Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-10-10T14:58:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Giuliana Viegas Schirato.pdf: 2698527 bytes, checksum: 33a822ba864e7a3747d0b9dd0d006691 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-10T14:58:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Giuliana Viegas Schirato.pdf: 2698527 bytes, checksum: 33a822ba864e7a3747d0b9dd0d006691 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-24 / After skin tumors and lymphohematopoietic tissue, mammary neoplasms are most common in domestic cats. Mammary carcinomas of cats have poor prognosis, since such tumors are very aggressive and with great ability to generate metastases. The aim of this study was to characterize the point of view histopathological, histochemical and immunohistochemical, spontaneously occurring mammary tumors in cats. Thirty-five samples of tumor tissue were collected surgically and histological sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) for histopathological analysis. For histochemical analysis, were used the Masson’s Trichrome and Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) to evaluate the deposition of collagen and glycosaminoglycans associated with tumors, respectively. To perform the immunohistochemistry assays were used anti-Ki-67, anti-PCNA and anti-Bcl-2. The obtained results showed that 14.29% of the lesions were classified as benign (fibroadenoma, adenoma and simple adenosis) and 85.71% as adenocarcinomas. Malignant neoplasms were multifocal, predominantly of invasive growth pattern, presence of necrosis, mitotic figures, and inflammatory infiltrate. The histochemical analysis revealed that the malignant lesions exhibited moderate to strong staining pattern when stained with PAS and weak to moderate with MT. Marking anti-Ki-67 showed cytoplasmic and nuclear pattern in well-differentiated malignant cells in tumor tissue. The protein Bcl-2 showed membrane pattern restricted to the processed tissue and the tissue marked with anti-PCNA showed nuclear and cytoplasmic pattern in glandular cells, occasionally in stromal cells of epithelioid appearance. In summary, the large number of mitotic figures and increased reactivity to staining with anti-PCNA antibody suggests neoplasms with intense proliferative activity indicating a poor prognosis for affected individuals. / Com exceção dos tumores de pele e do tecido linfo hematopoiético, o neoplasmas mamários são os mais comuns em felinos domésticos. Os carcinomas mamários de gatas possuem prognóstico desfavorável, uma vez que tais tumores são bastante agressivos e com grande capacidade de gerar metástases. Objetivou-se com esse estudo, caracterizar sob o ponto de vista histopatológico, histoquímico e imunoistoquímico; neoplasias mamárias de ocorrência espontânea em gatas. Trinta e cinco amostras de tecido neoplásico foram coletadas cirurgicamente e os cortes histológicos foram corados pela Hematoxilina-Eosina (HE), para estudo histopatológico. Para análise histoquímica, utilizou-se o Tricromico de Masson e Ácido Periódico de Schiff (PAS), para avaliar os depósitos de colágeno e glicosaminoglicanos associados aos tumores, respectivamente. Para realização dos ensaios imunoistoquímicos foram utilizados os anticorpos anti-Ki-67, anti-PCNA e anti-Bcl-2. Nos resultados obtidos observou-se que 14,29% das lesões foram classificadas como benignas (fibroadenoma, adenoma simples e adenose) e 85,71% como adenocarcinomas. As neoplasias malignas eram multifocais, de padrão de crescimento predominantemente invasivo, com presença de necrose, figuras de mitose, e infiltrado inflamatório. As análises histoquímicas revelaram que as lesões malignas apresentavam padrão de coloração moderada a forte quando coradas com PAS e fraca a moderada com Tricrômico de Masson. A marcação anti-Ki-67 apresentou padrão citoplasmático e nuclear em células malignas bem diferenciadas no tecido neoplásico. A proteína Bcl-2 apresentou padrão membranar restrito ao tecido transformado e o tecido marcado com o anticorpo anti-PCNA, demonstrou padrão citoplasmático e nuclear em células glandulares, ocasionalmente em células estromais de aspecto epitelióide. Em resumo, a grande quantidade de figuras de mitose e a maior reatividade à marcação com o anticorpo anti-PCNA sugere neoplasmas com intensa atividade proliferativa evidenciando um mau prognóstico para os indivíduos portadores.

