The purpose of this study is to map out and to analyze the spatial variation of female representation at the national level in established democracies. The aim is also to explain the variation in the female representation. The main questions that the paper tries to answer are: 1.How does women representation in established democratic parliaments vary? 2.Why does women representation in established democratic parliaments vary? This study is a comparative and statistic study, i.e. a study that includes a bigger number of countries and where quantitative analysis methods are used in order to achieve comparative analyses. This study is both a descriptive and an explanatory study. The statistical method that is used in this study is mainly bivariat analysis and multivariat regression. The results show that the variation in female representation in the established democracies is quite considerable. Sweden, Norway, Finland, Denmark and Netherlands feature high female representation at the national level during the period 1995-2005. The result also implies that the proportion of women in parliament increases during the current period. The result also shows that political institutions, socio-economic -and cultural factors, are important and necessary in order to explain the variation in female representation. The overall standards that can be discerned of the statistical analyses is that the proportion of women in parliament is higher in countries with a proportional electoral system, high number of parliament members, high socio-economic development (high HDI, GDI and GNP per capita) contemporary as the country introduced female suffrage in an early stage and have a more positive attitude toward female leadership.

This thesis seeks to examine if there is a connection between female representation among U.S. legislators at state level and support of legislation protecting LGBT+ people from discrimination in terms of adoption and foster care. Using the theories of substantive and descriptive representation, three hypotheses regarding female representation and partisanship were tested. In the analysis, it became clear that there is a positive significant correlation between female legislators and voting in favour of anti-discrimination legislation in terms of LGBT+ rights. In addition to this, the study found that partisanship also has a significant effect of the voting outcome, in fact one that is even greater than the effect of gender.

No description available.

El presente trabajo tiene como propósito analizar las diferencias generacionales en las percepciones sobre la transformación del personaje femenino en la franquicia cinematográfica de Barbie, creada por Mattel. Para ello se retoman las discusiones sobre la mirada masculina en el cine, así como las representaciones dentro de un enfoque interseccional y el post-feminismo adaptado a la pantalla grande. Como estrategia metodológica, se propone un estudio cualitativo basado en entrevistas a un grupo de mujeres adultas jóvenes que crecieron con el personaje entre la década de los 2000 y 2010, con el fin de identificar su percepción acerca de la evolución de Barbie a lo largo de los años desde una perspectiva de género. / This research aims to analyze generational differences in perceptions about the transformation of the female character in the Barbie film franchise, created by Mattel. For this, the discussions about the male gaze in cinema are taken up, as well as representations within an intersectional approach and post-feminism adapted to the big screen. As a methodological strategy, a qualitative study is proposed based on interviews with a group of young adult women who grew up watching Barbie between the decade of 2000 and 2010, in order to identify their perception about the evolution of the character throughout the years from a gender approach. / Trabajo de investigación

La finalidad del presente trabajo de investigación reside en recoger y profundizar en las percepciones que poseen las mujeres peruanas acerca de la representación de los personajes femeninos en la animación del Studio Ghibli, en especial dentro de las filmografías de Hayao Miyazaki. Para ello, se retoman discusiones sobre la representación de la mujer en el medio audiovisual y, en particular, en el ámbito de la animación. Como estrategia metodológica se utilizará un estudio de carácter cualitativo basado en entrevistas. A partir de ello, se espera demostrar que el público percibe a las mujeres de la casa oriental como figuras independientes y libres, quienes rompen con los estereotipos de género y, a su vez, presentan una naturaleza multidimensional, a partir de una construcción profunda en los aspectos físicos, psicológicos y sociales. / The purpose of this research work is to collect and deepen the perceptions that the Peruvian women have about the representation of female characters in the animation of the Ghibli Studio, especially within the filmographies of Hayao Miyazaki. For this, discussions are taken up on the representation of women in the audiovisual medium and, in particular, in the field of animation. As a methodological strategy, a qualitative study based on interviews will be used. Based on this, it is expected to show that the public perceives the women of the oriental house as independent and free figures, who break with gender stereotypes and, in turn, present a multidimensional nature, from deep construction in the physical, psychological, and social aspects. / Trabajo de investigación

Historically, female representation in engineering and manufacturing trades has been underrepresented compared to their male counterparts. Given this trend, the scope of this paper is to analyze the motivational factors among females who are currently working in Engineering and Manufacturing related trades in the surrounding lower East Appalachian area. Literature research will support an analysis of the following focus: Females in Engineering and Manufacturing Trades. The study focuses on analyzing questionaries from thirty-two females based on the Social Cognitive Career Theory and its three components: “outcome expectations, career interest, and career self-efficacy”. The major findings of this study indicate that creating awareness early and building self-efficacy are important factors in leading females to a STEM career; discrimination was not a major factor in females choosing a STEM career in this region; and parent/teacher/community involvement is essential for recruiting females in STEM careers.

