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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Papel das células TCD4+FoxP3+ (Treguladoras) na fase aguda da infecção murina pelo Trypanosoma cruzi. / Role of TCD4+Foxp3+ regulatory cells (T regulatory) in the early phase of murine infection with Trypanosoma cruzi.

Bôas, Beatriz Villas 12 June 2017 (has links)
As células TREGULADORAS tem como função central o controle da resposta imune ao próprio. Além disso, é descrito que essas células exercerem um papel moderador da resposta imune frente a micro-organismos patogênicos. No presente projeto, utilizamos o tratamento com toxina diftérica nos dias 1 e 2 pós-infecção (p.i.) em animais C57BL/6 FoxP3+DTReGFP+(DEREG) como abordagem alternativa para eliminar esta população de células reguladoras. Este tratamento mostrou-se altamente eficaz, embora temporário, uma vez que as TREG retornam aos valores normais no baço por volta do dia 8 p.i. Contudo, a ausência de TREG nesta janela temporal determina uma breve, mas significativa, redução na parasitemia e um aumento de IFN-γ, assim como uma redução da carga parasitária no coração em uma data posterior. Nosso estudo indica que as células TREGULADORAS desempenham um papel no controle da resposta imune frente aos parasitas no início da infecção pelo Trypanosoma cruzi, papel esse que podemos ver refletido na carga parasitária no coração na fase crônica da infecção. / The central function of TREGULATORY cells is the control of the immune response to their own. In addition, it is described that these cells exert a moderating role of the immune response against pathogenic microorganisms. In the present project, treatment with diphtheria toxin on days 1 and 2 post-infection (p.i.) in C57BL/6FoxP3+DTReGFP+ (DEREG) animals was used as an alternative approach to eliminate this population of regulatory cells. This treatment proved to be highly effective, although temporary, since the TREG return to normal values in the spleen by about 8 p.i. However, the absence of TREG in this time window results in a brief but significant reduction in parasitemia and an increase in IFN-γ as well as a reduction in parasitic load on the heart at a later date. Our study indicates that TREGULATORY cells play a role in controlling the immune response to parasites at the beginning of Trypanosoma cruzi infection, a role that can be seen reflected in parasite load in the heart in the chronic phase of infection.
42

Avaliação da timopoiese em crianças e adolescentes saudáveis mediante determinação dos níveis de círculos excisados do receptor de linfócitos T (TRECs) em mononucleares do sangue periférico / Assessment of thymopoesis in healthy children and adolescents by the determination of t cell receptor excision circles (TRECs) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Oliveira, Maria Izabel Arismendi de 12 December 2011 (has links)
Introdução: O timo é um órgão linfóide especializado responsável por criar um microambiente propício para a diferenciação e maturação de células T. A quantificação dos níveis de TRECs (círculos excisados durante o rearranjo do TCR) vem sendo utilizada para avaliação e quantificação da função tímica em células do sangue periférico. Estudos que tenham realizado a quantificação dos níveis de TREC em crianças e adolescentes saudáveis brasileiros são escassos na literatura. Objetivo: No presente estudo, avaliamos os níveis de TREC em células mononucleares do sangue periférico associado à análise da expressão de linfócitos T CD3, CD4, CD8, de linfócitos T ativados co-expressando CD38 e HLA-DR e linfócitos T reguladores co-expressando CD25 e Foxp3 em crianças e adolescentes saudáveis em diferentes faixas etárias. Material e métodos: A quantificação dos níveis de sjTREC de DNA genômico em células mononucleares de sangue periférico foi realizada pelo método de PCR quantitativo em tempo real. A concentração de TREC foi expressa em número de cópias de TREC/?g de DNA. A análise da expressão dos marcadores CD3, CD4, CD8, CD38, HLA-DR, CD25 e Foxp3 foi realizada por citometria de fluxo. Resultados: Foram avaliadas 95 crianças e adolescentes, 46 do sexo feminino e 49 do sexo masculino com idades entre 1 e 18 anos. A média do número de cópias de TREC foi de 8,9 ± 3,6 x 104 TRECs/?g DNA. Não encontramos diferença significativa nos valores de TREC entre o sexo feminino e masculino (8,2 ± 3,3 x 104 TRECs/?g DNA vs 9,5 ± 3,9 x 104 TRECs/?g DNA, respectivamente, p = 0,085). Houve uma correlação inversa e significativa entre idade e os níveis de TREC (r = -0,846; p < 0,001), refletindo a já conhecida queda da função tímica com a idade. A expressão de CD3, CD4 e CD8 variou de 45 a 62%, 60 a 65% e 14 a 26%, respectivamente. Não houve correlação significativa entre a proporção de CD3, CD4 e CD8 e a idade dos indivíduos avaliados. Houve uma correlação inversa fraca entre os níveis de linfócitos T ativados expressando CD4+CD38+HLA-DR+ e idade (r = -0,286; p = 0,023), porém não encontramos correlação entre linfócitos T CD8+CD38+HLA-DR+ e idade (r = -0,229; p = 0,072). Houve uma correlação inversa entre os valores de linfócitos T expressando CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ e idade (r = -0,467; p = 0,04). Adicionalmente, encontramos correlação positiva entre a expressão de linfócitos T reguladores e o número de cópias de TREC/?g DNA (r = 0,529; p = 0,02). Conclusão: No presente estudo encontramos uma queda da função tímica com a idade, avaliada pela quantificação dos níveis de TREC em sangue periférico, que se correlacionaram positivamente com a proporção de células T reguladoras em crianças e adolescentes saudáveis. / Introduction: The thymus is a specialized lymphoid organ that is responsible for providing an exclusive microenvironment for T cell maturation and differentiation. The quantification of TREC (T cell receptor excision circle) has been widely used to evaluate and quantify thymic function in peripheral blood cells. Studies that evaluated TREC levels in Brazilian healthy children and adolescents are scarce in the literature. Objective: In the present study, we evaluated the TREC levels in peripheral mononuclear cells associated with the analysis of CD3, CD4, CD8 T cell markers, and activated T cells coexpressing CD38 and HLA-DR, and regulatory T cells co-expressing CD25 and Foxp3 in healthy children and adolescents in different age groups. Material and Methods: The quantification of sjTREC levels in genomic DNA of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was performed by real time quantitative PCR. TREC concentration was expressed as the number of copies of TREC/?g DNA. The analysis of CD3, CD4, CD8, CD38, HLA-DR, CD25 and Foxp3 expression was performed using flow cytometry methodology. Results: Ninety-five healthy children and adolescents were analyzed, 46 girls and 49 boys. The mean TREC count in PBMC in all individuals was 8.9 ± 3.6 x 104 TRECs/?g DNA. There was no significant difference in the number of TRECs/?g DNA between female and male gender (8.2 ± 3.3 x 104 TRECs/?g DNA vs 9.5 ± 3.9 x 104 TRECs/?g DNA, p = 0.085). There was an inverse correlation between age and TREC counts in PBMC in the 95 individuals (r = -0.846, p < 0.001), reflecting the well-known decrease of thymic function that occurs with age. The expression of CD3, CD4 and CD8 surface markers ranged between 45-62%, 60-65% and 14- 26%, respectively. There was no significant correlation between CD3, CD4 and CD8 proportion and age. There was a weak correlation between activated T cells expressing CD4+CD38+HLA-DR+ and age (r = -0.286; p = 0.023), however there was no significant correlation between T cells expressing CD8+CD38+HLA-DR+ and age (r = -0.229; p = 0.072). There was an inverse correlation between T cells expressing CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ and age (r = -0.467; p = 0.04). Additionally, we also found a positive correlation between CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ values and numbers of TREC/?g DNA in all studied individuals (r = 0.529, p = 0.02). Conclusion: In the present study we found a decrease in the thymic function with age, accessed by the quantification of the TREC level in peripheral blood, which was positively associated with the proportion of regulatory T cells.
43

