Representations of the Muslim female are value-laden synonymous with the act of veiling. Veiling has fuelled political, social and academic debates and this study contributes to the ongoing conversation alongside identity formation by examining the image of the Muslim female on-screen with due attention given to animation. The image of the Muslim female is drawn in all manner of directions from that of the belly-dancing beauty to the 'bundle in black', the latter often associated with terrorism, particularly post-9/11 and the consequent 'War on Terror'. There is another direction that proffers an idealised image of the good daughter and dutiful wife against that of the fallen woman. Such constructs I argue tend to rid the Muslim female of her agency. This thesis examines how and why various representations of the Muslim female have emerged and changed, whilst some aspects have remained stagnant over time, thus positioning on-screen representations within their historical context. This project goes beyond traditional academic methods of critical analysis in reading film. The hybridised role of the researcher-animator enables the study to offer a critique from that of the spectator, but with the added vantage point of the practitioner with a set focus on the making of meaning. The interdisciplinary approach incorporates film theory, specifically concerned with representations of race and gender. The work of Muslim women scholar-activists informs and inspires the practice in reclaiming the status of the Muslim woman. Their approach lies within three trajectories being gender-sensitive interpretations of the Qur'an, a recovery of Muslim women's history and a critique on representation. Their approaches fall in line with the aim of this project to reclaim the historical Muslim figure on screen, whereas animation provides an attractive yet versatile mode of production to carry out such a task. Key questions guiding this study are: why are current and existing portrayals of the historical Muslim female problematic? Why do these portrayals need to be addressed? Why does an alternative approach to the portrayal of the historical Muslim female need to be devised and put into practice? Finding the answers to these questions lie in the undertaking of the practice. The practice consists of the first two episodes of a five-part series titled 'Sultan Razia', and as the title suggests the animation is based upon a legendary historical Muslim female figure, who ruled the Sultanate of Delhi between 634-638 Hejira/1236-1240CE. This project is an example of how theory works in practice and vice-versa to determine an audio-visual practice that re-inserts the Muslim female into a history that breaks away from established cliches.

Nos livros de L. Frank Baum cuja ação se desenvolve na Terra de Oz, as personagens femininas aparecem nas mais diversas funções, de protagonista a vilã, de fada a bruxa, de princesa a general, entre outras, sejam elas humanas, feéricas ou animais, desdobrando-se em diversos papéis e, desse modo, reproduzindo alguns estereótipos e quebrando outros. Diante desse campo fértil, o presente trabalho investiga as formas de representação do feminino empregadas na série, cuja primeira e mais conhecida obra é O Maravilhoso Mágico de Oz. Para tanto, a principal teoria a ser utilizada será a semiótica de linha francesa, com o suporte dos estudos comparatistas e dos estudos de gênero. Averiguamos se os livros da série de Oz trazem inovação na forma de representar o feminino. Como na própria introdução do primeiro livro o autor declarava escrever um conto de fadas moderno, investigou-se ainda a aparente diversidade na forma de manifestar o feminino em relação a outros contos de fada, como os de Charles Perrault e os dos irmãos Grimm. / In L. Frank Baums Oz books, a wide range of roles are performed by female figures: leading character and villain, fairy and witch, princess and general, among others, be they human, fairy or animal, thus reproducing some stereotypes while subverting others. In the face of such a profitable field of study, this dissertation researches female representation throughout the series, whose most renowned book is The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. French semiotics is the main theory underlying our study, aided by gender studies and comparative literature studies. We also sought to ascertain whether the first four books in Baums Oz series innovate in terms of female representation. As the first Oz book introduction asserted it was the authors intention to write a modern fairytale, it was also explored in which ways Oz books represent female characters differently from other fairytales, such as those by Perrault and the Grimm brothers.