Le chat haret est l’un des prédateurs invasifs les plus dommageables pour la biodiversité insulaire. Sa présence est associée à une perte de biodiversité sur l’ensemble des îles sur lesquelles il est établi, et où il constitue une menace pour de nombreuses espèces de vertébrés souvent endémiques et menacés. En Nouvelle-Calédonie des populations de chats harets sont présentes dans tous les milieux et habitats et l’étude de son écologie et de ses impacts sur la faune ont fait l’objet de ce travail de thèse. L’analyse du régime alimentaire sur 14 sites d’études représentatifs des 4 habitats majeurs a révélé un régime très diversifié et une forte prédation sur les vertébrés natifs et notamment sur le groupe des scinques, des roussettes et des pétrels. Parmi les 44 espèces de vertébrés retrouvées dans le régime alimentaire de ce prédateur invasif, la plupart sont endémiques et 20 listées comme menacées sur la liste rouge mondiale de l’UICN. Le suivi des déplacements d’individus équipés de colliers GPS au niveau d’une presqu’île abritant une importante colonie d’oiseaux marins, a permis de mettre en évidence de grands domaines vitaux pour les mâles, des domaines vitaux petits pour les femelles et des patrons de déplacements liés aux différentes étapes du cycle reproducteur des oiseaux marins. Ces éléments, couplés aux analyses de régime alimentaire suggèrent une prédation à une large échelle géographique, à la fois sur les adultes reproducteurs mais également sur les jeunes oiseaux proches de l’envol. Une opération expérimentale de contrôle d’une population de chats harets a été conduite sur cette presqu’île et a montré une faible durabilité des effets de la suppression des individus sur les densités observées et une rapide recolonisation du site. Les résultats de ce travail plaident pour la mise en place de mesures de limitation des impacts occasionnés et permettent en particulier de cibler les habitats de maquis et forêt humide comme prioritaires en matière de limitation des abondances. / Feral cat (Felis catus) is one of the most successful and harmful invasive predator species for island biodiversity. The presence of this alien predator species generally lead to dramatic loss of native island biodiversity and represents a serious threat for numerous endemic and threatened species. Feral cats have invaded the whole New-Caledonian archipelago and all its habitats. In this study, we focused on the ecology and impacts of this invasive predator on the outstanding endemic fauna found in the different habitats of the exceptional New-Caledonia biodiversity hotspot. Feral cat diet analyses on 14 selected sites representing the 4 main natural habitats revealed a high diversified diet and high predation rates on native species particularly on squamates, flying foxes and petrels. Among the 44 vertebrates species found into the feral cat diet, 20 are IUCN red-listed threatened species. Cat movements of eleven feral cats fitted with GPS collars have been studied in a western coast Peninsula hosting an important seabird colony. Male cats showed large home ranges while female showed small home ranges. Feral cats exhibited important movements within the studied peninsula linked with the breeding cycles of seabirds. GPS data coupled with dietary informations suggested a predation that concerned both breeding adults and fledgings bird, and at a large geographic scale as some feral cats have their core home range distant to the colony (>3km). We evaluated the effects of a high level but intense cat control on this site that showed a low sustainability of feral cat culling and a rapid recolonization process. Our results are pleading for the future limitation of feral cat impacts and call to focus first abundance limitation measures on maquis mosaic and humid forest habitats This study also provided information on the spatial extent and intensity of future control measures in the special context of a large and highly invaded island.

