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No description available.

In 2007, a genome wide association study identified a SNP in intron 1 of FTO with increased BMI. Homozygous risk allele carriers are on average three kg heavier than those homozygous for the protective allele. Mouse models have been made, including a conditional knockout, which is lean when globally expressed, as well as a conditional overexpression allele, which has increased body weight when globally expressed. The results from these and other studies suggest that the FTO SNPs lead to weight gain by increasing FTO activity and/or expression. Adult inactivation of Fto using the tamoxifen inducible Cre demonstrated that removal of Fto may be as deleterious as overexpression, with the adult knockout mice having increased fat mass and decreased lean mass. It also supported the role FTO plays in development as adult inactivation of Fto did not increase mortality rates as seen in the global Fto-/- pups. This study also revealed the importance of effective energy expenditure analysis in the mouse. I have confirmed a link between Fto-/- and increased mortality, which may be caused by alterations to developmental processes. Fto-/- reduces cilia formation in MEFs and results in dysregulated cilia formation in specific tissues in Fto-/- embryos. Levels of FTO also appear to affect adipogenic differentiation, which could be due to altered WNT/β-CATENIN signalling. Pharmacological inhibition of FTO was a success in vitro and a compound screen identified FG2216, which could be used in vivo to inhibit FTO. The in vivo effects of FG2216 at 60 mg/kg/2days did not affect body weight or composition in the mouse. My research suggests that there is dysregulation of gut hormones and neuronal signalling pathways in the FTO overexpression mice, which could cause the hyperphagia and increased body weight. These studies add to our current knowledge of FTO function, and suggest a role for FTO in control of body composition, development, and satiety signalling.

Leptin is a protein hormone primarily secreted by the subcutaneous adipose tissue and is responsible for regulating the energy balance. Individuals with more adipose tissue have much higher leptin levels and often suffer from a condition known as leptin resistance. Various factors such as gender, age, ethnicity, diet and physical activity influence the body's leptin concentration. Males have lower leptin levels than females of the same age and body fat content. Black people tend to have higher leptin concentrations than white people because of a more subcutaneous adipose tissue distribution. Physical activity serve as a main manipulator of the body's energy balance and influence leptin concentration through various adaptations associated with a more favorable body composition such as, an increase in lean tissue and a decrease in body fat. The object of this study was firstly to investigate the association between body composition - with special emphasis on adipose tissue and leptin concentration in black adolescent boys and girls of the North-West Province of South Africa. Secondly, the study aimed to determine the influence of physical fitness components and leptin concentration in the same population. In this study, 148 girls and 114 boys supplied overnight fasting blood samples. Anthropometric data: length (m), weight (kg), skin folds (mm) and circumferences of the waist (cm) and hip (cm) were measured. The percentage body fat were also measured in the BOD-POD. Finally a battery of physical fitness tests were done which included: the maximum number of sit-ups, push-ups and the bleep-test for indirect V&-max. Spearman Rank Order correlations determined that there should be adjusted for age and Tanner stage. Partial correlations were done with body composition variables, [BMI (body mass index), SSF (sum of 6 skin folds), body fat percentage], and physical fitness variables, bush-ups, sit-ups and indirect V02-max]. In both genders a strong positive relationship occurred between all the above mentioned body composition variables and leptin. In boys the strongest correlation (I= 0.8420) was found between SSF and leptin levels. In girls the strongest correlation (r = 0.7489) was found between BMI and leptin concentration. In both genders, body fat percentage indicated the lowest correlation, although it was still significant. In both genders the indirect V02-max values indicated a significant negative relationship with serum leptin concentration, although it was weak, it was the highest in boys (r = - 0314). In girls the indirect V02-max values (r = -0.235) and the maximum amount of push-ups (r = -0205) indicated significant, but weak correlations. According to the results of this study it is clear that serum leptin concentration has a strong positive relationship with body fat, more accurate, with the subcutaneous adipose tissue. It was also indicated that baseline physical fitness in these black adolescents from the selected school in Potchefstroom, North-west Province (South Africa) are statistically significant negatively correlated with leptin levels, although it was not a strong correlation. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Title: Use of workout programme in fitness in reduction period Objectives: Objective of diploma thesis is to find out changes in body composition of six clients, who workout in fitness center for five months. Diploma thesis is focused on ganges of fat mass and muscle mass (ATH). Methods: In this thesis was used a method of analysis scientific literature. After that there was used qualitative research by fitness programme, which was used on six clients to find out changes of body composition after five months of workout. The workout was focused on a fitness-strenght workout in fitness centre for five months, consisting of two or three training sessions per week, every training session lasts 60 minutes. Results: Clients consist of 4 men and 2 women. Age of men was in a range of 19 to 49 years, final body weight was in a range of 76kg to 103kg, body height was measured from 174cm to 187cm. Age of women was 45 and 55 years, , final body weight was 75,5kg and 61,9kg, body height was 162cm and 163cm. Men decreased their fat mass in a range of 1,7 to 5,6kg, changes of ATH were measured in a range of +0,6kg to -1kg. Women decreased fat mass 6kg and 2,3kg down, ATH measurement results were +1,1kg and - 1,8kg. The intervention which was based on workout in fitness centre plus changes in nutrition created...