Expansion regulatorischer T-Zellen mittels eines IL-2/anti-IL-2-Antikörperkomplexes

Klein, Emanuela 05 July 2012 (has links) (PDF)
Regulatorische Foxp3+CD4+ T-Zellen sind essentiell für das Gleichgewicht des intestinalen Immunsystems. Eine Einschränkung ihrer Suppressionsfunktion wird bei Patienten mit Immune dysregulation, polyendocrinopathy, enteropathy, X-linked (IPEX)-Syndrom beobachtet und führt im Tiermodell zu lymphoproliferativen Erkrankungen und intestinalen Entzündungen. Von entscheidender Bedeutung für Homöostase und Suppressionsfunktion regulatorischer T-Zellen ist das Signalmolekül Interleukin-2 (IL-2). Im Gegensatz zu Effektor-T-Zellen exprimieren Foxp3+CD4+ T-Zellen den hochaffinen IL-2-Rezeptor αβγ konstitutiv. IL-2 wird von regulatorischen T-Zellen nicht in relevanten Mengen exprimiert. Sie sind somit auf von anderen Zellen sezerniertes IL-2 angewiesen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird gezeigt, dass im Tiermodell regulatorische Foxp3+CD4+ T-Zellen durch Applikation eines IL-2/anti-IL-2-Antikörperkomplex nicht nur in mesenterialen Lymphknoten und Milz, sondern auch lokal in der Lamina propria mucosae des Kolons der Versuchstiere expandiert werden. Als relevante Quelle von IL-2 in situ könnten aktivierte proliferierende T-Zellen dienen. Um dies näher zu untersuchen, wurde die Proteinexpression proliferierender Einzelzellen mittels Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation-Time of flight-Massenspektrometrie-Imaging (MALDI-Imaging) analysiert. Es gelang die Identifikation präferentiell in lymphoiden Geweben exprimierter Peptidmassen. Obwohl die Einzelzellanalyse mittels MALDI-Imaging prinzipiell möglich erscheint, ist ein Nachweis von Zytokinen wie IL-2 derzeit aufgrund fehlender Sensitivität im Proteinmassebereich zwischen 10kDa und 20kDa nicht möglich. Die therapeutischen Möglichkeiten der Expansion regulatorischer Foxp3+ T-Zellen durch stabile IL-2-Rezeptor-Agonisten und die Rolle von IL-2 für die intestinale Immunregulation sollten weiter untersucht werden.
44

CD8+FoxP3+ T cells: A new player in the immune response to ovarian cancer

Kost, Sara E. F. 28 November 2013 (has links)
Introduction Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) are an important prognostic indicator in high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSC). Certain types of TIL (in particular CD8+ effector T cells) predict better outcomes, whereas others (most notably CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells; Tregs) predict worse outcomes. An unconventional subset of CD8+FoxP3+ T cells has been reported to be involved in autoimmunity and in immune response to several cancers. While the functional significance of CD8+FoxP3+ TIL remains poorly understood, they were associated with effective anti-tumour responses in a murine tumour model. Hypothesis CD8+FoxP3+ TIL are present in a subset of cases of HGSC and correlate with a strong immune response and increased patient survival. Experimental Design Multi-colour immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on a cohort of 44 primary HGSC specimens to enumerate and locate CD8+FoxP3+ TIL in comparison to CD8+FoxP3- and CD8-FoxP3+ TIL. Triple-colour IHC methodology was developed to further assess the phenotype of CD8+FoxP3+ TIL, including the measurement of additional markers CD4 and CD25 (classical markers of Tregs), Ki-67 (a marker of proliferation), and TIA-1 (a marker of cytotoxic potential). Intraepithelial versus stromal location was determined by staining adjacent sections for the epithelial marker pan-cytokeratin. Survival analysis was performed using a cohort of 188 cases of HGSC. Multi-colour staining was resolved using the Nuance™ multispectral imaging system in conjunction with Metamorph™ software. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier and log rank tests. Results CD8+FoxP3+ cells were found in 60% of 44 cases of HGSC, in variable proportions ranging from 0.2 - 7.9% of CD8+ TIL and 0.5 – 12.7% of FoxP3+ TIL. CD8+FoxP3+ TIL were found to be either CD4+ (38.8%) or CD4- (61.2%). The majority of CD8+FoxP3+ TIL were also found to be CD25-TIA-1+Ki-67-, more closely resembling their CD8+FoxP3- counterparts. CD8+FoxP3+ TIL were found mainly in intraepithelial regions and were positively associated with patient survival (progression free survival; P = 0.0396). Conclusions CD8+FoxP3+ TIL are a component of the host immune response to HGSC. They appear to have a non-proliferative effector phenotype, consistent with an active role in the anti-tumour response. CD8+FoxP3+ TIL are associated with increased patient survival. An improved understanding of this new TIL subset may inform future immunotherapeutic strategies for this challenging malignancy. / Graduate / 0982 / sarakost@hotmail.com
45