Submitted by Cássio da Cruz Nogueira (cassionogueirakk@gmail.com) on 2017-01-26T13:46:03Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_VitrificacaoTecidoOvariano.pdf: 4015963 bytes, checksum: 40c8ba45cdbfd05b51e3296153b718d1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2017-01-27T13:24:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_VitrificacaoTecidoOvariano.pdf: 4015963 bytes, checksum: 40c8ba45cdbfd05b51e3296153b718d1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-27T13:24:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_VitrificacaoTecidoOvariano.pdf: 4015963 bytes, checksum: 40c8ba45cdbfd05b51e3296153b718d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-06 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta tese tem como principal objetivo desenvolver um protocolo eficiente de vitrificação de tecido ovariano de gata doméstica (Felis catus). O estudo foi dividido em: Fase I: Efeito de diferentes tipos de meios-base durante a vitrificação de tecido ovariano de gata; Fase II: Efeito de diferentes crioprotetores extracelulares e técnicas de vitrificação em tecido ovariano de gata; Na fase I, a morfologia de folículos pré-antrais foi similar ao controle fresco (p > 0,05), quando o RPMI-1640 foi utilizado como meio-base. RPMI-1640 não contém vermelho fenol que, adicionado ao meio, intensificou a toxicidade do crioprotetor etileno glicol durante a vitrificação. Na fase II, a percentagem de folículos morfologicamente normais foi similar ao controle, apenas quando o meio de vitrificação foi suplementado com 0,1 M ou 0,5 M de trealose (p > 0,05). Além disso, através dos parâmetros como a morfologia, proliferação celular e espessura de fibras colágenas pode-se dizer que a combinação de trealose com etilenoglicol (EG) sozinho ou adicionado de dimetilsufóxido (DMSO), aplicando os métodos Solid-surface vitrification (SSV) ou Ovarian Tissue cryosystem (OTC), apresentaram sucesso na preservação do tecido ovariano vitrificado. Apesar do OTC com EG não apresentar diferença significativa dos demais tratamentos, uma vez que este protocolo apresentou o maior percentual de folículos morfologicamente normais (56%), sendo similar ao controle (64%). Adicionalmente, nenhum efeito sobre a regulação de expressão gênica foi observada nos grupos testados, quando foram avaliados marcadores de apoptose (BAX - proteína X associada ao Bcl-2), de estresse do retículo endoplasmático (ERP29 – proteína do retículo endoplasmático 29), de canais de água como as aquaporinas 3 e 9 (AQP3 e AQP9), e os transportadores de membrana ABC (ABCB1 e ABCG2), com exceção do método SSV com EG que apresentaram, após 7 dias de cultivo in vitro, um aumento da expressão da ERP29 (indica estresse no reticulo endoplasmático) e a diminuição da expressão da AQP9 (afeta canais de transporte de agua). Com isso, para a manutenção da preservação do tecido ovariano de gata é necessário o uso de um protocolo de vitrificação contendo meio-base livre de vermelho fenol, suplementado com trealose, como crioprotetor extracelular, e EG sozinho ou associado com DMSO, como crioprotetores intracelulares. Ambos os sistemas abertos (SSV) e fechados (OTC) são equivalentes na eficiencia em manter a sobrevivência folicular durante o processo de vitrificacao. / The aim o the present thesis was to develop an efficient vitrification protocol of the ovarian tissue from domestic cat (Felis catus). This study was divided: Phase I: Effect of different basis media during the vitrification of cat ovarian tissue; Phase II: Effect of different sugars (extracellular cryoprotectants) and the vitrification technique for the vitrification of feline ovarian tissue. In phase I, the morphology of preantral follicles was similar (p > 0.05) to fresh control when RPMI-1640 was used as basis medium for vitrification. RPMI-1640 does not contain phenol red, which was found to enhance ethylene glycol (EG) toxicity during vitrification. In phase 2, the percentage of morphologically normal preantral follicles was similar (p > 0.05) to fresh control only when the vitrification medium contained 0.1 or 0.5 M trehalose, instead of sucrose or raffinose at same concentrations. Furthermore, based on parameters such as morphology, cell proliferation and thickness of collagen fibers, it is possibe to assume that efficient vitrification of feline ovarian tissue can be performed by combining trehalose with EG, with or without dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), applying the solid-surface vitrification (SSV) or ovarian tissue cryosystem (OTC) method. Although vitrification with OTC in the presence of EG did not differ from the other treatments, this protocol presented the highest percentages of preserved preantral follicles (56%), being similar to control (64%). Additionally, no effect on gene regulation was observed after vitrification when apoptosis markers (BAX – protein X associated to Bcl-2), endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (ER protein 29 – ERP29), water channels proteins like aquaporins 3 and 9 (AQP3 and AQP9), the membrane ABC transporters ABCB1 and ABCG2, except when the SSV method was applied using only EG as cryoprotectant followed by seven days in vitro culture, where ERP29 up-regulation (ER stress) and AQP9 down-regulation (impaired water transport) were observed. Based on this, it can be concluded that to efficiently preserve feline ovarian tissue, is is necessary the use of a vitrification protocol free of phenol red, supplemented with trehalose, as extracellular cryoprotectant, and EG alone or in combination with DMSO, as intracellular cryoprotectants. Both open (SSV) and closed (OTC) systems are equaly efficient to maintain follicular survival during the vitrification procedure.