A obesidade é definida como o excesso de tecido adiposo e o IMC tem sido um dos métodos mais utilizados para o diagnóstico de obesidade devido sua facilidade de aplicação e baixo custo. Entretanto, este índice possui a grande limitação de não diferenciar tecido adiposo e massa livre de gordura. Este trabalho buscou validar o Índice de Massa Corporal ajustado pela massa gorda obtido por impedância bioelétrica previamente desenvolvido por Mialich et al., 2011. Foi realizado um estudo transversal com 501 indivíduos, de ambos os gêneros, com faixa etária entre 17 e 38 anos, matriculados em cursos de graduação da USP do campus de Ribeirão Preto. Os indivíduos foram submetidos à aferição de peso, estatura e a avaliação de composição corporal através do equipamento de impedância bioelétrica. Além disso, foram coletadas informações referentes ao padrão alimentar por meio da aplicação de um questionário desenvolvido pelos pesquisadores, e também referente à prática de atividade física através da utilização do questionário IPAQ. A participação dos alunos foi voluntária e todos os indivíduos foram avaliados somente 1 vez no estudo e por um grupo de examinadores treinados. Para validação foi utilizado o modelo de regressão linear, sendo o IMC ajustado a variável independente e o IMC tradicional a variável dependente. A amostra era composta por 366 mulheres e 135 homens e apresentou médias de idade de 20,8 ± 3,2 anos e 20,3 ± 2,7 anos; peso 76,9 Kg ± 13,6 e 57,8 Kg ± 9,2; estatura 177,3 cm ± 6,7 e 163,1 cm ± 6,3; IMC 24,4 ± 3,8 Kg/m2 e 21,7 ± 3,0 Kg/m2; massa livre de gordura, 60,0 Kg ± 7,7 e 39,8 Kg ± 3,8; massa gorda 17,0 % ± 6,2 e 26,6 % ± 6,2, para homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Com relação à validação foram verificados valores elevados e satisfatórios de R2 sendo, 91,1%, 91,9% e 88,8%, considerando todos os indivíduos, homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Foram definidas também novas faixas de classificação do estado nutricional para ambos os gêneros, considerando este novo IMC ajustado, sendo: 1,35 a 1,65 (risco nutricional para subnutrição), > 1,65 e 2,0 (eutrofia) e > 2,0 (obesidade). Verificou-se também que este novo índice possui uma capacidade mais acurada de captar indivíduos obesos (0,980; 0,993; 0,974), considerando todos os indivíduos, mulheres e homens, respectivamente, e os pontos de corte para gordura corporal de 25% (homens) e 35% (mulheres), em detrimento ao IMC tradicional (0,932; 0,956; 0,95). Além disso, este trabalho possibilitou a definição de novos de pontos de corte do IMC tradicional para a classificação de obesidade, sendo: 25,24 Kg/m2 e 28,38 Kg/m2, para mulheres e homens, respectivamente. O novo IMC ajustado foi validado para a população estudada e pode ser adotado na prática clínica. Novos estudos devem buscar a sua aplicação em diferentes etnias assim como a comparação deste índice com outros já descritos previamente na literatura científica. / Obesity is defined as the excess fat and BMI has been one of the most widely used methods for the diagnosis of obesity because of its ease of application and low cost. However, this index has a major limitation of not differentiating adipose tissue and fat- free mass. This study aimed to validate the Body Mass Index adjusted for fat mass obtained by bioelectrical impedance analysis previously developed by Mialich et al., 2011. We conducted a cross-sectional study with 501 subjects of both genders, aged between 17 and 38 years, enrolled in graduate courses at the USP campus at Ribeirao Preto. The subjects underwent measurement of weight, height and body composition assessment by bioelectrical impedance analysis. In addition, information was collected regarding the eating pattern by applying a questionnaire develops by the researchers, and also on the physical activity questionnaire using the IPAQ. The student participation was voluntary and all subjects were evaluated only one time in the study and by a group of trained examiners. For validation we used the linear regression model, being the BMI-adjusted the independent variable and BMI-traditional the dependent variable. The sample consisted of 366 women and 135 men and it had a mean age of 20.8 ± 3.2 years and 20.3 ± 2.7 years, weight 76.9 ± 13.6 kg and 57.8 ± 9.2 kg, height 177.3 ± 6.7 cm and 163.1 ± 6.3 cm, BMI 24.4 ± 3.8 kg/m2 and 21.7 ± 3.0 kg/m2, fat-free mass, 60.0 ± 7.7 kg and 39.8 ± 3.8 kg, fat mass 17.0 ± 6.2% and 26.6 ± 6.2% for men and women, respectively. With respect to validation were found high and satisfactory R2 values, 91.1%, 91.9% and 88.8%, considering all individuals, men and