediction in different scenarios. Theoretical reliability prediction of two electronic products in Bombardier is performed using the standards that have been benchmarked. One of the products is matured with available incident report from the field while the other is a new product that is under development and yet to enter in service. The field failure data analysis of the matured product is then compared and correlated to the theoretical prediction. Adjustment factors are then derived to help bridge the gap between the theoretical reliability prediction and the reliability of the product in field conditions. Since the theoretical prediction of the product under development could not be used to compare and correlate any data due to unavailability, instead, the accelerated life test is used to find out the product reliability during its lifetime and find out any failure modes intrinsic to the board. A crucial objective is realized as an appropriate algorithm/model is found in order to correlate accelerated test temperature-cycles to real product temperature-cycles. The PUT has lead-free solder joints, hence, to see if any failures occurring due to solder joint fatigue has also been of interest. Additionally, reliability testing simulation is a performed in order to verify and validate the performance of the product under development during ALT. Finally, the goal of the thesis is achieved as separate models are proposed to predict product reliability for both matured products and products under development. This will assist the organization in realizing the goal of predicting their product reliability with better accuracy and confidence. / För närvarande finns det olika tillförlitlighetsstandarder som används för att utföra tillförlitlighet förutsägelse. De tar hänsyn till olika faktorer, miljöer och datakällor för att ge tillförlitlighetsdata för ett brett spektrum av elektronikkomponenter. Men användarna inte är medvetna om skillnaderna mellan de olika tillförlitlighetsstandarder på grund av avsaknaden av riktmärken för tillförlitlighetsstandarder som skulle hjälpa klassificera och jämföra mellan dem. Denna brist på jämförelse förnekar användarna möjlighet att få en top-down bakgrund av dessa olika standarder och välja lämplig standard baserad på kvalitativ bedömning att utföra tillförlitlighet prognos för ett specifikt system. För att lösa detta problem, är riktmärket en uppsättning av tillförlitlighetsstandarder som utvecklats i denna avhandling. Riktmärket hjälper användarna av de utvalda tillförlitlighetsstandarder förstå likheter och skillnader mellan dem och på grundval av bedömningskriteriet definieras kan enkelt välja lämplig standard för pålitlighet förutsägelse i olika scenarier. Teoretisk tillförlitlighet förutsäga två elektroniska produkter i Bombardier utförs med hjälp av standarder som har benchmarking. En av produkterna är mognat med tillgängliga incidentrapport från fältet, medan den andra är en ny produkt som är under utveckling och ännu inte gå in i tjänsten. Analysen av den mognade produkten fält feldata jämförs sedan och korreleras till den teoretiska förutsägelsen. Justeringsfaktorer sedan härledas för att överbrygga klyftan mellan den teoretiska tillförlitlighet förutsägelse och tillförlitligheten av produkten i fältmässiga förhållanden. Eftersom den teoretiska förutsägelsen av produkt under utveckling inte kan användas för att jämföra och korrelera alla data på grund av otillgängligheten, i stället är det accelererade livslängdstest som används för att ta reda på produktens tillförlitlighet under dess livstid och reda ut eventuella felmoder inneboende till styrelsen . Ett viktigt mål realiseras som en lämplig algoritm /modell finns i syfte att korrelera accelererade provningen temperaturcykler på verkliga produkttemperatur cykler. PUT har blyfria lödfogar därmed att se om några fel inträffar på grund av löda gemensam trötthet har också varit av intresse. Dessutom är tillförlitlighet testning simulering en utförs för att verifiera och validera produktens prestanda under utveckling under ALT. Slutligen är målet med avhandlingen uppnås som separata modeller föreslås att förutsäga produktens tillförlitlighet för både förfallna och produkter under utveckling. Detta kommer att hjälpa organisationen att förverkliga målet att förutsäga deras tillförlitlighet med bättre noggrannhet och förtroende.