<p>The purpose of this dissertation is to map and analyze the spatial and temporal variation in women’s political representation at both the national and local level. In the dissertation it is argued that women’s political representation is the outcome of the interplay between structures, institutions and actors. The perspective is a comparative one, in which quantitative analyses and more qualitative case-studies complement each other. When analysing spatial variation a mainly quantitative approach is taken, while the case-study approach is applied to the temporal variation.</p><p>The first empirical chapter examines whether female representation in the lower houses of the world’s parliaments co-varies with other indicators of the political situation of women in order to ensure the validity of the analysis. In the second empirical chapter female representation in parliaments of the world during the post-war period is analyzed. In the third empirical chapter the focus narrows down to women’s political representation in Western Europe during the post-war period, where both the national and local level is analysed. The fourth empirical chapter consists of case studies of six countries. Sweden, Norway and the Netherlands feature high female representation; France, Greece and Ireland low female representation. In the fifth empirical chapter women’s political representation at the local level in Norway and Sweden is analysed during the post-war period. In the sixth empirical chapter the temporal variation in female representation in a number of Swedish municipalities is analysed, from the introduction of female suffrage in 1921 until 2002.</p><p>The result is that both structures, institutions and actors are necessary to explain the spatial and temporal variation in female representation. There is no direct link between structures and female representation. The structure does affect the actors and co-varies with the institutions, but successful actors as entrepreneurs might boost female representation. Actors are important. The increase in female representation cannot be seen as an automatic process taking care of itself. Conscious actors are necessary both to affect and to monitor the development. An unfavourable structural context might be compensated for by actors and institutions which favour female representation.</p>

Sverige framställs ofta som ett av världens mest jämställda länder där män och kvinnor har samma möjlighet till inflytande och makt. Kvinnor på ledande positioner i Sverige har ökat de senast årtionden men när det kommer till högre positioner brister kvinnor i representationen, framförallt inom det privata näringslivet. Lönsamhetsargumentet har ofta används som ett skäl för att öka andelen kvinnor i börsnoterade styrelser och företagsledning, medan studier om diversifierade styrelser visar på ett blandat resultat både vad gäller lönsamhet och effektivitet. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka representationen av kvinnor i företagens ledning på Large cap, Stockholmsbörsen men också se på hur denna representation kan förklaras samt hur mångfalden i styrelserna eventuellt kan utvecklas. Ett ytterligare syfte är att undersöka om det finns ett finansiellt argument om lönsamhet som kan motivera en ökning av andelen kvinnor i bolagsstyrelserna och om andelen kvinnor i nomineringskommittéerna leder till fler kvinnliga ledamöter i bolagsstyrelserna. Detta studeras genom en statistisk korrelationsanalys. Analysen förs på en teoretisk nivå utifrån ett genusperspektiv och ett ramverk om diversity management och mångfald. Totalt undersöktes 56 bolag under perioden 2006 till 2010, vilket innebär totalt 280 årsredovisningar. Resultatet visar att representationen av kvinnor i bolagsstyrelserna och ledningsgrupperna på Large cap är låga. Den kvinnliga styrelserepresentationen låg i genomsnitt mellan 2006 och 2010 på ca 21,5 procent och det var endast upp till fem företag som hade jämställd könsblandning bland styrelseledamöterna. Ledningsgrupperna visar på ännu lägre nivåer, med representation av ca 12,5 procent kvinnor och endast ett företag uppnådde jämställd könsblandning i ledningsgruppen år 2010. Studiens korrelationsanalyser visar på ett svagt linjärt samband mellan både andelen kvinnor i bolagsstyrelserna och lönsamhet i form av räntabilitet på sysselsatt kapital och mellan andel kvinnor i nomineringskommittéerna och andelen kvinnor i styrelserna. Slutsatser att dra av denna studie är att den kvinnliga representationen i bolagsstyrelser förändras successivt men förefaller att gå åt rätt håll med en ökning av kvinnor. Det största problemet är möjligen inte den kvinnliga representationen i bolagsstyrelserna utan män och kvinnors olika erfarenheter av organisationer vilket kan härledas till organisationernas könsstrukturer. Diversity management och mångfald kan utgöra argument för att öka representationen av kvinnor, detta genom att då ta tillvara på all kompetens i företagen och på så vis skapa konkurrensfördelar. Dock innebär detta ett arbete i organisationernas alla nivåer och kräver också aktieägarnas engagemang. / This study examines female representation in the board of directors and corporate management in companies listed at the OMX Stockholm Stock Exchange’s Large cap. The purpose of this thesis is to study female appearance in these companies and how it could be explained, as well as how diversity in the board of directors could develop. Another purpose is to explore if more women generate profitability and if more women in the committee of nomination in the companies leads to more women in the companies’ boards of directors. The approach of this thesis is quantitative, using a statistical data correlation analysis, but also applies a gender perspective of the organisation. The empirical results show a low presentation of women both in the board of directors and corporate management and the correlation in both analyses isn’t that strong. The conclusions are that the female appearance changes gradually but appears to have a positive development. The largest problem seems not to be the female appearance in the board of directors rather than the gender structures in the organisations. Diversity management could make an argument to take care of the competence in the organisations and get competitive advantages but that it’s demand collaboration in each level of the companies and the shareholders commitment.