Estudo clínico-patológico da distribuição de linfócitos citotóxicos e linfócitos T regulatórios na doença periodontal / Clinicopathological study of the distribution of cytotoxic lymphocytes and regulatory T lymphocytes in periodontal disease

Raphael Jurca Gonçalves da Motta 21 June 2017 (has links)
O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a expressão e o padrão de distribuição de linfócitos citotóxicos (LCs) e linfócitos T regulatórios (LTregs) no tecido gengival de pacientes com doença periodontal através de análise imunoistoquímica. Foram selecionados 30 pacientes (10 por grupo) com diagnóstico de periodontite agressiva (PA), periodontite crônica (PC) e gengiva clinicamente saudável (controle); dos quais foi colhida uma amostra de tecido gengival. A distribuição das células (epitélio e córion) foi identificada usando os imunomarcadores CD56, CD57, Granzima B e Perforina (LCs); CD4, CD25, FOXP3 (LTregs). A imunoexpressão foi avaliada, utilizando representação de imagem por meio de um sistema computadorizado, constituído por microscópio de luz, adaptado a uma câmera de alta resolução. Contagens independentes de 10 campos separados para cada caso foram feitas. Two-way ANOVA e posterior teste de Fisher foram utilizados para observar diferenças entre os diagnósticos e os marcadores; e teste t de Student para observar diferenças entre epitélio e córion (p<0.05). Os resultados indicaram que pacientes com PA e PC apresentaram um número significantemente maior de células CD56+ e CD57+, em relação ao grupo controle, porém sem diferenças entre si; um número significantemente maior de células CD56+ e CD57+ foi observado em relação às células Granzima B+ e Perforina+ em todos os pacientes. Em relação aos LTregs, o número de células CD25+ e FOXP3+, foi significativamente diferente entre PA, PC e controle, aparecendo em maior número na PC. Células CD4+ foram observadas em número similar em pacientes com PA e PC, diferindo significantemente do grupo controle; em pacientes com PA e PC, foi observado um número significantemente maior de CD4+, em relação às células CD25+ e FOXP3+. Pacientes com PA e PC tem maior número de LCs no tecido gengival em relação ao grupo controle sugerindo a participação destas células na patogênese da PA e PC. Pacientes com PA apresentaram menor número de LTregs no tecido gengival em comparação aos pacientes com PC, sugerindo que estas células podem estar envolvidas no mecanismo de regulação do processo inflamatório e reabsorção óssea. / This project aims to observe the expression and distribution of cytotoxic lymphocytes (LCs) and regulatory T lymphocytes (LTregs) in gingival tissue from periodontal disease affected patients through immunohistochemical analysis. 30 patients (10 per group) diagnosed with aggressive periodontitis (PA), chronic periodontitis (PC) and clinically healthy gingiva (control) were selected; from which a sample of gingival tissue was collected. The distribution of cells (epithelium and chorion) was identified using the immunomarkers CD56, CD57, Granzyme B, Perforin (LCs); CD4, CD25, FOXP3 (LTregs). The immunoexpression was assessed using image representation by a computer system, comprising a light microscope adapted to a high resolution camera. Independent counts of 10 separate fields for each case were done. Two-way ANOVA and posterior Fisher´s Test were used to observe differences between diagnostics and immunomarkers; and unpaired Student t test to observe differences between epithelium and chorium (p<0.05). The results indicates that patients with PA and PC presented a significantly higher number of CD56+ and CD57+ cells, in relation to control, but without differences between each other; a significantly higher number of CD56+ and CD57+ cells was observed in relation to Granzyme B and Perforine cells in all patients. Related to the LTregs, the number of CD25+ and FOXP3+ cells was significantly different between PA, PC and control, appearing in greater number in PC. CD4+ cells were observed in similar number in patients with PA and PC, it was observed a significantly higher number of CD4+, in relation to CD25+ and FOXP3+ cells. Patients with PA and PC have a greater number of LCs in gingival tissue in relation to control group - suggesting the participation of this cells in the pathogenesis of PA and PC. Patients with PA presented less LTregs in gingival tissue when compared to PC patients, suggesting that this cells may be involved in the regulatory mechanism of the inflammatory process and bone resorption.
46