women, respectively. We also defined new range classification of nutritional status for both genders, considering this new BMI, as follows: 1.35 to 1.65 (nutritional risk for malnutrition), > 1.65 and 2.0 (normal) and > 2.0 (obesity). It was also found that this new index has the capacity to capture more accurate obese subjects (0.980, 0.993, 0.974) whereas all individuals, men and women, respectively, and the cutoff points for body fat of 25% (men) and 35% (women), rather than the traditional BMI (0.932, 0.956, 0.95). Moreover, this study allowed the definition of new points to traditional BMI cutoff for the classification of obesity, and: 25.24 kg/m2 and 28.38 kg/m2 for women and men, respectively. The new BMI set was validated for the population studied and may be adopted in clinical practice. Further studies should seek their implementation in different ethnic groups as well as the comparison of this index with other previously described in the literature.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Leptin is a protein hormone primarily secreted by the subcutaneous adipose tissue and is responsible for regulating the energy balance. Individuals with more adipose tissue have much higher leptin levels and often suffer from a condition known as leptin resistance. Various factors such as gender, age, ethnicity, diet and physical activity influence the body's leptin concentration. Males have lower leptin levels than females of the same age and body fat content. Black people tend to have higher leptin concentrations than white people because of a more subcutaneous adipose tissue distribution. Physical activity serve as a main manipulator of the body's energy balance and influence leptin concentration through various adaptations associated with a more favorable body composition such as, an increase in lean tissue and a decrease in body fat. The object of this study was firstly to investigate the association between body composition - with special emphasis on adipose tissue and leptin concentration in black adolescent boys and girls of the North-West Province of South Africa. Secondly, the study aimed to determine the influence of physical fitness components and leptin concentration in the same population. In this study, 148 girls and 114 boys supplied overnight fasting blood samples. Anthropometric data: length (m), weight (kg), skin folds (mm) and circumferences of the waist (cm) and hip (cm) were measured. The percentage body fat were also measured in the BOD-POD. Finally a battery of physical fitness tests were done which included: the maximum number of sit-ups, push-ups and the bleep-test for indirect V&-max. Spearman Rank Order correlations determined that there should be adjusted for age and Tanner stage. Partial correlations were done with body composition variables, [BMI (body mass index), SSF (sum of 6 skin folds), body fat percentage], and physical fitness variables, bush-ups, sit-ups and indirect V02-max]. In both genders a strong positive relationship occurred between all the above mentioned body composition variables and leptin. In boys the strongest correlation (I= 0.8420) was found between SSF and leptin levels. In girls the strongest correlation (r = 0.7489) was found between BMI and leptin concentration. In both genders, body fat percentage indicated the lowest correlation, although it was still significant. In both genders the indirect V02-max values indicated a significant negative relationship with serum leptin concentration, although it was weak, it was the highest in boys (r = - 0314). In girls the indirect V02-max values (r = -0.235) and the maximum amount of push-ups (r = -0205) indicated significant, but weak correlations. According to the results of this study it is clear that serum leptin concentration has a strong positive relationship with body fat, more accurate, with the subcutaneous adipose tissue. It was also indicated that baseline physical fitness in these black adolescents from the selected school in Potchefstroom, North-west Province (South Africa) are statistically significant negatively correlated with leptin levels, although it was not a strong correlation. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Human Movement Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Orientador: Aulus Cavalieri Carciofi / Banca: Eduardo Ferriolli / Banca: Silvia Regina Ricci Lucas / Banca: Mirela Tinucci Costa / Banca: Elisabeth Criscuolo Urbinati / Resumo: O aumento dos depósitos corporais de gordura está relacionado com profundas alterações de algumas funções fisiológicas que podem resultar em redução da tolerância à glicose e resistência insulínica. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos da perda de peso sobre parâmetros bioquímicos, metabólicos, hormonais e de composição corporal em cães naturalmente obesos, em fase estática a pelo menos 12 meses e após a perda de 20% de peso corporal em comparação com um grupo de cães em condição corporal ideal. O grupo 1 (G1) foi composto por 10 cães obesos com escore de condição corporal igual ou superior a 9 e com porcentagem de gordura corporal média igual a 45,72 ± 1,51%. O grupo 2 (G2) foi composto pelos cães do G1 após a perda de 20% do peso inicial, que passou a apresentar 33,53 ± 1,92% de massa gorda (p<0,001). No grupo 3 (G3), foram incluídos 10 cães da raça beagle, com escore de condição corporal entre 4 e 5, com porcentagem de gordura corporal média igual a 18,36 ± 1,38% (p<0,01). A tolerância à glicose e a sensibilidade insulínica foram avaliados através do teste intravenoso de tolerância à glicose (TIVTG) e pelo teste pós-prandial de glicose e insulina (TPPGI) nos três grupos experimentais. A interação entre tempo e tratamento (grupo experimental) foi significativa para a glicemia (p<0,05), sendo diferentes os grupos G1 x G3 e G2 apresentou valores de glicemia intermediários nos dois testes. No TIVTG, o pico da glicemia nos três grupos experimentais foi observado logo no primeiro minuto após a infusão da glicose. Nos tempos 1,0; 2,5 e 5,0 minutos os valores de glicemia foram estatisticamente menores para G3 em relação à G1. No TPPGI os G1 e G2 apresentaram secreção tardia de insulina, evidenciado por maior área abaixo da curva da insulina no intervalo de 60-360 minutos. Os animais obesos (G1) apresentaram maiores concentrações... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The increase of fat corporal deposits is related with deep alterations of some physiologic functions, which can result in reduction of glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. The present study intended to evaluate the effects of weight loss over different biochemical, metabolic, hormonal and corporal composition parameters in dogs naturally obese, in static phase for at least 12 months, and to compare them after loss of 20% of corporal weight with a group of dogs in ideal corporal condition. The group 1 (G1) was composed by 10 obese dogs with body condition score equal or superior to 9 and with mean corporal fat percentage equal to 45.72 ± 1.51%. Group 2 (G2) was composed by the dogs of G1 after loss of 20% of initial weight, presenting at this moment 33.53 ± 1.92% of corporal fat (p<0.001). In group 3 (G3), 10 beagle dogs were included, with body condition score between 4 and 5, mean percentage of corporal fat equal to 18.36 ± 1.38% (p<0.01). Glucose tolerance and insulin sensibility were measured in the three groups through intravenous glucose tolerance test (TIVTG) and glucose and insulin postprandial test (TPPGI). The interaction between time and treatment (experimental group) was significant for the glycemia (p <0.05), being different the groups G1 x G3 and G2 presented intermediate glycemia values in both tests. In TIVTG, the glycemic peak in the three experimental groups was observed in the first minute after the infusion of glucose. In moments 1.0; 2.5 and 5.0 minutes glycemia values were statistically lower to G3 in comparison to G1. In TPPGI the G1 and G2 groups presented later secretion of insulin, demonstrated for bigger insulin under the curve area from times 60-360 minutes. Obese animals (G1) presented higher serum concentrations of circulating adipokines, leptin, TNF- α and IL-6 than G3 and these values were significantly reduced after weight loss / Doutor

A obesidade é definida como o excesso de tecido adiposo e o IMC tem sido um dos métodos mais utilizados para o diagnóstico de obesidade devido sua facilidade de aplicação e baixo custo. Entretanto, este índice possui a grande limitação de não diferenciar tecido adiposo e massa livre de gordura. Este trabalho buscou validar o Índice de Massa Corporal ajustado pela massa gorda obtido por impedância bioelétrica previamente desenvolvido por Mialich et al., 2011. Foi realizado um estudo transversal com 501 indivíduos, de ambos os gêneros, com faixa etária entre 17 e 38 anos, matriculados em cursos de graduação da USP do campus de Ribeirão Preto. Os indivíduos foram submetidos à aferição de peso, estatura e a avaliação de composição corporal através do equipamento de impedância bioelétrica. Além disso, foram coletadas informações referentes ao padrão alimentar por meio da aplicação de um questionário desenvolvido pelos pesquisadores, e também referente à prática