In this mixed methods study, I explore the reasons for the low level of women in elected office in Europe. I analyze the impact of three structural factors (number of years since women's suffrage was enacted, type of electoral system, and presence of legal gender quotas) and three attitudinal factors (level of gender equality, percentage of female professionals, and level of religiosity) on the percentage of women in national legislatures in each of the European countries. Specifically, I pose the following research question: Which structural and/or attitudinal factors are more influential for women's political representation in European countries? In order to answer this question, I begin by performing ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analyses of the variables. My Europe-wide and Western Europe regression results indicate that there is a statistically significant positive relationship between the favorability of a country's electoral system to the election of women and the level of women's political representation in that country. Proportional representation electoral systems are particularly beneficial to female candidates. In addition, unlike previous scholars who focus on the dominant religion, I apply the concept of religiosity (the importance of religion to a country's citizens) to women's political representation. I find a statistically significant negative relationship between the level of religiosity in a country and the level of women's political representation in that country. Countries in which citizens are particularly religious tend to be conservative and less likely to encourage the election of women. However, none of the variables are statistically significant in the regression analysis of Eastern Europe, which indicates the need to take regional factors into consideration. In the second part of the study, I examine four case studies (Sweden, Ireland, Hungary, and Macedonia). The case studies permit in-depth analyses of the individual countries, and show the manner in which structural and attitudinal factors interact in a particular country context. In the case of Macedonia, structural factors have mitigated the effects of negative attitudinal factors. In most of the case studies, however, a combination of structural (electoral system and gender quotas) and attitudinal factors (gender equality and religiosity) affect the level of women's political representation in the country. Ultimately, the case studies demonstrate how the country-specific context impacts the election of women to parliament.

The purpose of this dissertation is to map and analyze the spatial and temporal variation in women’s political representation at both the national and local level. In the dissertation it is argued that women’s political representation is the outcome of the interplay between structures, institutions and actors. The perspective is a comparative one, in which quantitative analyses and more qualitative case-studies complement each other. When analysing spatial variation a mainly quantitative approach is taken, while the case-study approach is applied to the temporal variation. The first empirical chapter examines whether female representation in the lower houses of the world’s parliaments co-varies with other indicators of the political situation of women in order to ensure the validity of the analysis. In the second empirical chapter female representation in parliaments of the world during the post-war period is analyzed. In the third empirical chapter the focus narrows down to women’s political representation in Western Europe during the post-war period, where both the national and local level is analysed. The fourth empirical chapter consists of case studies of six countries. Sweden, Norway and the Netherlands feature high female representation; France, Greece and Ireland low female representation. In the fifth empirical chapter women’s political representation at the local level in Norway and Sweden is analysed during the post-war period. In the sixth empirical chapter the temporal variation in female representation in a number of Swedish municipalities is analysed, from the introduction of female suffrage in 1921 until 2002. The result is that both structures, institutions and actors are necessary to explain the spatial and temporal variation in female representation. There is no direct link between structures and female representation. The structure does affect the actors and co-varies with the institutions, but successful actors as entrepreneurs might boost female representation. Actors are important. The increase in female representation cannot be seen as an automatic process taking care of itself. Conscious actors are necessary both to affect and to monitor the development. An unfavourable structural context might be compensated for by actors and institutions which favour female representation.