The aim with this research is to improve and apply vocal tools in duo performance with a pianist, and to gain a deeper understanding of what it means to be an expressive vocalist. To answer this, the study has following research questions:  What tools are needed to become a more expressive vocalist?How can those vocal expressions be applied in collaboration with a pianist? How can such collaboration improve our joint expression in duo performance?  The result chapter presents the process of improving the vocal expressive tools through imitation, dividing expressive tools into mood and/ or feeling enhancing tools, and planning of vocal expressive tools. It is further developed with collaborative interpretations of three songs, Smile (Chaplin, 1936), A Case of You (Mitchell, 1971), and I Shall Be Released (Dylan, 1968), in order to apply the expressive tools and study the joint expressions. By using stimulated recall and open coding, the collaborative interpretations were studied to reflect over the progress.  The study concludes that awareness of how to apply expressive tools contributes to being able to express the intended expression without feeling it. In addition to being able to control one's vocal techniques it is useful for an expressive vocalist to contain aspects such as facial expressions, body movements, visible interaction between co-musician(s) and visible interaction between performer and perceiver. By becoming aware of what tools one uses where, and why one uses them, it develops the understanding of how the tools can be used to enhance the individual and joint expression in duo performance.  For the pianist's perspective on the collaborative outcome, read her study in Mellberg (2022).

The context of this study is a street shelter, situated in the inner city of Pretoria. This was the first time that music therapy sessions were conducted at the shelter. This study is conducted within a qualitative research paradigm. The primary data source is five video and one audio excerpt. The secondary data source is session notes. The data is coded, categorised and organised into emergent themes. The emergent themes highlight five aspects of group music therapy that enabled autonomy in a group of children living in the street shelter. These five emergent themes are the basis of the discussion addressing the two research questions of this study. This study shows that group music therapy is an effective and appropriate way in which these sheltered street children are able to experience autonomy, including improved self-esteem and feelings of achievement and mastery. To my knowledge, there has been no music therapy literature published with regards to group music therapy with sheltered street children within the South African context as well as internationally. / Dissertation (MMus)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / gm2014 / Music / Unrestricted

Bakgrund: Antalet fastställda suicid i Sverige år 2019 var 1269. Omvårdnaden av suicidala patienter ställer höga krav på sjuksköterskor när det kommer till kompetens, engagemang och empatisk förmåga. Grundutbildade sjuksköterskor kan komma att möta patienter med eller suicidtankar i olika instanser, även utanför psykiatrin. Den omvårdnad som sjuksköterskan ger dessa patienter består till stor del av professionella samtal och kräver att sjuksköterskan besitter förmåga att identifiera och hantera de känslor som kan uppstå hos denne i vården av den suicidala patienten. Syfte: Studien ämnar kartlägga vilka känslor som uppkommer hos sjuksköterskor då de vårdar suicidbenägna patienter. Metod: Databaserna CINAHL och PsycInfo användes för litteratursökningar. Latent innehållsanalys användes som analysverktyg. Resultat: Sex kategorier av närliggande känslor identifierades: Osäkerhet, otrygghet och känslan av att vara oförberedd, Ansvar och skuld, Ilska, frustration och aversion, Maktlöshet, hopplöshet, meningslöshet och hjälplöshet, Ångest, oro och rädsla, Medkänsla, intimitet och trygghet. Konklusion: Studien visar att sjuksköterskorna upplevde vården av suicidbenägna patienter som emotionellt påfrestande, vilket väckte många olika känslor. Känslospektrat innehöll inte enbart påfrestande känslor, utan också känslor som var gynnsamma för omvårdnadsarbetet. I flera fall efterfrågades möjlighet till reflektion och ventilering, något som kan understryka vikten av att införa verktyg som omvårdnadshandledning på fler arbetsplatser. / Background: The official number of suicides committed in Sweden were 1269 in 2019. Caring for suicidal patients put high demands on the nurses’ competence, dedication and empathic ability. Nurses who are not specialized in the field of psychiatry can still come across and care for these patients in other, more generalized wards. The care provided by the nurse consists to a great extent of professional conversations which demands the ability to identify, and deal with, the feelings which can arise in the care for the suicidal patient. Aim: The aim of the review is to map which emotions nurses’ feel when caring for suicidal patients.Method: The databases CINAHL and PsycInfo were used in the search for articles. Latent content analysis was used as a tool for the analysis. Findings: Six categories were identified: Insecurity, feeling unsafe, and feeling unprepared, Responsibility and guilt, Anger, frustration and aversion, Powerlessness, hopelessness, meaninglessness and helplessness, Anxiety, worry and fear, Empathy, intimacy and security. Conclusion: The study shows that the nurses experienced the care of suicidal patients as emotionally challenging, which awoke various feelings. The spectra of feelings did however not only contain strenuous emotions, but also feelings which were benefiting to the care. The nurses expressed a need to reflect and ventilate in multiple studies, which may underline the importance of implementing tools like clinical nursing supervision in more workplaces.