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Text in Afrikaans / In die skripsie word gekyk na die remedies van 'n versekeraar by wanvoorstelling (nie-openbaring) en waarborgbreuk deur 'n versekerde en veral die beperking van die versekeraar se kansellasiereg. Die klem sal egter val op die remedies by waarborgbreuk omdat versekeraars veel meer daarop steun. Die volgende voorstelle word gemaak. 'n Kansellasiereg behoort in die geval van wanvoorstelling (nie-openbaring) nie verleen te word as die versekeraar nogtans, met kennis van die ware feite, sou kontrakteer nie. By verbreking van bevestigende waarborge behoort 'n kansellasiereg toegestaan te word as die waarborgbreuk die betrokke versekeraar se berekening van die risiko redelikerwys geraak het maar nie as die versekeraar nogtans sou kontrakteer nie. By voortdurende waarborge behoort kansellasie beskikbaar te wees as die waarborgbreuk die skade redelikerwys veroorsaak het. 'n Skadevergoedingseis behoort beskikbaar te wees waar 'n versekeraar nie kan of wil kanselleer nie. / The remedies of an insurer, in the event of misrepresentation (non-disclosure) and breach of warranty by an insured are discussed, particularly limiting the insurer's right to cancel. The emphasis is on the remedies applicable to breach of warranty because insurers use these more frequently. The following solutions are suggested. An insurer should not be allowed to cancel in the event of misrepresentation (nondisclosure) if it would still have concluded the contract, knowing the truth. In the event of affirmative warranties a right to cancel should be available if breach of warranty reasonably affected the particular insurer's assessment of the risk, but not if the contract would still have been concluded. In the event of promissory warranties, cancellation should only be available if breach of warranty reasonably caused the loss. A claim for damages should be available if an insurer can not or does not wish to cancel. / Private Law / LL.M.

Harming the dignity of the learner; refusing to hear his side of the story; neglecting to help him retrieve his stolen property : such are the unfortunate occurrences at many South African schools, and such are the experiences that have led to this research. Dedicated educators sometimes default, leaving their wronged learners out m the cold. The questions are therefore: • What causes this conduct of educators and why does it recur? • Is it ignorance of their legal position? • Is it insensitivity to common law principles and statutory provisions? • Is it sheer carelessness? Mindful of the introduction of the South African Constitution Act 108 of 1996, wh1ch contains the long-awaited Bill of Fundamental Rights, this study has been undertaken to give an educational-juridical perspective of the educator-learner relationship 1n South African public schools by means of a literature study and an elementary legal comparative study. Various legal terms which influence the educator-learner relationship significantly are defined. In conjunction with the private law status of the learner, the position of the learner within the school system, and the fundamental rights of the learner in the context of the administration of justice are identified and dealt with in so far as they have any bearing on the educator-learner relationship, Moreover, the legal determinants of the educator-learner relationship and the educator's duty of care are pinpointed to determine their significance in an accountable, responsive and open educator-learner relationship, A comparative school law perspective of the sources of school law, the duties and responsibilities of educators, the fundamental rights and legal obligations of the learner, the educator's duty of care, discipline and legal liability in England and Wales, Canada, Japan, and South Africa is presented in terms of similarities and differences, Attention is paid to the necessity of informing educators and learners concerning their respective rights and duties, in order to develop accountable, responsive and open educator-learner relationships in South African schools, / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2000

