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Domov pro seniory / Retirement homeGrigarová, Karolína January 2017 (has links)
The aim of my diploma thesis is to elaborate project documentation for the execution of a new building home for elderly people. The intention is to construct a new apartment building for pensioners who are able to do activities of daily living. There can be found 24 lease flats for a maximum of 30 accommodated people. The home offers 12 hours care service and has rooms for carers, dining rooms, places for rehabilitation, outpatient care and stores for keeping accommodated people’s things. The whole area has wheelchair access and counts with the movement of people with reduced mobility. The building is designed as brick, using clay blocks which are put on concrete foundation strips. Thermal insulation is a combination of contact thermal insulation system and ventilated facade with hanging plates. The roofing is designed partly as a float double-shell roof with timber truss girder, and partly as a single-shell roof with concrete load-bearing structure. The drawing documentation has been created using computer programs AutoCAD, ArchiCAD, and the programs by doc. Dr. Ing. Zbyněk Svoboda (Teplo, Area, Stabilita, Simulace) and another simple computer programs like Excel were used for the thermal assessment.
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Modely s neostrým rozhraním v teorii směsí / Diffuse interface models in theory of interacting continuaŘehoř, Martin January 2018 (has links)
We study physical systems composed of at least two immiscible fluids occu- pying different regions of space, the so-called phases. Flows of such multi-phase fluids are frequently met in industrial applications which rises the need for their numerical simulations. In particular, the research conducted herein is motivated by the need to model the float glass forming process. The systems of interest are in the present contribution mathematically described in the framework of the so-called diffuse interface models. The thesis consists of two parts. In the modelling part, we first derive standard diffuse interface models and their generalized variants based on the concept of multi-component continuous medium and its careful thermodynamic analysis. We provide a critical assessment of assumptions that lead to different models for a given system. Our newly formulated class of generalized models of Cahn-Hilliard-Navier-Stokes-Fourier (CHNSF) type is applicable in a non-isothermal setting. Each model belonging to that class describes a mixture of separable, heat conducting Newtonian fluids that are either compressible or incompressible. The models capture capillary and thermal effects in thin interfacial regions where the fluids actually mix. In the computational part, we focus on the development of an efficient and robust...
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承包商對營建工程工期遲延及阻擾(Disruption)之索賠李昇蓉 Unknown Date (has links)
關於展延後所增加之費用是否得以索賠,亦影響業主成本支出與承包商利潤,於是關於工期之「時間」與「金錢」兩者,成為工程契約雙方最關心的議題。故從遲延索賠之目的,即可分成工期索賠與費用索賠兩方面探討之。
工期之定義從指涉範圍之廣狹可分為三種層次,本文討論主要之範圍係指狹義的工程期限,即業主與個別承包商於營建工程契約中所約定承包商完成工程所需之時間,日曆天為國際工程慣例選用之工期計算方式。工期之始點,應以契約約定之開工(Commencement of Contract Time)日起算,而完工(Contract Completion)則為工期之終點,如何界定完工對於整體施工契約之重要性,在於判斷承包商是否遵守履約期限。事實上分析是工程是否遲延?可歸責於當事人哪一方?國內外工程實務界之看法,皆認為工程遲延係以用盡浮時而影響「要徑」為要件,故產生以要徑為基礎以判斷工程遲延之方法,此亦突顯要徑法所欲表彰之基本功能。本文認為承包商須先以網狀圖證明「主要徑」之工作受外來因素(即不可歸責於承攬人)之施工障礙影響,則定作人才應展延工期,亦才有後續展延期間增加費用索賠之問題。
阻擾(Disruption)事件之產生,承包商有時同樣會遭受延後整體工程進度而可能逾期完工,或支出比預定計畫更多額外費用,以趕上原本進度之損害。阻擾之定義,依據英國SCL議定書第1.19.1條規定,為對於承包商正常工作之打擾、阻礙及干擾,導致較低之工率。如阻擾為業主所引起,可能會給予承包商依據契約或依據違約條款請求賠償之權利。但應特別區分者,乃阻擾與遲延仍為不同概念,遲延為延後完工,而阻擾則著重於生產力下降( Productivity Loss)及對於進度之打擾、阻礙、干擾,因此發生阻擾事件,僅「可能」發生逾期完工但並非絕對延後工期。故阻擾損害方面,與遲延損害相同,承包商必須證明阻擾可歸責於業主,且因業主阻擾承包商施工,導致其工率降低受有損害,但阻擾不限於要徑工作之干擾,縱使對非要徑工作之干擾亦得請求賠償損害,所以無須審視是否具備逾期完工之事實。因此當僅有阻擾事件發生卻未影響完工日時,承包商不會主張工作工期展延,但必定向業主請求可歸責於業主之阻擾造成工作效率降低( Reduced Efficiency of Workforce)之損失。