Bakgrund: Bröstcancer är den främsta dödsorsaken bland yngre kvinnor världen över. Insjuknande av bröstcancer i ung ålder kan ge konsekvenser som tidig menopaus, infertilitet och förändrat utseende vilket kan öka risken för psykisk ohälsa. Yngre kvinnor med bröstcancer kan uppleva livslidande, sjukdomslidande och vårdlidande. Lidandet beskrivs som en kamp mellan hopp och hopplöshet vilken kan minska välbefinnandet.  Syfte: Syftet med litteraturöversikten var att beskriva yngre kvinnors upplevelser av att leva med bröstcancer. Metod: En litteraturöversikt med 13 kvalitativa artiklar har genomförts och analyserats med induktiv ansats. Sökning efter resultatartiklar genomfördes i databaserna Cinahl och Medline. Valda resultatartiklar har analyserats enligt Fribergs femstegsstruktur samt kvalitetsgranskats enligt protokollet framtaget av Avdelningen för omvårdad, Hälsohögskolan, Jönköping. Resultat: Det framkom två teman, Känslor av förlust (störd kroppsbild och feminin identitet) samt Oro för framtiden (kroppen sviker och osäkerhet i relationer).  Slutsats: Det krävs en ökad kunskap kring fenomenet bröstcancer för att möta yngre kvinnors unika behov / Title: Live with breast cancer & maintain a normative female body – A litterature review Background: Breast cancer is the leading cause of death among young women worldwide. Breast cancer at a young age can have consequences such as early menopause, infertility and altered appearance which may increase the risk of mental illness. Younger women with breast cancer can experience suffering caused by life, disease and health-care. Suffering is a struggle between hope and hopelessness which can reduce well-being. Aim: The aim of the literature review was to describe younger women's experiences of living with breast cancer. Method: A literature review with 13 qualitative articles has been conducted with an inductive approach. Search for result articles was performed in the databases Cinahl and Medline. Selected result articles have been analyzed according to Friberg´s five step structure. The quality of the articles has been ensured by the protocol produced by the Department of Nursing, Jönköping School of Health and welfare. Results: Two main themes emerged: Feelings of loss (disturbed body image and feminie identity) and Concerns about the future (the body fails and insercurity in realtionships).    Conclusion: Increased knowledge of the phenomenon breast cancer is required to meet the unique needs of younger women.

Bakgrund: Bröstcancer är en av de vanligaste cancersjukdomarna hos kvinnor och utgör cirka 30% av alla kvinnliga cancerfall, det är framförallt kvinnor i medelåldern som drabbas. Mastektomi är ett behandlingsalternativ för bröstcancer som innebär att hela bröstet tas bort och denna behandling kan leda till förändringar i kvinnans liv både fysiskt, psykiskt och emotionellt. Syfte: Litteraturstudiens syfte var att beskriva kvinnors erfarenheter av att leva med bröstcancer efter genomgången mastektomi. Metod: En litteraturstudie genomfördes där tio kvalitativa studier där resultaten har kvalitetsgranskats, analyserats och sammanställts med hjälp av Fribergs femstegsmodell. Databassökning genomfördes i databaserna Cinahl och PubMed. Resultat: Analysen formades till två teman och sex subteman. Temana var ‘Denförändrade kroppen’- Kvinnorna upplevde att de fick förändrad identitet och kroppsbild.Mastektomin upplevdes för de flesta som en traumatisk upplevelse. ‘Behov av stöd för attmöta den nya vardagen’- Kvinnorna fann stöd hos sina familjer, vården och sin tro. Konklusion: Litteraturstudien resulterade i att kvinnorna upplevde olika känslor efter de hade genomgått mastektomin. Kvinnorna fick stöd från sin familj och tro, vilket var uppskattat. Stödet från vården uppfattades olika från kvinnorna. / Background: Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers that affect women andaccounts for about 30% of all female cancer cases, with middle-aged women. Mastectomyis a treatment option for breast cancer, that means that the entire breast is removed, whichleads to changes in the woman's life physically, mentally and emotionally. Aim: To describe women's experiences of living with breast cancer after performedmastectomy. Methods: A literature study was conducted, ten qualitative articles were quality reviewd,analyzed and compiled using Friberg's five-step model. Database search was performed inthe databases Cinahl and PubMed. Results: The analysis was formed into two main themes and six sub-themes. Thethemes were ‘the changed body’- the woman experienced that it changed thier identity andbody image, the mastectomy was for most a traumatic experience. ‘need for support to facethe new everyday life’- the woman found support in thier families, care and their faith. Conclusion: The literature study results in different emotions of women after performeda mastectomy. The women found support in their family and faith, which was appreciated. The support from the care was experienced differently by the women.