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of retrobulbar anesthesia in cats with levobupivacaine chloride 0.5% and lidocaine chloride 2% without vasoconstrictor. Fourteen cats were divided into two groups and underwent preanesthetic medication with acepromazine maleate and propofol. Retrobulbar block was performed in the medial corner of the eyelids of the right eyeball with levobupivacaine hydrochloride (Group I) and lidocaine (Group II) without vasoconstrictor. We evaluated the M0 moments i.e. six hours prior to PAM, M1:15 minutes after PAM, when it was taken the anesthetic, as well as the periods M2: 15, M3: 30, M4: M5: 45 and M6: 60 minutes after the anesthetic block. The duration of block with lidocaine was 50 minutes, and 65 minutes with levobupivacaine without change in systolic blood pressure. Anesthetic promoted block of the corneal and the oculocephalic reflexes, being that the loss of sensibility and return of the corneal reflexes were faster with the levobupivacaine than with the lidocaine. No changes in the coloration of the eyelid and bulbar conjunctivae and decentralization of the globe were noted. Anesthetics caused retrobulbar anesthesia in cats, being that 0.5% levobupivacaine promotes appearance of rash in the bulbar and the eyelid conjunctivae, greater reduction in tear production and increased intraocular pressure. Anesthetics are not able to restrict the palpebral reflexes, but they may be used for intraocular surgery. / Objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar os efeitos da anestesia retrobulbar em gatos com cloridrato de levobupivacaína 0,5% e cloridrato de lidocaína 2%, sem vasoconstritor. Quatorze gatos foram separados em dois grupos e submetidos à medicação pré-anestésica com maleato de acepromazina e posterior anestesia com propofol. Realizou-se bloqueio retrobulbar no canto medial das pálpebras do bulbo ocular direito com cloridrato de levobupivacaína 0,5% (Grupo I) e lidocaína 2% (Grupo II), sem vasoconstritor. Avaliou-se os momentos M0: seis horas antes da MPA, M1: 15 minutos após a MPA, quando foi feita a administração do anestésico. Assim como nos períodos M2: 15, M3: 30, M4: 45 e M5: 60 minutos após bloqueio anestésico. A duração do bloqueio com lidocaína foi de 50 minutos, e de 65 com a levobupivacaína, sem variação da pressão arterial sistólica. Os anestésicos promoveram bloqueio dos reflexos corneano e oculocefálico, sendo que com a levobupivacaína ocorreu perda da sensibilidade e retorno dos reflexos corneanos mais rápidos que a lidocaína. Não foram notadas alterações na coloração da conjuntiva palpebral e bulbar e descentralização do bulbo ocular. Os anestésicos ocasionaram anestesia retrobulbar em gatos, sendo que levobupivacaína promove aparecimento de prurido na conjuntiva bulbar e palpebral, maior redução na produção de lágrima e aumento da pressão intraocular. Os anestésicos no bloqueio retrobulbar não são capazes de restringir os reflexos palpebrais, porém podem ser indicados para cirurgias intra-oculares. / Mestre em Ciências Veterinárias

Der Gelbkörper (corpus luteum, CL) ist eine transitorische Drüse, die im Ovar nach der Ovulation gebildet wird und durch ihre Progesteron-(P4)-Produktion die Trächtigkeit unterstützt. Bei allen bisher untersuchten Säugetieren endet die sekretorische Aktivität der CL mit dem Ende der Trächtigkeit oder Laktation, danach werden die CL abgebaut. Der Zyklus von Katzenartigen, wie etwa der Hauskatze, folgt dem gleichen Muster. Anders verläuft der Zyklus bei Luchsen. Beim Eurasischen Luchs (Lynx lynx) und beim Pardelluchs (Lynx pardinus) persistieren die CL nach der Geburt für mehr als zwei Jahre und sezernieren weiter P4. Die vorgestellte Arbeit sollte die Funktion persistierender (per) CL im Luchs untersuchen und die Fortpflanzung von Katzen weiter aufklären. Dazu wurden grundlegende histologische und hormonelle Aspekte der Lutealphase analysiert und der Einfluss des apoptotischen Systems sowie die Rezeptivität gegenüber Steroiden bei der Regulation der CL-Funktion betrachtet. Die CL von Hauskatzen und Luchsen wurden histomorphologisch unterteilt. In allen Proben wurden intraluteales P4 und Östrogene bestimmt. Weiterhin wurde die mRNA- und, wenn möglich, die Proteinexpression der proapoptotischen Faktoren BAX, Caspase-3, FAS, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), TNF Rezeptor 1 (TNFRSFA1) und der Überlebensfaktoren (BCL2, TNFRSFB1), sowie des Progesteronrezeptors (PGR), der PGR-Membrankomponente (PGRMC) 1 und 2, des Östrogenrezeptors (ESR) 1 und 2, des G-Protein-gekoppelten Östrogenrezeptors 1 (GPER1) und des Androgenrezeptors (AR) gemessen. Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass die Lutealphase der Hauskatze durch FAS, Caspase-3 und die TNF Rezeptoren 1 und 2 reguliert sein könnte. Steroide könnten über ihre Rezeptoren PGR, PGRMC1 und PGRMC2, ESR1 und AR wirken. Die physiologische Persistenz der CL beim Luchs könnte über BCL2, FAS, TNFRSFB1, PGRMC1, PGRMC2, ESR1, GPER1 und AR vermittelt werden. / Corpus luteum (CL) is a transitory gland which forms in the ovary after ovulation and supports the pregnancy with its production of progesterone (P4). In all mammals studied so far, the CL loses its secretory activity after pregnancy and regresses from the ovary. The feline luteal cycle follows the same pattern, and CL of the domestic cat functionally and structurally regress after lactation. However, the story is different for the lynx. In the Eurasian (Lynx lynx) and Iberian (Lynx pardinus) lynx, CL persist after parturition, weaning and for up to two years, still retaining their ability to secrete P4. Current work was initiated to understand the control of unusual persistent (per) CL in lynx and to learn more about feline reproduction in general. For this, studies on the basic histological and endocrinological aspects of the feline luteal phase, as well as potential involvement of systems of apoptosis and steroid receptivity in the CL regulation were performed. Collected CL from domestic cats and lynx were classified based on their histomorphology. In all samples, intraluteal P4 and estrogens were measured. Moreover, mRNA and where possible protein levels were determined for pro-apoptotic BAX, caspase-3, FAS, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), TNF receptor 1 (TNFRSFA1), pro-survival BCL2, TNFRSFB1, and for progesterone receptor (PGR), PGR membrane components (PGRMC) 1 and 2, estrogen receptors (ESR) 1 and 2, G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) and androgen receptor (AR). The results suggest that the luteal phase of the domestic cat is potentially regulated by caspase-3, FAS, TNFRSF1A, TNFRSF1B, and by actions of steroids via PGR, PGRMC1, PGRMC2, ESR1 and AR. Physiological persistence of Iberian lynx CL might be mediated by BCL2, FAS, TNFRSFB1, PGRMC1, PGRMC2, ESR1, GPER1 and AR. Current work indicates profound differences between the CL function and regulation in domestic cats and lynx, and promotes a highly species-specific approach in reproduction studies.

<p>&nbsp;Иако су 60&ndash;тих година прошлога века по први пут описане, леукемија мачке (FeLV; engl. Feline leukemia virus) и мачји заразни перитонитис (FIP; engl. Feline infectious peritonitis) који је узрокован мачјим коронавирусом (FCoV; engl. Feline Coronavirus), те 80&ndash;тих година прошлога века први пут инфекција вирусом мачје имунодефицијенције (FIV; engl. Feline Immunodeficiency Virus), те три болести су до данас остале неизлечиве, смртоносне, а леукемија и имунодефицијенција су повезане и с настајањем малигних оболења код домаћих и дивљих мачака. Многа питања везана уз епидемиологију и превенцију остала су до сада неразјашњена. Стога мачји коронавирус (FCoV), вирус мачје леукемије (FeLV) и вирус мачје имунодефицијенције (FIV) заузимају важно место у истраживањима и у ветеринарској свакодневној пракси. Главни епидемиолошки и превентивни проблем код свих трију зараза представљају инфициране мачке које не показују клиничке знаке болести или имају неодређене клиничке знаке, а шире инфекције путем пљувачке, урина, фецеса, суза, крви и осталих телесних течности. Тако се инфекција вирусом мачје леукемије (FeLV) и вирусом мачје имунодефицијенције (FIV) споро развија код мачака, па мачка у раздобљу обично дужем од четири године не показује клиничке знаке или има неодређене клиничке знаке, а представља стални извор заразе и шири инфекцију унутар мачје популације. Виремичне мачке представљају велику опасност за осталу мачју популацију посебно у домаћинствима с више мачака, ако иду напоље, у одгајивачницама, склоништима за мачке, ветеринарским амбулантама, клиникама и у ветеринарској трансфузиологији. Главни превентивни проблем код вируса мачје леукемије, мачјег заразног перитонитиса и вируса мачје имунодефицијенције је непостојање на тржишту комерцијално делотворне вакцине. Будући да су досадашња епидемиолошка истраживања показала да FCoV, FeLV и FIV показују велику разлику у вируленцији унутар различитих мачјих популација и да разлика у вируленцији зависи од географског положаја, начина држања и о пасмини, истраживања треба спровести за сваку поједину земљу. Циљеви овога епидемиолошког истраживања су били следећи:</p><p>&bull; одређивање преваленције инфекција и коинфекција узрокованих коронавирусима мачака (FCoV), вирусима леукемије (FeLV) и имунодефицијенције (FIV) на подручју Загреба и Вараждина;<br />&bull; одређивање епидемиолошких фактора ризика и њихова значаја за настанак, развој и ширење FCoV, FeLV и FIV у популацији домаћих мачака.