An?lise de c?lulas T regulat?rias FoxP3+ no l?quen plano oral

Pereira, Joabe dos Santos 15 March 2010 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:32:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoabeSP.pdf: 1318134 bytes, checksum: 051d3ab3425024319d41e93c3e0af738 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-15 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / T regulatory cells have the function of controlling immune responses and maintaining self-tolerance. The FoxP3 has been considered the most specific marker for Treg cells. The aiming of this paper was to evaluate the immunoexpression of FoxP3 in the inflammatory infiltrate from oral lichen planus (OLP) and to compare it with the infiltrate in fibrous inflammatory hyperplasia (FIH) and then, between reticular and erosive forms of OLP. The samples were composed by 32 cases of OLP (17 reticular and 15 erosive) beyond 10 cases of FIH that were submitted to immunohistochemistry staining for FoxP3. Localization of the staining was classified in underepithelial and intraepithelial and the amount of FoxP3+ cells was evaluated through cells counting in 10 consecutive fields, at 400x power magnification. The values were expressed in mean ? standart deviation, and submitted to statistical tests with 5% of significance level. It was observed a statistical significant difference in the amount of FoxP3+ Treg cells between the two combined forms of OLP (1,6 ? 2,2) and the FIH (0,5 ?0,4) (P<0,05). This maybe could be explained by immunological mechanism of OLP, which involves a permanent antigenic induction likely with consequent perpetuation of lesion, eliciting the proliferation and constant recruitment of Treg cells. Otherwise, FIH presents a different etiopathogenesis, in which there is also generation of a variable inflammatory infiltrate, however qualitatively distinct from that seen in OLP. The erosive form of OLP exhibited a greater number (1,7 ? 2,4) of FoxP3+ Treg cells than reticular form (1,5 ? 2,1). These alterations could have relation with the great disease activity verified in erosive OLP, or also, with abnormalities in the regulatory function of Treg cells that could cause the increase observed. Considering the capacity already well established in the literature, both about Treg cells in modulating immune responses, as in the oral mucosa in showing great potential for regeneration, it is suggested that the possibility of development and implantation of immunotherapeutic strategies that regulate the frequency and function of these cells, may help in future treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases such as OLP / As c?lulas T regulat?rias (Treg) possuem a fun??o de controlar respostas imunes e manter a autotoler?ncia. O FoxP3 tem sido considerado o marcador mais espec?fico para c?lulas Treg. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a imunoexpress?o do FoxP3 no infiltrado inflamat?rio do l?quen plano oral (LPO) comparado ao da hiperplasia fibrosa inflamat?ria (HFI) e posteriormente entre as formas reticular e erosiva do LPO. A amostra foi composta por 32 casos de LPO (17 reticulares e 15 erosivos) al?m de 10 casos de HFI que foram submetidos ? marca??o imunoistoqu?mica para o FoxP3. A localiza??o da marca??o foi classificada em justaepitelial ou intraepitelial e a quantidade das c?lulas FoxP3+ foi avaliada atrav?s da contagem destas em 10 campos consecutivos, com aumento de 400x. Os valores foram expressos em m?dia ? desvio-padr?o, e submetidos aos testes estat?sticos com n?vel de signific?ncia de 5%. Observou-se uma diferen?a estatisticamente significativa na quantidade de c?lulas Treg FoxP3+ entre os dois tipos de LPO reunidos (1,6 ? 2,2) e a HFI (0,5 ? 0,4) (P<0,05). Isto talvez possa ser explicado pelo mecanismo imunol?gico do LPO, que envolve uma prov?vel indu??o antig?nica permanente com conseq?ente perpetua??o da les?o, suscitando a prolifera??o e recrutamento constante das c?lulas Treg. Em contrapartida, a HFI apresenta uma etiopatogenia diferente, na qual tamb?m h? gera??o de um infiltrado inflamat?rio vari?vel, por?m qualitativamente distinto do verificado no LPO. A forma erosiva do LPO exibiu um maior n?mero (1,7 ? 2,4) de c?lulas Treg FoxP3+ que a forma reticular (1,5 ? 2,1). Estas altera??es podem ter rela??o com a maior atividade da doen?a verificada no LPO erosivo, ou ainda, com anormalidades na fun??o reguladora das c?lulas Treg que ocasionariam o aumento observado. Considerando-se a capacidade j? bem estabelecida na literatura, tanto das c?lulas Treg modularem as respostas imunol?gicas, quanto da mucosa oral em exibir um grande potencial de regenera??o, sugere-se que a possibilidade de desenvolvimento e implanta??o de estrat?gias imunoterap?uticas que regulem a freq??ncia e a fun??o destas c?lulas, possa futuramente auxiliar no tratamento de doen?as inflamat?rias mediadas imunologicamente, como o LPO
47

Expressão de Foxp3, IL-17 e IL-23 na Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana causada por Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis e Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis / Expression of Foxp3, IL-17 and IL-23 in American cutaneous leishmaniasis due Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis

Joyce Prieto Bezerra de Menezes 13 September 2013 (has links)
A leishmaniose tegumentar americana (LTA) apresenta um amplo espectro de manifestações clínicas e imunopatológicas resultante da interação entre as diferentes espécies de Leishmania e os mecanismos de resposta imune do hospedeiro. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis e Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis são as espécies de maior potencial patogênico para o homem e de importância médica no Brasil. As células TCD4, quando ativadas por antígenos via MHC II podem se diferenciar em linhagens de células efetoras como Th1, Th2, Th17 e células T reguladoras (Treg). IL-23 é indispensável para as funções efetoras e manutenção de células Th17. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a expressão de Foxp3, IL-17 e IL-23 em lesões cutâneas de pacientes com diferentes formas clínicas da LTA. Biópsias parafinadas de 44 pacientes foram submetidas à imunoistoquímica, sendo 6 casos de leishmaniose cutânea anérgica difusa (LCADIDRM-) e leishmaniose cutânea disseminada borderline (LCDBIDRM-), ambas causadas por L.(L) amazonensis e 16 casos de leishmaniose cutânea localizada (LCLIDRM+) também causada por L.(L.) amazonensis; 9 casos de LCLIDRM+, 2 casos de LCDBIDRM- e 5 casos de leishmaniose cutâneo-mucosa (LCMIDRM+), todos causados por L.(V.) braziliensis. A densidade de células Tregs Foxp3+ no espectro clínico da LTA mostrou um aumento progressivo partindo das formas centrais LCL causadas por L.(V.) braziliensis (170mm2) e L.(L) amazonensis (140mm2) para as formas polares, LCADIDRM- (289mm2) e LCDBIDRM- (183mm2) causada por L.(L) amazonensis, LCDBIDRM- (189mm2) e LCMIDRM+, causadas por L.(V.) braziliensis (158mm2). A comparação entre as densidades de células IL-17+ nas diferentes formas clínicas da LTA mostrou um perfil semelhante também com um aumento progressivo da expressão de IL-17 partindo das formas centrais LCLIDRM+ causadas por L.(V.) braziliensis (232mm2) e L.(L) amazonensis (197mm2) em direção as formas polares, LCADIDRM- (470mm2) e LCDBIDRM- (340mm2) causada por L.(L.) amazonensis, LCDBIDRM- (431mm2) e LCMIDRM+ (372mm2) causada por L.(V.) braziliensis. A densidade de células IL-23+ mostrou perfil similar ao de IL-17 como no espectro de doença causada por L. (V.) braziliensis ou L. (L.) amazonensis: LCADIDRM- (687mm2), LCDBIDRM- (518mm2) e LCLIDRM+ (348mm2) por L.(L.) amazonensis, LCLIDRM+ (457mm2), LCDBIDRM- (609mm2) e LCMIDRM+ (568mm2) L. (V.) braziliensis. Diante dos nossos achados, observa-se que as células Foxp3+, IL-17+ e IL-23+ desempenham um papel importante na imunopatogênese das diferentes formas clínicas da LTA causadas por L. (V.) braziliensis ou L. (L.) amazonensis, caracterizada por uma resposta imune polarizada de diferente expressão patológica / The American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) presents a wide spectrum of clinical and immunopathological manifestations resulting from the interaction between the different species of Leishmania and the mechanisms of the host immune response. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis are the species with the largest pathogenic potential for humans and medical importance in Brazil. The CD4+ T cells can be differentiated into effector cell lines as Th1, Th2, Th17 and regulatory T cells (Treg). IL-23 is essential for effector functions and maintenance of Th17 cells, that produces IL-17. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of Foxp3, IL-17 and IL-23 in cutaneous lesions of patients with different clinical forms of ACL. Paraffin embedded biopsies from 44 patients were submitted to immunohistochemistry, there were 6 cases of anergic diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (ADCLDTH-) and borderline disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis (BDCLDTH-) both caused by L. (L.) amazonensis 16 cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCLDTH+) caused by L. (L.) amazonensis, 9 cases of LCLDTH+, 2 cases of BDCLDTH- and 5 cases of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCLDTH+) all caused by L. (V.) braziliensis. The density of Treg Foxp3+ cells in the clinical spectrum of ACL showed a progressive increase starting from the central forms LCLDTH+ caused by L. (V.) braziliensis (170mm2) and L. (L) amazonensis (140mm2) towards the polar forms ADCLDTH- (289mm2). The intermediate clinical forms BDCLDTH- (183mm2) caused by L. (L) amazonensis and BDCLDTH-(189mm2) by L. (V.) braziliensis as well as, MCLDTH+(158mm2) did not present any significant differences. The comparison between the densities of IL-17+ cells in different clinical forms of ACL showed progressive increasing starting from the central forms LCLDTH+ caused by L. (V.) braziliensis (232mm2) and L. (L) amazonensis (197mm2) towards the polar forms, ADCLDTH-(470mm2) and BDCLDTH-(340mm2) caused by L. (L.) amazonensis BDCLDTH- (431mm2) and MCLDTH+ (372mm2) caused by L. (V.) braziliensis. The density of IL-23+ cells showed a similar profile to that of IL-17 at the disease spectrum caused by L. (V.) braziliensis and L. (L.) amazonensis: ADCLDTH-(687mm2) BDCLDTH-(518mm2) and LCLDTH+ (348mm2) by L. (L.) amazonensis; LCLDTH+ (457mm2) LCDBDTH-(609mm2) and MCLDTH+ (568mm2) L. (V.) braziliensis. In view of our findings, we notice that the Foxp3+, IL-17+ and IL-23+ cells play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of different clinical forms of ACL caused by L. (V.) braziliensis and L. (L.) amazonensis, characterized by an immune polarized response with different pathological expression
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Análise de marcadores celulares e moleculares de imunorregulação em biópsias de aloenxerto renal / Analysis of immunoregulation cellular and molecular markers in renal allograft biopsies