de atividade física através da utilização do questionário IPAQ. A participação dos alunos foi voluntária e todos os indivíduos foram avaliados somente 1 vez no estudo e por um grupo de examinadores treinados. Para validação foi utilizado o modelo de regressão linear, sendo o IMC ajustado a variável independente e o IMC tradicional a variável dependente. A amostra era composta por 366 mulheres e 135 homens e apresentou médias de idade de 20,8 ± 3,2 anos e 20,3 ± 2,7 anos; peso 76,9 Kg ± 13,6 e 57,8 Kg ± 9,2; estatura 177,3 cm ± 6,7 e 163,1 cm ± 6,3; IMC 24,4 ± 3,8 Kg/m2 e 21,7 ± 3,0 Kg/m2; massa livre de gordura, 60,0 Kg ± 7,7 e 39,8 Kg ± 3,8; massa gorda 17,0 % ± 6,2 e 26,6 % ± 6,2, para homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Com relação à validação foram verificados valores elevados e satisfatórios de R2 sendo, 91,1%, 91,9% e 88,8%, considerando todos os indivíduos, homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Foram definidas também novas faixas de classificação do estado nutricional para ambos os gêneros, considerando este novo IMC ajustado, sendo: 1,35 a 1,65 (risco nutricional para subnutrição), > 1,65 e 2,0 (eutrofia) e > 2,0 (obesidade). Verificou-se também que este novo índice possui uma capacidade mais acurada de captar indivíduos obesos (0,980; 0,993; 0,974), considerando todos os indivíduos, mulheres e homens, respectivamente, e os pontos de corte para gordura corporal de 25% (homens) e 35% (mulheres), em detrimento ao IMC tradicional (0,932; 0,956; 0,95). Além disso, este trabalho possibilitou a definição de novos de pontos de corte do IMC tradicional para a classificação de obesidade, sendo: 25,24 Kg/m2 e 28,38 Kg/m2, para mulheres e homens, respectivamente. O novo IMC ajustado foi validado para a população estudada e pode ser adotado na prática clínica. Novos estudos devem buscar a sua aplicação em diferentes etnias assim como a comparação deste índice com outros já descritos previamente na literatura científica. / Obesity is defined as the excess fat and BMI has been one of the most widely used methods for the diagnosis of obesity because of its ease of application and low cost. However, this index has a major limitation of not differentiating adipose tissue and fat- free mass. This study aimed to validate the Body Mass Index adjusted for fat mass obtained by bioelectrical impedance analysis previously developed by Mialich et al., 2011. We conducted a cross-sectional study with 501 subjects of both genders, aged between 17 and 38 years, enrolled in graduate courses at the USP campus at Ribeirao Preto. The subjects underwent measurement of weight, height and body composition assessment by bioelectrical impedance analysis. In addition, information was collected regarding the eating pattern by applying a questionnaire develops by the researchers, and also on the physical activity questionnaire using the IPAQ. The student participation was voluntary and all subjects were evaluated only one time in the study and by a group of trained examiners. For validation we used the linear regression model, being the BMI-adjusted the independent variable and BMI-traditional the dependent variable. The sample consisted of 366 women and 135 men and it had a mean age of 20.8 ± 3.2 years and 20.3 ± 2.7 years, weight 76.9 ± 13.6 kg and 57.8 ± 9.2 kg, height 177.3 ± 6.7 cm and 163.1 ± 6.3 cm, BMI 24.4 ± 3.8 kg/m2 and 21.7 ± 3.0 kg/m2, fat-free mass, 60.0 ± 7.7 kg and 39.8 ± 3.8 kg, fat mass 17.0 ± 6.2% and 26.6 ± 6.2% for men and women, respectively. With respect to validation were found high and satisfactory R2 values, 91.1%, 91.9% and 88.8%, considering all individuals, men and women, respectively. We also defined new range classification of nutritional status for both genders, considering this new BMI, as follows: 1.35 to 1.65 (nutritional risk for malnutrition), > 1.65 and 2.0 (normal) and > 2.0 (obesity). It was also found that this new index has the capacity to capture more accurate obese subjects (0.980, 0.993, 0.974) whereas all individuals, men and women, respectively, and the cutoff points for body fat of 25% (men) and 35% (women), rather than the traditional BMI (0.932, 0.956, 0.95). Moreover, this study allowed the definition of new points to traditional BMI cutoff for the classification of obesity, and: 25.24 kg/m2 and 28.38 kg/m2 for women and men, respectively. The new BMI set was validated for the population studied and may be adopted in clinical practice. Further studies should seek their implementation in different ethnic groups as well as the comparison of this index with other previously described in the literature.