<br />Ово епидемиолошко истраживање је спроведено на 106 мачака. Лабораторијски тестови вирусолошких показатеља су рађени на Ветеринарском факултету у Бечу. Узорци су претражени на FCoV антитела тестом имунофлуоресцентних антитијела (IFA), FeLV-п27 антиген помоћу имуноензимског теста (ELISA), FeLV специфичне нуклеинске киселине користећи real-time PCR (Applied Biosystem 7300 Real time PCR System) и FIV антитела са брзим имуномиграцијским тестом (RIM). Резултати лабораторијских претрага вирусолошких показатеља показали су да је:<br />&bull; 45,28% тестираних мачака било позитивно на FCoV инфекцију;<br />&bull; 6,60% тестираних мачака било позитивно на FeLV инфекцију;<br />&bull; 7,55% тестираних мачака имало коинфекцију са FeLV и FCoV;<br />&bull; 5,66% тестираних мачака имало коинфекцију са FIV и FCoV.<br />Резултати епидемиолошких показатеља показали су да је доказана:<br />&bull; статистички значајна асоцијација између здравственог статуса и групе FeLV+;<br />&bull; статистички значајна асоцијација између излажења напоље без власникове контроле и група FCoV+ и FIV/FCoV+.<br />Одређивање учесталости FCoV, FeLV и FIV уз факторе ризика за настанак, развој и ширење зараза је од великог значаја за спречавање ширења ова три вируса унутар популације мачака на градским подручјима.</p> / <p>&nbsp;Iako su 60&ndash;tih godina prošloga veka po prvi put opisane, leukemija mačke (FeLV; engl. Feline leukemia virus) i mačji zarazni peritonitis (FIP; engl. Feline infectious peritonitis) koji je uzrokovan mačjim koronavirusom (FCoV; engl. Feline Coronavirus), te 80&ndash;tih godina prošloga veka prvi put infekcija virusom mačje imunodeficijencije (FIV; engl. Feline Immunodeficiency Virus), te tri bolesti su do danas ostale neizlečive, smrtonosne, a leukemija i imunodeficijencija su povezane i s nastajanjem malignih obolenja kod domaćih i divljih mačaka. Mnoga pitanja vezana uz epidemiologiju i prevenciju ostala su do sada nerazjašnjena. Stoga mačji koronavirus (FCoV), virus mačje leukemije (FeLV) i virus mačje imunodeficijencije (FIV) zauzimaju važno mesto u istraživanjima i u veterinarskoj svakodnevnoj praksi. Glavni epidemiološki i preventivni problem kod svih triju zaraza predstavljaju inficirane mačke koje ne pokazuju kliničke znake bolesti ili imaju neodređene kliničke znake, a šire infekcije putem pljuvačke, urina, fecesa, suza, krvi i ostalih telesnih tečnosti. Tako se infekcija virusom mačje leukemije (FeLV) i virusom mačje imunodeficijencije (FIV) sporo razvija kod mačaka, pa mačka u razdoblju obično dužem od četiri godine ne pokazuje kliničke znake ili ima neodređene kliničke znake, a predstavlja stalni izvor zaraze i širi infekciju unutar mačje populacije. Viremične mačke predstavljaju veliku opasnost za ostalu mačju populaciju posebno u domaćinstvima s više mačaka, ako idu napolje, u odgajivačnicama, skloništima za mačke, veterinarskim ambulantama, klinikama i u veterinarskoj transfuziologiji. Glavni preventivni problem kod virusa mačje leukemije, mačjeg zaraznog peritonitisa i virusa mačje imunodeficijencije je nepostojanje na tržištu komercijalno delotvorne vakcine. Budući da su dosadašnja epidemiološka istraživanja pokazala da FCoV, FeLV i FIV pokazuju veliku razliku u virulenciji unutar različitih mačjih populacija i da razlika u virulenciji zavisi od geografskog položaja, načina držanja i o pasmini, istraživanja treba sprovesti za svaku pojedinu zemlju. Ciljevi ovoga epidemiološkog istraživanja su bili sledeći:</p><p>&bull; određivanje prevalencije infekcija i koinfekcija uzrokovanih koronavirusima mačaka (FCoV), virusima leukemije (FeLV) i imunodeficijencije (FIV) na području Zagreba i Varaždina;<br />&bull; određivanje epidemioloških faktora rizika i njihova značaja za nastanak, razvoj i širenje FCoV, FeLV i FIV u populaciji domaćih mačaka.