No description available.

Uppsatsen har gjort i syfte att undersöka porträtteringen av kvinnliga antagonister samt protagonister i två Disneyfilmer för att se om porträtteringen skiljer sig filmerna emellan. De filmer som varit aktuella för undersökningen har varit Snövit och de sju dvärgarna (1937) samt Trassel (2010). Materialet har analyserats utifrån representationsteori med nedstamp i stereotyper, genus samt mise-en-scéne inom animation. De valda metoder för analysen är en narrativ samt semiotisk analys där karaktärernas handlingar samt utseende tolkats för att sedan jämföras. Antagonisterna och protagonisterna från båda filmerna porträtteras likadant och har liknande narrativa funktioner, där antagonisten är kontrasterande och binär gentemot protagonisten som ses som filmens normala. / The purpose of this essay has been to analyze the female antagonists and protagonists in two films from Disney to see if the portrayal of these characters differentiate. The films fitting for the analysis are Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) and Tangled (2010). The material has been analyzed through a perspective of representation theory as well as stereotypes, gender and mise-en-scéne in animation. The methods chosen for this essay are a narrative analysis and a semiotic analysis where the characters’ actions and appearance  are being interpreted and compared. The antagonists and protagonists from both films are portrayed in a similar way and have narrative functions that are similar, where the antagonists are contrasting and binary opposite the protagonists who are viewed as the normal.

In this study I have compared the two movies Blade Runner: The Final Cut (2006) and Blade Runner 2049 (2017) in regards to their visual identity and female representation. The first of these films is the latest version of Blade Runner, a movie which have undergone an unusual amount of editing and therefore exists in multiple iterations. The latter of the two is a direct sequel, released 35 years after the original version of Blade Runner. I have done a thorough account of the respective plot, visual characteristics and of how the women are portrayed whitin each film. Due to a comparison of these I have been able to outline some interesting themes in regards to how both films incoporate themes of commersialisation of the female form, although in varying degrees. This is sometime undermined by the films problematic portrayal of some of these characters. I have also been able to observe a shift in regards to how the films portray a futuristic Los Angeles. Rather than mixing noir-inspired, believable locales with elements typical of science fiction, Blade Runner 2049 portrays the future as more coherent and stylistic. Some scenes in Blade Runner 2049 consists of only a few tones of a single colour, such as blue, grey and orange, a stylistic choice Blade Runner: The Final Cut does not use.

As gender equality policies have gained more space in recent decades, the importance of gender-balanced corporate boards has also been widely debated. Large listed companies in Sweden have seen improvement in gender diversity in their boards in recent years, but the need for continued work towards gender equality remains a fact. There are various reasons to male-dominated boards, including norms, biases, and education, among others. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the statistical relationships between eight explanatory variables, and the dependent variable of the proportion of women on corporate boards. The approach for the analysis is through a panel data study, utilizing data from ten Swedish companies from the years 2015 to 2022, with support from principles of economics. The panel data using a random effect model, showed results where five out of eight explanatory variables were statistically significant. The variables market value, revenue, salary, and industry indicators L and M demonstrated a significant influence on the proportion of women on corporate boards. On the other hand, the variables ESG score and industry indicators C and G were found to be nonsignificant and therefore not suitable for inclusion in our model. However, the significant variables had small estimators, indicating a relatively small impact on the dependent variable. This may be explained by the number of observations in our analysis, which could have been increased and with a longer time span. / I takt med att jämställdhetspolitiken har fått mer utrymme de senaste decennierna har ävenvikten av jämställda bolagsstyrelser blivit omdiskuterad. Stora börsnoterade företag i Sverigehar under de senaste åren fått en bättre statistik kring könsfördelning i styrelser, men attfortsatt arbete krävs för jämställdhet är ett faktum. Det finns en rad olika anledningar tillmansdominerade styrelser. Normer, fördomar och utbildning bland annat. Syftet med dennauppsats är att titta på statistiska samband mellan åtta förklaringsvariabler ochberoendevariabeln andel kvinnor i bolagsstyrelser. Tillvägagångssättet för analysen ärpaneldata som tas från tio stycken svenska företags data mellan åren 2015-2022, med stöd avnationalekonomisk teori. Paneldatan där random effect model använts visade på ett resultat där fem av åttaförklaringsvariabler var signifikanta. Variablerna marknadsvärde, intäkter, lön,branschindikatorerna L och M visade en betydande påverkan på andel kvinnor ibolagsstyrelser. Däremot visade sig variablerna ESG-betyg, branschindikatorna C och G varaicke-signifikanta, och därmed inte vara passade i vår modell. Dock hade de signifikantavariablerna små estimatorer, det vill säga en relativt liten påverkan på beroendevariabeln.Detta kan vara på grund av antalet observationer som gjorts, som alltså skulle kunnat vara fleroch under en längre tidsperiod.