於遲延事件中,僅有不可歸責並可補償承攬人之遲延(Excusable and Compensable Delays),承包商一方面得請求展延工期,一方面得請求補償展延期間增加之費用。費用方面,因非可歸責於承包商之事由導致工程遲延,而業主指示承包商投入更多資源以提早完工,則屬於英美工程界所謂Acceleration(以下簡稱加速施工)之情況,此時業主亦應負擔補償承包商因加速施工產生之費用。於聯邦工程採購實務中,大部份涉及擬制加速施工之案例,皆為發生不可歸責且可補償承攬人遲延之情形,例如:實際為不可歸責於承攬人之遲延,定作人誤以為係可歸責於承攬人,而促使承攬人趕工以符合原定契約完工期限等情況。依據可歸責於哪一方之遲延來處理加速施工問題時,應掌握不可歸責於承攬人遲延之加速施工,原則上皆應支付額外費用,反之,若定作人就不可歸責於承攬人之遲延,已經准許展延足夠之工期,則不須支付加速施工之費用。至於得以展延多少時間,應以遲延分析技術判斷之,例如英國SCL議定書中介紹四種屬完工後處理展延工期問題之遲延分析技術,包括以下:1.The as-planned versus as-built method比較原規畫時程與竣工時程遲延分析法;2.The impacted as-planned method(What if analysis)原規劃時程影響後分析技術 ;3.The collapsed as-built method(But for as built analysis)重疊竣工時程分析技術; 4.The Protocol’s own TIA method(Retrospective TIA)英國SCL議定書之回復式時間影響分析法。
遲延事件造成工期展延,而工期展延通常亦產生額外之增加費用(Increased Cost)。惟業主准許展延工期之主張,不必然表示承包商即得請求展延期間相關費用。若遲延可歸責於承包商,則承包商顯然必須自行承擔遲延之相關費用;若為可歸責於業主之遲延事件,相關之補償即包含承包商於展延期間所動用與時間相關之資源(Time-related Resources)。惟工程實務上承包商於證明工期展延期間所增加之費用及所受損害時,常因為工期時間過久、各種紀錄成本與保管費用等錯綜複雜因素,對於損害數額無法達到嚴格證明之舉證程度,能夠確實提出每筆支出費用單據之紀錄者較少見,特別是當承包商請求「一式計價」之項目時更遭遇此種難題。如果無法證明費用的支出,則整個索賠都付諸流水,在很多案例中,承包商雖然成功證明遲延為可補償的,卻因提出不適當證明使最後獲得之補償較索賠預期額度減少許多,例如:實務對於工率降低(Efficiency Loss)損害之計算與證明,目前仍無統一見解,因工率難以數量化,縱使承包商以其工地記錄資料提出某工率降低係數,工程師亦針對監控報表提出另一個係數,而兩者皆無法說明哪一個數據之可信度較高,且縱使雙方合意以某一工率降低系數為標準,則雙方對於哪一部份為可歸責於己之責任劃分意見也不同,此亦牽涉舉證責任問題。
傳統訴訟需耗費大量金錢時間,或有部分以新興之非對抗式「替代性紛爭解決機制」( Alternative Dispute Resolution, 以下簡稱ADR),例如仲裁 (Arbitration), 調解(Mediation),調停(Conciliation), 調仲 (Med-Arb).,迷你審 (Mini Trial)等,以輔助傳統紛爭解決手段之不足。現行工程契約中,雙方通常事先約定將來發生工程爭議之解決方法,例如前開仲裁、調解等;而公共工程案件,若機關與廠商因履約爭議未能達成協議者,依據政府採購法第85條之1規定,亦強制不接受調解建議或方案之機關,若日後廠商提付仲裁,其不得拒絕之方式,來促成先行階段 ,即「調解」階段中調解成立之機會,加速爭議之解決。但在一些案例中,仲裁、調解等機制卻依然產生如同傳統訴訟般費用過高、時間較長之相同問題。於雙方無法協商而須透過第三人介入,卻在希望更節省糾紛處理時間,及更貼近雙方各退一步以共同努力解決難題之協商精神之要求下,使另一爭端處理模式:「爭議處理委員會」(Dispute Board)之角色日漸重要。
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Le droit français des OPA - un modèle pour le droit brésilien ? / The French law of takeover bids, a model for the brazilian law ?Mendia Twardowsky, Bianca 29 November 2017 (has links)
L'objectif de cette thèse est d'analyser le système juridique français et brésilien concernant les stratégies de défense contre les offres publiques d'acquisition visant à prendre le contrôle des sociétés cotées en bourse. Les offres publiques d'acquisition font l'objet d'un vif débat, plus particulièrement lorsqu'elles présentent un caractère hostile pour la société cible. En France, de nombreux efforts législatifs ont été mis en œuvre en vue d'encadrer les OPA et de lutter contre les prises de contrôle rampantes. L'analyse du droit positif permet de mettre en lumière ces différents efforts ainsi que leur mise en œuvre à travers diverses techniques par les sociétés visées. Grâce à l'analyse juridique des stratégies anti-OPA en France, le système brésilien peut prendre connaissance de cette expérience et trouver la meilleure approche juridique pour les sociétés cotées ayant un capital flottant important. Au Brésil, la récente vague d'IPO a été possible grâce à la réforme dans la bourse BM&FBOVESPA. Dorénavant, la BM&FBOVESPA présente le scénario idéal pour prendre le contrôle des sociétés cotées. Ainsi, l'importance de ce thème est le résultat de la dispersion de l'actionnariat après la première vague d'introduction en bourse dans le marché de capitaux brésilien, et en France, elle se traduit par l'évolution dans environnement légal des défenses anti-OPA face à des pratiques qui ne cessent d'évoluer. / The objective of this thesis is to analyse the French experience and the Brazilian legal environment concerning the defense strategies against hostile corporate takeovers aimed at taking control over public companies. Through the analysis of the French legal system of the anti-takeover strategies, the Brazilian system will be able to acquire this experience and find the best legal approach for Brazilian public companies with dispersed ownership. The importance of this theme is the result of the ownership dispersion following the first IPOs in the current Brazilian securities exchange market, which provides the ideal scenario for taking control of these publicly-traded companies, as well as the changes and the evolution in the French legal environment.
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