<br />Ovo epidemiološko istraživanje je sprovedeno na 106 mačaka. Laboratorijski testovi virusoloških pokazatelja su rađeni na Veterinarskom fakultetu u Beču. Uzorci su pretraženi na FCoV antitela testom imunofluorescentnih antitijela (IFA), FeLV-p27 antigen pomoću imunoenzimskog testa (ELISA), FeLV specifične nukleinske kiseline koristeći real-time PCR (Applied Biosystem 7300 Real time PCR System) i FIV antitela sa brzim imunomigracijskim testom (RIM). Rezultati laboratorijskih pretraga virusoloških pokazatelja pokazali su da je:<br />&bull; 45,28% testiranih mačaka bilo pozitivno na FCoV infekciju;<br />&bull; 6,60% testiranih mačaka bilo pozitivno na FeLV infekciju;<br />&bull; 7,55% testiranih mačaka imalo koinfekciju sa FeLV i FCoV;<br />&bull; 5,66% testiranih mačaka imalo koinfekciju sa FIV i FCoV.<br />Rezultati epidemioloških pokazatelja pokazali su da je dokazana:<br />&bull; statistički značajna asocijacija između zdravstvenog statusa i grupe FeLV+;<br />&bull; statistički značajna asocijacija između izlaženja napolje bez vlasnikove kontrole i grupa FCoV+ i FIV/FCoV+.<br />Određivanje učestalosti FCoV, FeLV i FIV uz faktore rizika za nastanak, razvoj i širenje zaraza je od velikog značaja za sprečavanje širenja ova tri virusa unutar populacije mačaka na gradskim područjima.</p> / <p>Although in the nineteen sixties feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) induced by feline coronavirus (FCoV) were described for the first time and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) was described in the nineteen eighties for the first time, too, all three diseases have been untreatable and lethal to the present day. Feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus are associated with development of neoplasm diseases in domestic and wild cats. Many questions associated with epidemiology and prevention have not still been clarified. Feline coronavirus (FCoV), feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) play an important role in investigations and everyday veterinary practice.<br />The main epidemiologic and preventive problems in all three diseases are infected cats. They have no clinical signs of disease or have undefined clinical symptoms but they spread infections by saliva, urine, feces, tears, blood and other body fluids among the cat population. Infections of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) develop slowly in cats. Viremic cat during a period longer than four years does not show clinical signs or has undefined symptoms and is constant source of infection and spreads infection in cat population. Viremic cats are great danger for cat populations especially in multiple cat households, if they go outside, in catteries, cat shelters, veterinary clinics or blood<br />transfusions. The main preventive problem with feline leukemia virus, feline infectious peritonitis and feline immunodeficiency virus is that there is no effective vaccine in the market. As to date epidemiologic research has shown that FCoV, FeLV and FIV have shown a great difference in virulence in various cat populations and as the virulence varies according to geographic location, maintenance and breeding research should be carried out for each particular country. The aims in this epidemiologic research were the following:<br />&bull; to determine the prevalence of infections and co-infections induced by feline coronaviruses (FCoV), feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in the areas of Zagreb and Varaždin;<br />&bull; to determine which epidemiologic factors are risky and their significance for the occurrence, development and spreading of FCoV, FeLV and FIV in population of domestic cats.<br />This epidemiologic research was carried out on 106 cats. Laboratory tests of viral parameters were carried out at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Vienna. The samples were investigated for the presence of FCoV antibodies by Immunofluorescence Antibody Assay (IFA), for FeLV-p27 antigen by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), for FeLV specific nucleic acids by real-time PCR (Applied Biosystems 7300 Real time PCR System) and for the presence of FIV antibodies by rapid immunomigration test (RIM). Lab tests results of viral parameters demonstrated that:<br />&bull; 45.28% tested cats were positive for FCoV infection;<br />&bull; 6.60% tested cats were positive for FeLV infection;<br />&bull; 7.55% tested cats were co-infected with FeLV and FCoV;<br />&bull; 5.66% tested cats were co-infected with FIV and FCoV.<br />The results of epidemiologic parameters demonstrated that:<br />&bull; statistically significant association was found in health status and group FeLV+;<br />&bull; statistically significant association was found in outdoor access without owner&#39;s control and groups FCoV+ and FIV/FCoV+.<br />Determining FCoV, FeLV and FIV prevalence with risk factors for the occurrence, development and spread of infections is of great importance to prevent the spread of these three viruses in cat population in urban areas.</p>