Carina Nilsen Moreno 20 June 2013 (has links)
O transplante renal é atualmente o tratamento de escolha para pacientes com doença renal crônica em estágio 5, devido aos seus melhores resultados na morbimortalidade e melhor qualidade de vida dos pacientes, quando comparado com o tratamento dialítico. No entanto, apesar desses resultados positivos, a sobrevida dos enxertos renais em longo prazo não se modificou. As principais causas de falências tardias do transplante renal são as alterações crônicas do enxerto, caracterizadas por componentes de rejeição crônica e efeitos nefrotóxicos relacionados aos inibidores da calcineurina. O desenvolvimento de estratégias visando modular o sistema imunológico, interferindo no balanço entre mecanismos efetores e reguladores, capazes de induzir a aceitação do órgão (tolerância) seria a melhor alternativa para este cenário. No entanto, os mecanismos imunológicos envolvidos no processo da imunorregulação são pouco compreendidos, o que dificulta a identificação de casos tolerantes e a definição de estratégias para a sua modulação. Dentre as possíveis moléculas envolvidas no processo de imunomodulação, destacam-se a Forkhead Box P3 (FOXp3), marcador de células reguladoras e a enzima indoleamina 2,3 dioxigenase (IDO), reconhecida recentemente como tendo função central na tolerância materno-fetal. No presente estudo, foram utilizadas técnicas de imunohistoquímica para identificar linfócitos T efetores (CD3+), FOXp3 e IDO em biópsias de aloenxerto renal e correlacionar sua expressão com a evolução clínica do enxerto 12 meses após a biópsia. A relação entre células reguladoras e efetoras foi avaliada pelas relações FOXp3/CD3 e IDO/CD3. Devido à limitação do reconhecimento e do diagnóstico de casos de tolerância, só foi possível analisar a expressão destes marcadores em 1 único caso de paciente tolerante. Por outro lado, o estudo do perfil da expressão destes marcadores em outras situações clínicas deve contribuir para a melhor compreensão dos mecanismos envolvidos. Neste contexto, no presente estudo foram analisadas 63 biópsias de enxerto renal em diferentes situações clínicas: enxerto Sem Rejeição (SemRA; n=13), Rejeição Aguda (RA; n=21) e lesões crônicas (LC; n=29) além de 1 caso de paciente com diagnóstico clínico de tolerância operacional (Tolerante; n=1). Este paciente evoluiu com disfunção do enxerto, reiniciou terapia dialítica com a descontinuação do tratamento imunossupressor e após 2 anos em programa de hemodiálise, recuperou a função do enxerto, sendo, então, submetido a biópsia do enxerto renal. As biópsias incluídas foram subdivididas de acordo com a Classificação de Banff-09. As rejeições agudas mediadas por linfócitos T foram classificadas em RA-Banff I (n=15) e RA-Banff II (n=6). Os casos com Lesões Crônicas também foram subdivididos de acordo com a Classificação de Banff-09 em Fibrose intersticial/Atrofia tubular (FIAT; n=15) e Rejeição Crônica Ativa (RCA; n=14). RESULTADOS: analisado isoladamente, o caso Tolerante apresentou um número expressivo de células CD3+ (814 cel/mm2) e FOXp3+ (100,9 cel/mm2), assim como elevada relação FOXp3/CD3 (12,4x102).No entanto, apresentou uma baixa expressão de IDO (0,41% área marcada).Nos casos do grupo RA o número de células CD3+. foi significativamente maior que em LC e SemRA (973±127 cel/mm2; 242±43 cel/mm2 e 0,7 ± 0,4 cel/mm2, respectivamente; p<0,001 vs LC e p<0,0001 vs SemRA). Células CD3+ foram detectadas em todos os compartimentos estudados: interstício, túbulos, vasos, e glomérulos no grupo RA e no grupo LC. Comparando os grupos, houve predomínio de células CD3+ no interstício (p<0,0001) do grupo RA. Na subanálise segundo a Classificação de Banff-09, não houve diferença entres os subgrupos de RA na análise de células CD3+ por compartimentos. Por outro lado, na análise do grupo LC, no subgrupo RCA foram detectadas significativamente mais células CD3+ que em FIAT no interstício (322±66 cel/mm2 vs 145±32 cel/mm2; p<0,05) e nos túbulos (30,7±10 cel/mm2 vs 6±2 cel/mm2; p<0,05). O número de células FOXp3+ foi significativamente maior nos casos do grupo RA (43±10 cel/mm2) comparado com LC e SemRA (20±4 cel/mm2 e 0,1±0,1 cel/mm2, respectivamente; p<0,05 vs LC e p<0,0001 vs SemRA). Na distribuição por compartimentos, tanto em RA quanto em LC houve a predominância de células FOXp3+ no interstício, porém não houve diferença estatística entre os 2 grupos. Na análise de células FOXp3+ por compartimentos do grupo LC segundo a Classificação de Banff-09, não houve diferença entres os subgrupos. A relação FOXp3/CD3 foi significativamente maior no grupo LC que no RA (17±5 vs 5±1; p<0,05). Na análise do grupo LC, a relação FOXp3/CD3 foi significativamente maior em FIAT que em RCA (25±8 vs 8±2; p<0,05). A análise da expressão de IDO não revelou diferença na comparação dos grupos SemRA, RA e LC. Não houve diferença também na expressão de IDO, tanto entre os grupos Banff I e Banff II, quanto entre os grupos FIAT e RCA. A relação IDO/CD3, foi significativamente maior no grupo LC do que no grupo RA (18±6 vs 3±1; p<0,05). Apesar da presença de células FOXp3+ ter sido maior nos casos com diagnóstico de rejeição aguda como descrito na literatura, não houve correlação da sua expressão com uma maior função do enxerto na análise de 12 meses após a biópsia, nem com a sobrevida do enxerto em 12 meses. Nos casos com diagnóstico de lesões crônicas, a maior relação FOXp3/CD3 se correlacionou negativamente com a função do enxerto 12 meses após a biópsia. A expressão de IDO também não se correlacionou com uma melhor função, nem com a sobrevida do enxerto na análise em 12 meses após a biópsia. A análise dos resultados apresentados sugere o envolvimento dos marcadores estudados na resposta inflamatória ocasionada pelo aloreconhecimento, uma vez que estão presentes em cenários imunológicos distintos, aparentemente, mediando o dano tecidual no microambiente do aloenxerto. No entanto, não há dados o suficiente para apontar para um papel das células FOXp3+ e da IDO no desenvolvimento de tolerância ao aloenxerto no presente estudo. Concluindo, ainda não está claro o quanto a presença de Tregs e IDO limitam os processos de rejeição/cronificação ou participam desses processos, sendo sua presença ainda controversa / Currently, kidney transplantation is choice therapy for patients with chronic kidney disease in stage 5, due to their good results in morbidity and improved quality of life compared with dialysis treatment. However, despite these positive results, renal grafts survival in the long term has not changed. The major cause of failures in long-term in kidney transplant are chronic graft changes, characterized by chronic rejection and components related to the nephrotoxic effects of calcineurin inhibitors. The development of strategies to modulate the immune system interfering with the balance between regulatory and effector mechanisms, capable of inducing organ acceptance (tolerance), would be the excellent alternative in this scenario. However, the immunological mechanisms involved in the immunoregulation are poorly understood, hindering to identify cases tolerant as well as developing strategies for their modulation. Within the possible molecules involved in immunomodulation, stand out the Forkhead Box P3 (FOXp3), a marker of regulatory cells, and the enzyme indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO), recently recognized by their role in maternal-fetal tolerance. In this present study, we used immunohistochemical techniques to identify T lymphocytes (CD3+), FOXp3 and IDO in renal allograft biopsies and to correlate its expression with graft function 12 months after the biopsy procedure. The relationship between regulatory and effector cells was analysed by FOXp3/CD3 and IDO/CD3 ratios. Due to limited recognition and diagnosis of tolerance cases, only was possible to analyze the expression of these markers in one single case of tolerant patient. On the other hand, the study of the expression of these markers in other clinical situations, should contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved. In this context, the present study analyzed 63 renal allograft biopsies in different clinical situations: no graft rejection (NR, n = 13), acute rejection (AR, n = 21) and chronic injury (CI, n = 29). In addition, one patient with clinical operational tolerance diagnosis (tolerant, n = 1) was analyzed. This patient developed graft dysfunction, restarted dialysis discontinuation of immunosuppressive treatment. After 2 years on dialysis therapy, recovered graft function and then was submitted to renal allograft biopsy. The biopsies included in this study were subdivided according to the Banff-09 classification. The acute rejection mediated by T lymphocytes was classified in Banff I (n = 15) and Banff II (n = 6). Cases that showed chronic injury were also subdivided according to the Banff-09 classification in Interstitial Fibrosis/Tubular Atrophy (IFTA, n = 15) and Chronic Rejection (CR, n = 14). Results: Analyzed separately, the tolerant case showed an expressive number of CD3+ cells (814 cells/mm2) and FOXp3+ cells (100.9 cells/mm2). Also, expressive FOXp3/CD3+ ratio (12,4x102) and low IDO expression (0.41% area).In AR group the number of CD3+ cells was significantly higher compared with CI and NR groups (973 ± 127 cells/mm2; 242 ± 43 cells/mm2 and 0.7 ± 0.4, cells/mm2, respectively; p<0.001 vs CI and p <0.0001 vs NR). In AR and CI groups CD3+ cells were detected in all compartments studied: interstitium, tubules, vessels and glomeruli. Comparing the groups, there was a predominance of CD3+ cells in the interstitium (p<0.0001) of AR group. No difference was observed between Banff I and Banff II subgroups analysis of CD3+ in the compartments. On the other hand, in the CR subgroup analysis was detected in significantly higher of CD3+ cells in the interstitium compared with IFTA (322 ± 66 cells/mm2 vs. 145 ± 32 cells/mm2, p<0.05) and in tubules (30,7±10 cells/mm2 vs. 6±2 cells/mm2, respectively; p<0.05). The number of FOXp3+ cells was significantly higher in the AR group (43±10 cells/mm2) compared with CI and NR (20±4 cells/mm2 and 0.1±0.1 cells/mm2, respectively; p<0,05 vs CI and p<0,0001 vs NR). The distribution of compartments, both AR and in CI predominated FOXp3+ cells in the interstitium, but there was no statistical difference between the 2 groups. In the FOXp3+ cells analysis, CI do not showed difference between subgroups in the compartments. The relationship FOXp3/CD3 was significantly higher in AR group compared in the CI group (17 ± 5 vs. 5 ± 1; p<0.05). In the CI group analysis, FOXp3/CD3 ratio was significantly higher in IFTA compared with CR (25±8 vs 8±2; p<0.05). IDO expression analysis shows no difference when compared NR, AR and CI groups. No difference in IDO expression analysis in Banff I compared with Banff II, and IFTA compared with CR was observed. The relationship of IDO/CD3, was significantly higher in the CI group when compared with AR group (18±6 vs 3±1, p<0.05). Despite the presence of FOXp3+ cells was higher in cases with a diagnosis of acute rejection as described in the literature, there was no correlation of its expression with improved graft function in the 12 months analysis after the biopsy procedure, as well as with graft survival in 12 months. In cases with a diagnosis of chronic injuries, FOXp3/CD3 ratio was negatively correlated with graft function 12 months after the biopsy procedure. The analysis of these results led us to speculate about the involvement of these markers in the inflammatory response, mediating the tissue damage in the microenvironment of the graft, once it is immunological distinct scenarios, however, in this study, there is no enough data to point to a role in development of tolerance. In conclusion, it is unclear how the presence of Tregs and IDO limit the allograft rejection/chronicity or participate in this process, and their presence is still controversial
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Modulation des voies de présentation antigénique et induction de lymphocytes T régulateurs pour la thérapie génique / Modulation of antigen presentation pathways and induction of regulatory T cells for gene therapy