Our aim with this study was to examine older people's experiences of loneliness. Specifically, we investigated how loneliness affects the elderly, how it is expressed, and what its sources are. The study was conducted using a qualitative method, by interviewing four caregivers at two nursing homes, and three social workers who work as care administrators for nursing homes. We found that the experience of loneliness is prevalent among the elderly who live in nursing homes. Furthermore, we identified two outstanding themes in their experiences, which we categorised as experiences of loneliness and feelings of being safe. Feelings of being safe had two subthemes; moving to a nursing home and the living situation. Feelings of being unsafe were closely related to loneliness, and this was partially a reason why the elderly wanted to move to a nursing home, as a way to get closer to other people and overcome loneliness. Experiences of loneliness varied in the following subthemes; suffering of existential loneliness, extent of social relationships, social networks, and social life, expressions of loneliness, and the meaning of loneliness. We found different forms of loneliness, including loneliness based on loss of relationships, mostly due to the passing away of one’s social group, which was expressed partially as an experience of existential loneliness. The elderly people’s network of friends and family varied; some of them had a close network with many visitors every day, and others had almost none that visited them.

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Bakgrund   Svår akut respiratorisk sjukdom [SARS] var en ny typ av atypisk lunginflammation som orsakades av ett coronavirus som tidigare enbart var känt att smittade mellan djur. År 2002 muterade detta virus och började infektera människor. 2000-talets första epidemi drog igång och över 8000 personer konstaterades smittade. Många personer som smittades blev svårt sjuka och behövde söka vård på grund av andningssvårigheter och hypoxi.  Syfte  Syftet var att belysa sjuksköterskans upplevelser av att vårda personer med svår akut respiratorisk sjukdom på sjukhus. Metod Den valda metoden för detta arbete var en icke-systematisk litteraturöversikt där 15 vetenskapliga artiklar inkluderades. Artiklarna som användes var både kvalitativa och kvantitativa och har kvalitetsgranskats med hjälp av Sophiahemmets Högskolas bedömningsunderlag. Insamling av artiklar har gjorts från databaserna Cinahl, PubMed och PsycINFO och analyserades med integrerad dataanalys.  Resultat Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskorna upplevde stor stress, rädsla och maktlöshet. Adekvat skyddsutrustning och kunskap om smittan saknades. Sjuksköterskorna hamnade i en situation där de var tvungna att välja att antingen stanna kvar i sin profession eller leta efter arbete med mindre yrkesrisker. Många valde att stanna, detta för att de insåg att det inte fanns någon annan som kunde ta hand om dessa personer. Slutsats Trots de psykiska påfrestningarna som drabbade sjuksköterskorna kunde de med stöd av varandra ta sig igenom epidemin. Många kände att de växte i sin roll som sjuksköterska och kunde ta med sig nya lärdomar inför framtiden. Dock kunde stora brister uppdagas i sjukvården och dessa kunskapsluckor behöver fyllas med lärdomar från tidigare epidemier och pandemier inför framtida utbrott. / Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome was a new type of atypical pneumonia caused by a coronavirus that previously was known only to spread amongst animals. During late 2002 the virus mutated and started to infect people. The 21st century’s first epidemic began and over 8000 people were confirmed infected with the new disease. A lot of people became severely ill and had to seek medical care due to breathing difficulties and hypoxia. Aim The purpose was to shed light on the nurse's experiences of caring for persons with severe acute respiratory syndrome in hospitals. Method The chosen method for this paper was a non-systematic literature review in which 15 scientific articles were included. The articles included were both qualitative and quantitative and were quality reviewed with the help of Sophiahemmets University’s assessment tool. The articles were collected using the databases CINAHL, PubMed and PsycINFO and analyzed with an integrated data analysis. Results The results show that nurses experienced a high level of stress, fear and powerlessness. There was a lack of adequate protective equipment and knowledge about the disease. The nurses were forced to choose, either to stay in their profession or search for a different occupation with less risk of getting infected. A lot of nurses chose to stay, they realized that there were no one else who could take care of the patients.  Conclusions Despite the psychological symptoms that affected the nurses, they realized that they could get through the epidemic with the support of each other. Many nurses felt a growth in their profession and could bring a lot of new knowledge with them for the future. A lack of knowledge was discovered in the healthcare system and there are a lot off lessons to be learned for future epidemic and pandemic outbreaks.