The human use of landscape causes fragmentation and loss of original habitats. Different species vary in their sensitivity to habitat loss. Especially carnivores can be more sensitive to decrease of their habitat because of lower abundance of their prey. On the other hand several opportunistic carnivores can profit in human modified habitats. This study was carried out in the České Budějovice basin, Czech Republic during the years 2008 and 2009 and the aim of this study was to determine carnivore{\crq}s habitat preferences in the fragmented landscape. During these two years were seven carnivore species monitored in forest patches by using scent stations. Records of this monitoring were compared with physiognomy of these patches and structure of surrounding landscape.

La lutte contre les rongeurs est souvent un enjeu majeur dans les agroécosystèmes. Nous avons conduit une étude comparative dans des plantations de palmiers à huile dans les provinces de Riau et de Bangka en Indonésie. Dans les deux zones, des chouettes ont été introduites pour la lutte contre les rats ; toutefois, à Riau les rats sont maintenus à des niveaux de population acceptables sans recours au raticide, tandis qu’à Bangka les dégâts des rats sont très importants et l’usage de raticide intensif. Nous avons comparé ce deux systèmes en terme d’abondance et/ou de régime alimentaire de deux prédateurs, chouettes et petits carnivores. D’après nos résultats, les petits carnivores sont beaucoup plus abondants dans les plantations à Riau qu’à Bangka, et le chat léopard (Prionailurus bengalensis) est absent à Bangka tandis que cette espèce domine à Riau. Nos résultats suggèrent également que la prédation sur les rats par les chouettes et les petits carnivores serait moindre à Bangka qu’à Riau. D’une manière générale, cette étude confirme l’hypothèse selon laquelle les petits carnivores, notamment les chats léopard, joueraient un rôle important dans la lutte contre les rats en palmeraies. Par ailleurs, nous avons analysé la distribution spatiale des petits carnivores en plantation. Nos résultats suggèrent que, bien que l’habitat palmeraie soit largement utilisé la nuit par certains petits carnivores comme le chat leopard, qui y trouve une abondante ressource alimentaire, la plupart des espèces sont dépendantes de la forêt. Les gestionnaires des palmeraies devraient adapter leurs pratiques, afin de favoriser les petits carnivores dans une perspective de lutte contre les rats. / Rodent pest control is often a major issue in agroecosystems. We conducted a 3-year comparative study (2010-2012) in oil palm plantations in Riau and Bangka provinces, in Indonesia: in both areas barn owls have been introduced for rat control, and were at least as abundant in Bangka plantations than in Riau, but in Riau rat populations have been maintained at an acceptable level without the use of rodenticide, whereas in Bangka intensive rodenticide applications did not prevent high levels of rat damage. We compared these two contrasting systems in terms of predator community (barn owls and small carnivores) abundance and/or diet. We found that small carnivores were much more abundant in Riau plantations than in Bangka, and that the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) was the dominant species in Riau while absent from Bangka. Our results on diet suggested that rat prey intake from barn owls and from the small carnivore community would be less in Bangka plantations than in Riau. Broadly, our results suggest that small carnivores, notably the leopard cat, play an important role in rodent control. In addition, we investigated spatial distribution of small carnivores within the oil palm habitat. Our results support the hypothesis that, although the oil palm may be habitable for some small carnivore species such as the leopard cat, where they supposedly forage at night, most species still need forest for their survival in oil palm landscapes. Oil palm plantations managers should adapt agricultural practices and land-use to enhance small carnivores, with the view to improve rodent control.