Summaries in Afrikaans and English / Text in Afrikaans / In die skripsie word gekyk na die remedies van 'n versekeraar by wanvoorstelling (nie-openbaring) en waarborgbreuk deur 'n versekerde en veral die beperking van die versekeraar se kansellasiereg. Die klem sal egter val op die remedies by waarborgbreuk omdat versekeraars veel meer daarop steun. Die volgende voorstelle word gemaak. 'n Kansellasiereg behoort in die geval van wanvoorstelling (nie-openbaring) nie verleen te word as die versekeraar nogtans, met kennis van die ware feite, sou kontrakteer nie. By verbreking van bevestigende waarborge behoort 'n kansellasiereg toegestaan te word as die waarborgbreuk die betrokke versekeraar se berekening van die risiko redelikerwys geraak het maar nie as die versekeraar nogtans sou kontrakteer nie. By voortdurende waarborge behoort kansellasie beskikbaar te wees as die waarborgbreuk die skade redelikerwys veroorsaak het. 'n Skadevergoedingseis behoort beskikbaar te wees waar 'n versekeraar nie kan of wil kanselleer nie. / The remedies of an insurer, in the event of misrepresentation (non-disclosure) and breach of warranty by an insured are discussed, particularly limiting the insurer's right to cancel. The emphasis is on the remedies applicable to breach of warranty because insurers use these more frequently. The following solutions are suggested. An insurer should not be allowed to cancel in the event of misrepresentation (nondisclosure) if it would still have concluded the contract, knowing the truth. In the event of affirmative warranties a right to cancel should be available if breach of warranty reasonably affected the particular insurer's assessment of the risk, but not if the contract would still have been concluded. In the event of promissory warranties, cancellation should only be available if breach of warranty reasonably caused the loss. A claim for damages should be available if an insurer can not or does not wish to cancel. / Private Law / LL.M.

Harming the dignity of the learner; refusing to hear his side of the story; neglecting to help him retrieve his stolen property : such are the unfortunate occurrences at many South African schools, and such are the experiences that have led to this research. Dedicated educators sometimes default, leaving their wronged learners out m the cold. The questions are therefore: • What causes this conduct of educators and why does it recur? • Is it ignorance of their legal position? • Is it insensitivity to common law principles and statutory provisions? • Is it sheer carelessness? Mindful of the introduction of the South African Constitution Act 108 of 1996, wh1ch contains the long-awaited Bill of Fundamental Rights, this study has been undertaken to give an educational-juridical perspective of the educator-learner relationship 1n South African public schools by means of a literature study and an elementary legal comparative study. Various legal terms which influence the educator-learner relationship significantly are defined. In conjunction with the private law status of the learner, the position of the learner within the school system, and the fundamental rights of the learner in the context of the administration of justice are identified and dealt with in so far as they have any bearing on the educator-learner relationship, Moreover, the legal determinants of the educator-learner relationship and the educator's duty of care are pinpointed to determine their significance in an accountable, responsive and open educator-learner relationship, A comparative school law perspective of the sources of school law, the duties and responsibilities of educators, the fundamental rights and legal obligations of the learner, the educator's duty of care, discipline and legal liability in England and Wales, Canada, Japan, and South Africa is presented in terms of similarities and differences, Attention is paid to the necessity of informing educators and learners concerning their respective rights and duties, in order to develop accountable, responsive and open educator-learner relationships in South African schools, / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2000

The legal historical development of fairness in the South African common law of contract is investigated in the context of the political, social and economic developments of the last four centuries. It emerges that the common law of contract is still dominated by the ideologies of individualism and economic liberalism which were imported from English law during the nineteenth century. Together with the theories of legal positivism and formalism which are closely related to parliamentary sovereignty and the classical rule of law, these ideals were transposed into the common law of contract through the classical model of contract law which emphasises freedom and sanctity of contract and promotes legal certainty. This approach resulted in the negation of the court’s equitable discretion and the limitation of good faith which sustain the social and economic inequalities that were created under colonialism and exacerbated under apartheid rule. In stark contrast, the modern human rights culture grounded in human dignity and aimed at the promotion of substantive equality led to the introduction of modern contract theory in other parts of the world. The introduction of the Constitution as grounded in human dignity and aimed at the achievement of substantive equality has resulted in a sophisticated jurisprudence on human dignity that reflects a harmonisation between its Western conception as based on Kantian dignity and ubuntu which provides an African understanding thereof. In this respect, ubuntu plays an important role in infusing the common law of contract with African values and in promoting substantive equality between contracting parties in line with modern contract theory. It is submitted that this approach to human dignity should result in the development of good faith into a substantive rule of the common law of contract which can be used to set aside an unfair contract term or the unfair enforcement thereof. / Private Law / LL. D.