Carpentier, Maxime 20 November 2013 (has links)
L’expression d’un transgène grâce au vecteur AAV offre une perspective thérapeutique très prometteuse dans le traitement de maladies monogéniques. Malheureusement, il apparait souvent que des réponses immunes contre le vecteur et le transgène conduisent à un rejet des cellules transduites ainsi qu’à la mise en place d’une mémoire immunitaire spécifique empêchant un nouveau traitement ultérieur. Avec la perspective d’éviter tout rejet immun des cellules transduites, j’ai développé deux approches distinctes. D’une part, nous avons développé un système dans lequel l’expression du transgène est déstabilisée dans les cellules présentatrices de l’antigène grâce à l’ajout de cibles du miRNA 142.3p qui est spécifiquement exprimé dans le système hématopoïétique. Nous avons ainsi montré que la réponse immunitaire contre le transgène était favorisée par la transduction des cellules présentatrices de l’antigène par le vecteur, conduisant à la présentation directe du produit du transgène. En comparant l’initiation des réponses immunes contre plusieurs transgènes modèles, nous avons montré que la réponse immune dirigée contre le transgène pouvait être contrôlée mais que celle-ci dépendait étroitement de l’immunogénicité intrinsèque du transgène en question, c'est-à-dire de la présence d’épitopes reconnus par des lymphocytes T CD4 auxiliaires ainsi que par les lymphocytes B. Une autre approche a concerné l’utilisation de lymphocytes T régulateurs exprimant le facteur de transcription Foxp3 (Treg) et plus particulièrement l’étude de leur mode d’induction in vivo. La présence de Treg conférant une tolérance immunitaire spécifique du transgène a été décrite dans diverses situations et les Treg induits à partir de CD4+ matures (pTreg/iTreg) semblent avoir un potentiel thérapeutique important. Cependant, la population précise de lymphocytes CD4+ à même d’être convertie en Treg n’avait pas été identifiée auparavant. Au cours de mes travaux, analysant la capacité de conversion de cellules naïves, mémoires ou de récents émigrants thymiques, j’ai mis en évidence que le potentiel de conversion des lymphocytes CD4 naïfs issus de souris âgées était diminué et que ceci était dû à une caractéristique intrinsèque des lymphocytes T CD4+ provenant de telles souris. Enfin, nous avons montré que cette faible capacité de conversion des lymphocytes CD4 naïfs en Treg était associée à un rejet de greffe accru dans un modèle de transplantation de peau, montrant que la sénescence peut impacter négativement des protocoles d’induction de tolérance faisant appel à l’induction de Treg en périphérie. / Transgene expression through AAVvectors offers a very promising therapeutic perspective in the treatment of monogenic disorders. Unfortunately, it often appears that the immune responses against the transgene and the vector lead to the rejection of transduced cells and to an establishment of a specific immune memory preventing further processing. With a view to avoid immune rejection of transduced cells, I developed two distinct approaches.First, we have developed a system where the transgene expression is destabilized in the antigen presenting cells by addition of the target miRNA 142.3p which is specifically expressed in the hematopoietic system. We have shown that the immune response against the transgene was favored by transduction of antigen presenting cells with the vector, leading to the direct presentation of the transgene product. Comparing the initiation of immune responses against more transgenes models, we showed that the immune response against the transgene could be controlled but it depended greatly on the intrinsic immunogenicity of the transgène: the presence of epitopes recognized by T helper cells and CD4 by B lymphocytes. Another approach has involved the use of regulatory T cells expressing the transcription factor Foxp3 ( Treg ) and more specifically the study of their mode of induction in vivo. The presence of Treg conferring transgene -specific immune tolerance has been described in various situations and induced Treg from CD4 + mature ( pTreg / iTreg ) appear to have a significant therapeutic potential . However, the precise population of CD4 + lymphocytes capable of being converted into Treg was not identified previously. During my work, analyzing the conversion capacity naive, memory cells or thymic recent emigrants, I highlighted that the potential of conversion of naive CD4 lymphocytes from old mice was decreased and this was due to an intrinsic defect of CD4 + T cells from such mice. Finally, we showed that low conversion ability of CD4 naive Treg was associated with an increased graft rejection in a model of skin transplantation, showing that senescence may negatively impact protocols of tolerance induction using induction of Treg in the periphery.
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Die Rolle von Interleukin-2 für die Interaktion von Foxp3+ regulatorischen T-Zellen mit Effektorzellen im Darm