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo promover um maior debate e reflexão sobre a representação do feminino negro na fotografia no século XX e começo do século XXI, especificamente no Brasil, com o projeto fotográfico de Ricardo Teles (1966), na Colômbia com Hernán Díaz (1931-2009) e em Moçambique com Ricardo Rangel (1924-2009) tendo como base seus livros autorais, respectivamente: Terras de Preto: Mocambos, Quilombos: Histórias de Nove Comunidades Negras Rurais do Brasil, de 2004; Cartagena de Siempre, de 2002 e O Pão Nosso de Cada Noite. Our nightly bread, de 2004. Para tanto, comparamos a fotografia como linguagem técnica e artística com a iconografia previamente produzida nos referidos países. A análise da fotografia como um exercício objetivo mostra que a semiótica e a multidisciplinaridade podem ser instrumentos auxiliares na procura por responder a informações contidas na imagem. O fotógrafo encaminha a interpretação de uma narrativa visual, pois é responsável pela produção e a recepção da imagem, no entanto a imagem contém em si um conjunto complexo de interpretações e de construções de alteridades. Por isso, deve-se levar em consideração seu caráter tão subjetivo quanto artístico quando adotando uma metodologia de análise. / The present work aims to promote further debate and reflection on the representation of the black female in photography in the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty - first century, specifically in Brazil, with the photographic project of Ricardo Teles (1966), in Colombia with Hernán Díaz (1931-2009) and in Mozambique with Ricardo Rangel (1924-2009) based on their authorial books, respectively: Terras de Preto: Mocambos, Quilombos: Histórias de Nove Comunidades Negras Rurais do Brasil, 2004; Cartagena de Siempre, 2002 e O Pão Nosso de Cada Noite. Our nightly bread,2004. In order to do so, we compare photography as technical and artistic language with the iconography previously produced in those countries. The analysis of photography as an objective exercise shows that semiotics and multidisciplinarity can be auxiliary tools in the search for information contained in the image. The photographer directs the interpretation of a visual narrative, since it is responsible for the production and reception of the image, however the image contains a complex set of interpretations and constructions of alterities within itself. Therefore, its subjective as well as artistic character must be taken into account when adopting a methodology of analysis.

Nos livros de L. Frank Baum cuja ação se desenvolve na Terra de Oz, as personagens femininas aparecem nas mais diversas funções, de protagonista a vilã, de fada a bruxa, de princesa a general, entre outras, sejam elas humanas, feéricas ou animais, desdobrando-se em diversos papéis e, desse modo, reproduzindo alguns estereótipos e quebrando outros. Diante desse campo fértil, o presente trabalho investiga as formas de representação do feminino empregadas na série, cuja primeira e mais conhecida obra é O Maravilhoso Mágico de Oz. Para tanto, a principal teoria a ser utilizada será a semiótica de linha francesa, com o suporte dos estudos comparatistas e dos estudos de gênero. Averiguamos se os livros da série de Oz trazem inovação na forma de representar o feminino. Como na própria introdução do primeiro livro o autor declarava escrever um conto de fadas moderno, investigou-se ainda a aparente diversidade na forma de manifestar o feminino em relação a outros contos de fada, como os de Charles Perrault e os dos irmãos Grimm. / In L. Frank Baums Oz books, a wide range of roles are performed by female figures: leading character and villain, fairy and witch, princess and general, among others, be they human, fairy or animal, thus reproducing some stereotypes while subverting others. In the face of such a profitable field of study, this dissertation researches female representation throughout the series, whose most renowned book is The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. French semiotics is the main theory underlying our study, aided by gender studies and comparative literature studies. We also sought to ascertain whether the first four books in Baums Oz series innovate in terms of female representation. As the first Oz book introduction asserted it was the authors intention to write a modern fairytale, it was also explored in which ways Oz books represent female characters differently from other fairytales, such as those by Perrault and the Grimm brothers.