This licentiate thesis deals with compulsory school students’ expressed emotions and motivation towards mathematics. Theoretically, it has been guided by Hannula’s meta-theory on affect (e.g., 2012), of which emotion and motivation are part. In this thesis, emotion is defined using models from Schirmer (2015), and motivation correspondingly by Shunk et al. (2010). In the analysis, a model for emotion developed by Lövheim (2012), and models for motivation proposed by Ryan & Deci (e.g., 2000) and later further developed by Sumpter (2012), were adopted. This thesis focuses on two studies. In the first study, in search of nuanced knowledge about students’ experiences of mathematics, a primarily qualitative approach was adopted in interviews conducted with 19 primary school students. The results reported in Paper I (Nyman & Sumpter, 2019) confirm previous research which found that students express both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for doing mathematics. But the results also indicate further motivational nuances, and I propose a division of each dimension into six subcategories. The results reported in Paper II (Nyman, in press) indicate that students’ negative emotions towards mathematics are directed towards themselves, as shame or distress, and not externally as anger. The results also indicate that there are connections between emotion and other affective concepts such as motivation and social dimensions, but also more technical aspects, for example, being allowed to listen to music. The second study, reported in Paper III (in preparation), gathered questionnaire data from 222 grade 8 and grade 9 students, and aimed to compare differences between the two grades as well as between boys and girls. The results show that the only significant difference between boys and girls is on issues relating to motivation: Girls generally express being more extrinsically motivated to doing mathematics than boys.

Bakgrund: Hjärtinfarkt är ett plötsligt och chockartat insjuknande som efteråt påverkar patientens upplevelse av livets samtliga aspekter. För sjuksköterskan är insikt i och förståelse av komplexiteten i patientens upplevelser, såväl fysiskt som psykiskt och socialt, av största vikt. Detta för att kunna stödja patienten mot ett upplevt välbefinnande i efterförloppet. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa vuxna patienters upplevelser efter en genomlevd hjärtinfarkt.  Metod: Studien är litteraturbaserad på kvalitativ forskning bestående av 11 vetenskapliga artiklar.  Resultat: En hjärtinfarkt upplevs av många patienter som en väckarklocka som resulterar i stora livsstilsförändringar. Svårhanterliga känslor som rädsla, ångest, depression och ensamhet drabbar många efteråt och i de processerna upplever patienterna ofta att stöttning från närstående, sjukvården och stödgrupper är till stor hjälp. Självbilden och livsvärlden upplevs av många bli förändrad och nya perspektiv på prioriteringar kan uppdagas. Konklusion: Både negativa och positiva upplevelser kan följa en genomlevd hjärtinfarkt. Patienternas upplevelser av livets olika aspekter påverkas. Många patienter upplever känslor och tankar som är svåra att hantera. Andra finner motivation till att förbättra sin livsstil. Sociala nätverk är av stor vikt för patienterna för att finna stöd och motivation som kan främja tillfrisknande och upplevelsen av välmående. / Background: A myocardial infarction is a sudden state of disease that affects how the patient afterwards experiences different aspects of life. It is vital for the nurse to have an understanding for the complexity of the patients’ experiences after the infarction, physical, psychological and social, in order to help the patient experience well-being. Aim: The aim with the study was to acknowledge grown up patients' experiences after a myocardial infarction. Method: A literature-based study based on 11 qualitative scientific articles.  Findings: A myocardial infarction is experienced by many patients’ as a wake-up-call resulting in major life-style changes. Afterwards the patients’ often experience emotions difficult to manage. During these processes the patients’ experience social support as being of great importance. Many experience a changed self-image and life-world and new perspectives on prioritizing. Conclusion: Negative and positive experiences may follow a myocardial infarction. Patients’ views on different aspects of life get affected. Many patients experience emotions and thoughts that are difficult to handle. Other patients find motivation to change their way of living for the better. Social networks are of great importance for the patients in order to find support and motivation which may promote recovery and an experience of well-being.