Händel, Norman 26 January 2011 (has links)
Natürlich vorkommende regulatorische T-Zellen spielen eine entscheidende Rolle für die intestinale Immunhomöostase und Limitierung von (Auto)-Immunität. Sie exprimieren den Transkriptionsfaktor Foxp3 und an der Oberfläche die α-Kette des IL-2 Rezeptors (CD25). Im Tiermodell verhindern regulatorische T-Zellen Autoimmunopathien, Transplantatabstoßungen und entzündliche Darmerkrankungen. Da Foxp3+ regulatorische T-Zellen nur äußerst geringe Mengen an Interleukin-2 synthetisieren, sind sie auf eine adäquate Versorgung angewiesen. Konventionelle T-Zellen werden als bedeutende IL-2 Quelle für Treg-Zellen vermutet, doch über die Mechanismen und räumlich-zeitliche Dynamik der Treg-Effektor-Zellinteraktion ist bisher nur wenig bekannt. In dieser Arbeit wurden Foxp3+ regulatorische T-Zellen in Mausgeweben analysiert und Zellinteraktionen mit Effektorzellen im Darm charakterisiert. Es wurde ein theoretisches Modell zur Evaluierung von Zell-Zellkontakten erarbeitet und experimentell überprüft. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass in der Akutphase einer T-Zell-induzierten Kolitis und im Kolon von gesunden Wildtyp-Mäusen Foxp3+ regulatorische T-Zellen an Ki-67+ proliferierenden T-Zellen akkumulieren. Diese Zellinteraktionen sind abhängig von Interleukin-2, da IL-2 defiziente Mäuse keine signifikanten Treg-Effektor-Zellakkumulationen aufweisen. Die Analyse der Genexpression konnte zeigen, dass Ki-67+ Zellen Interleukin-2 produzieren. Lokal sezerniertes Interleukin-2 könnte als Sensor für Entzündungsprozesse chemotaktisch auf Foxp3+ regulatorische T-Zellen wirken und die Akkumulation an proliferierenden, IL-2 produzierenden Effektorzellen bedingen. Dieser Mechanismus könnte einerseits zur lokalen Versorgung mit IL-2 dienen und gleichzeitig regulierend auf Effektorzellen in unmittelbarer Umgebung wirken. Dieser Prozess würde zur Erhaltung von regulatorischen T-Zellen in der Peripherie und zur Sicherung der intestinalen Immunbalance beitragen.:Bibliographische Beschreibung Inhaltsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 1.1 Charakterisierung von intestinalen Foxp3+ regulatorischen T-Zellen 1.2 Mechanismen der Treg-vermittelten Immunregulation 1.3 Zielstellung der Arbeit 2 Publikation Cell-Cell-Neighborhood Relations in Tissue Sections - A Quantitative Model for Tissue Cytometry 3 Appendix A Herleitung des Modellsystems zur Berechnung der zufälligen Kontaktwahrscheinlichkeit 4 Appendix B Automatische Bildanalyse mit CellProfiler 4.1 Einleitung 4.2 Algorithmus der histologischen Bildanalyse mit CellProfiler 4.3 Validierung der Messdaten 4.4 Zusammenfassung 4.5 Detaillierte Darstellung des CellProfiler-Algorithmus 5 Unpublizierte Experimente Die Rolle von Interleukin-2 für die Akkumulation von Foxp3+ Treg-Zellen an Ki-67+ proliferierenden Effektorzellen im Darm 5.1 Einleitung 5.2 Material und Methoden 5.2.1 Mausgewebe 5.2.2 Immunfluoreszenzfärbung 5.2.3 Laser-Mikrodissektion 5.2.4 RNA Isolation, Reverse Transkription, quantitative Real-Time PCR 5.2.5 Sequenzierung 5.3 Ergebnisse 6 Abschließende Diskussion 7 Zusammenfassung der Arbeit Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit Lebenslauf Danksagung Literaturverzeichnis

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