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-03-03T14:43:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 giseleambrosiogomes.pdf: 800875 bytes, checksum: 3f6ad213dc25259234888561bdc36f04 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-03-06T20:16:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 giseleambrosiogomes.pdf: 800875 bytes, checksum: 3f6ad213dc25259234888561bdc36f04 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-06T20:16:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 giseleambrosiogomes.pdf: 800875 bytes, checksum: 3f6ad213dc25259234888561bdc36f04 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-26 / Através dos periódicos da imprensa feminina que surgiram entre as décadas de 1820 e 1840 em Minas Gerais, Pernambuco e Rio de Janeiro - O Espelho Diamantino, O Mentor das Brasileiras, Espelho das Brasileiras, A Mulher do Simplício, A Filha Única da Mulher do Simplicio e A Mineira no Rio de Janeiro - a dissertação tem como objetivo geral analisar as diferentes representações do feminino no Brasil na primeira metade do século XIX. Num contexto marcado pelo fortalecimento da opinião pública e pela gestação de uma nova cultura política, a imprensa feminina favoreceu a difusão de uma educação política e moral, fortemente baseada no ideário e nos valores liberais, que acabou por legitimar a imagem feminina adequada para atuar na esfera privada e auxiliar na luta pela nação independente em construção. Tratava-se de oferecer às mulheres, portanto, os princípios necessários para exercerem os seus papéis de exemplares mães, esposas e patriotas. / Through of the journals of the women’s press that emerged in the decades between 1820 and 1840 in Minas Gerais, Pernambuco and Rio de Janeiro – O Espelho Diamantino, O Mentor das Brasileiras, Espelho das Brasileiras, A mulher do Simplicio, A Filha Unica da Mulher do Simplicio e A Mineira no Rio de Janeiro – the general thesis aims to analyze the different representations of women in Brazil in the first half of the nineteenth century. In a context marked by the strengthening of the public opinion and the gestation of a new political culture, the women’s press helped the spread of a political and moral education, strongly based on liberal ideals and values, which ultimately legitimize female image appropriate to act in privacy and help in the fight fon an independent nation in construction. It was offered to women, therefore, the necessary principles to act like mothers, wives and patriots.

Titel: Leder revision och en ökad andel kvinnliga styrelseledamöter till högre redovisningskvalitet? En kvantitativ studie om hur revision och styrelsens könsfördelning påverkar huruvida fel kvarstår i årsredovisningen Nivå: Examensarbete på Grundnivå (kandidatexamen) i ämnet företagsekonomi  Författare: Johannes Johansson och Linnéa Maijanen Handledare: Jan Svanberg  Datum: 2021 – januari  Syfte: Sedan den obligatoriska revisionens borttagande för mindre aktiebolag i Sverige har det pågått en ständig debatt om dess konsekvenser, vilket påståtts leda till fler fel i årsredovisningar. Omfattade forskning har bedrivits kring den frivilliga revisionens fördelar, men frågan huruvida revision leder till faktisk ökad redovisningskvalitet har lämnats utan svar. Samtidigt har ett ökat fokus lagts på jämställdhet och den rådande obalansen i företagsstyrelser runt om i världen. Tidigare forskning har visat på en stor mängd fördelar med ökad kvinnlig representation i företag och dess styrelser. Studien ämnar därför att undersöka om revision och styrelsens könsfördelning i mindre svenska aktiebolag påverkar redovisningskvaliteten. I studien används ett kvantitativt mått för redovisningskvalitet i form av kvarstående fel i årsredovisningen.  Metod: Studien utgår ifrån en positivistisk forskningsfilosofi med en hypotetiskt-deduktiv metod. Ett tvärsnittsperspektiv antas där data samlas in för år 2019 med ett urval om 1093 svenska aktiebolag som undgår gränsen för revisionsplikt. Den data som används är av sekundär art och informationen samlas in från databasen Retriever Business. Denna data har sedan genomgått analyser i statistikprogrammet SPSS. Resultat &amp; slutsats: Resultatet visade att revision inte leder till att färre fel i årsredovisningen kvarstår. En djupare analys av de olika feltyperna visade dock att revision leder till att färre väsentliga fel kvarstår. Resultatet visade att en ökad andel kvinnor i styrelsen inte leder till att färre fel i årsredovisningen kvarstår. Skillnaden i resultatet mot tidigare forskning kan bero på att tidigare fokus legat på större företag, samt styrelsens stundtals begränsade inverkan på årsredovisningens innehåll och därmed redovisningskvaliteten. Detta kan leda till att de fördelar som ökad kvinnlig representation kan ge inte får någon inverkan.  Examensarbetets bidrag: Ett kvantitativt mått för redovisningskvalitet har använts vilket kan ge ökad kunskap i diskussionen om hur redovisningskvalitet ska mätas. Studiens resultat ger ökad kunskap om konsekvenserna av den obligatoriska revisionens borttagande för mindre aktiebolag i Sverige. Resultatet visar även att det än idag råder tydlig obalans i könsfördelningen i styrelser och ger svar på frågan om hur ökad kvinnlig representation i styrelser påverkar redovisningskvaliteten.  Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Ett förslag till vidare forskning är att undersöka hur revision påverkar kvarstående fel i årsredovisningen med en vidare definition av fel då studien inte undersökte huruvida alla årsredovisningens delar fanns med och var korrekta enligt rådande regelverk. Ett ytterligare förslag till vidare forskning är att undersöka hur en bättre balans i könsfördelningen hos företagsstyrelser påverkar företagets prestationer i små och stora företag, detta då resultatet visade att tidigare forskningsresultat för stora företag inte kunde påvisas i mindre företag. Ytterligare förslag är att undersöka huruvida de kvinnliga fördelar som påvisats i tidigare forskning får en större påverkan på redovisningskvalitet i positionen som revisor eller redovisningskonsult.  Nyckelord: Redovisningskvalitet, Revision, Kvinnlig representation, Könsbalans, Styrelser / Title: Does an audit and a higher female representation in boardrooms lead to higher accounting quality? A quantitative study on how auditing and boardrooms gender balance affects whether error remains in the annual report. Level: Student thesis, final assignment for bachelor’s degree in business administration  Author: Johannes Johansson and Linnéa Maijanen Supervisor: Jan Svanberg  Date: 2021 – January Aim: Since the removal of mandatory audit for small limited companies in Sweden the debate has been ongoing around the consequences following the removal. Removal is claimed to lead to more errors in the annual reports. Extensive research has been conducted on the benefits of voluntary audit, but the question whether it leads to actual higher quality or only experienced higher quality has still not been answered. At the same time more focus has come for gender equality and the current imbalanced gender ratio within boardrooms around the world. Earlier research has shown many benefits with higher female representation in company boardrooms. Therefore, this study purposes to examine how audit and gender balance in smaller Swedish limited companies affects accounting quality. In this study a quantitative measure is used for accounting quality in the shape of error in annual reports. Method: This study emanates from a positivism research philosophy point of view with a hypothetico-deductive method. A cross-sectional perspective is used where data is collected from annual reports for 2019 with a sample size of 1093 Swedish limited companies that goes under the limit for mandatory audit. The data is collected from a secondary source, the database Retriever Business.  Result &amp; Conclusions: Audit doesn’t lead to fewer errors remaining in the annual report. A deeper analysis of the different error-types does however show that fewer essential errors remains after an audit. A higher female ratio in the boardroom doesn’t lead to fewer error remains. This discrepancy could depend on previous research primarily focused on bigger companies and the boardrooms might have limited impact on the actual content in the annual report. Due to these circumstances the benefits of higher female representation may not apply here. Contribution of the thesis: The quantification of accounting quality contributes with more knowledge and discussion on whether accounting quality actually can be measured or not. This study shed more light on the consequences on the removal of mandatory audits for smaller limited companies in Sweden. The study shows that there still is a clear imbalance in the gender distribution in boardrooms and also answers whether higher female representation in boardrooms affects the accounting quality. Suggestions for future research: To examine whether audit affects remaining errors in annual reports with a broader definition of error, this study didn’t examine whether every part of the annual report was constructed according to current regulations. Another proposal is to examine how a better gender balance in boardrooms affects the performance of both smaller and bigger companies, due to this study of smaller companies has a discrepancy compared to previous research on bigger companies. One last proposal is to examine whether the benefits of female representations demonstrated in previous research have a greater impact on accounting quality when the accounting consultant or auditor is female. Key words: Accounting Quality, Audit, Female representation, Gender balance, boardrooms