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No. of bitstreams: 1 NAT?LIA_PREDELLA_CIGNACHI_TES.pdf: 11102267 bytes, checksum: 121fbf4d2b9ae1c4a36e21d23ab3140d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-25 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / This thesis encompasses two parts: firstly, we compared the bone healing in female and male mice, after induction of type 1 diabetes (T1D); secondly, the bone regeneration was evaluated in a menopause model induced by bilateral ovariectomy (OVX), with or without T1D induction. For the part I, the animals (female and male) were initially assigned into two groups, namely control or T1D (elicited by streptozotocin; STZ). In the part II, the females were divided into four experimental groups: sham-operated or OVX, with or without STZ T1D induction. After T1D induction, a monocortical femoral defect was created. In either parts of the present study, we evaluated the effects of supplementation with vitamin D3 and/or insulin. In the second part, the effects of estrogen replacement were also analyzed. Following 21 days of bone defect creation, the animals were euthanized; the femurs and blood were collected for posterior analysis. Both T1D females and males presented a reduction in body weight gain, associated with hyperglycemia. There were no changes in the serum levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin-1? (IL-1?), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon-? (IFN-?)] in all the evaluated groups. T1D mice of both sexes presented a delayed bone regeneration, according to the histological and micro-CT assessment. The supplementation with vitamin D3 restored the bone healing in female and male T1D mice, reaching values close to controls. The insulin therapy improved the bone remodeling in T1D mice of both sexes, but the effects of this hormone were superior in males. The evaluation of osteoclast activity did not reveal significant differences among the experimental groups. Real time PCR revealed slight differences in the mRNA expression of two transcription factors related to osteoblast differentiation, namely runx2 and osterix, as measured in the area into the bone defect. A higher upregulation of both factors was seen in T1D males treated with vitamin D3. Conversely, vitamin D3-treated T1D females displayed an upregulation of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), further indication sex-related differences for the treatments. Besides the experimental protocols described for the 12 part I of this thesis, in the part II, we also evaluated some behavioral locomotor parameters and serum levels of calcium and alkaline phosphatase. OVX animals presented increased body weight gain, accompanied by uterus atrophy. Otherwise, T1D induction elicited a reduction of body weight gain, which was more pronounced in OVX-T1D animals. Serum levels of alkaline phosphatase were divergent in the non-diabetic and T1D OVX animals. Calcium or cytokine levels were similar in all the experimental groups. The sham-operated T1D, the non-diabetic OVX and the OVX-T1D groups presented a delayed bone regeneration, as indicated by histological and micro-CT analysis. Estrogen replacement improved the bone healing in all OVX groups. There was a trend toward an upregulation of IGF-1 mRNA in non-diabetic OVX animals, which was not mirrored in OVX-T1D mice. Locomotor parameters remained unaltered, except by a general reduction of rearing numbers in T1D animals. / A presente tese est? dividida em duas partes: na parte I, comparou-se a regenera??o ?ssea em camundongos f?meas e machos, com diabetes do tipo 1 (T1D). Na parte II, foi avaliada a regenera??o ?ssea no modelo de menopausa experimental induzido por ovariectomia (OVX), com ou sem T1D. Na parte I, os animais (machos e f?meas) foram divididos em dois grandes grupos: controle e T1D (induzido por estreptozotocina; STZ). Na parte II, os animais foram divididos em quatro grandes grupos: f?meas falso-operadas e OVX, com ou sem T1D. Ap?s a indu??o do T1D, foi criado um defeito ?sseo monocortical no f?mur. Nas duas partes do trabalho, foram avaliados os efeitos da suplementa??o com vitamina D3 e/ou insulina. Na segunda parte, tamb?m se avaliou o efeito da reposi??o hormonal com estradiol. Decorridos 21 dias do procedimento da cria??o do defeito, os animais foram eutanasiados; o f?mur e o sangue foram coletados para an?lises posteriores. Tanto as f?meas, quanto os machos T1D, apresentaram uma redu??o do ganho de peso corporal, associado ? hiperglicemia. N?o houve altera??es nos n?veis s?ricos das citocinas pr?-inflamat?rias interleucina-1? (IL-1?), fator de necrose tumoral (TNF) ou interferon-? (IFN?). Os animais T1D, de ambos os sexos, apresentaram um comprometimento na regenera??o ?ssea, como demonstrado pelas an?lises histol?gicas e de micro-CT. A suplementa??o com vitamina D3 reestabeleceu a regenera??o ?ssea em f?meas e machos T1D, apresentando valores pr?ximos aos encontrados nos animais do grupo controle. A terapia com insulina melhorou a remodela??o ?ssea nas f?meas e machos T1D; por?m, os efeitos foram mais pronunciados nos machos. A avalia??o da atividade osteocl?stica n?o revelou diferen?as significativas entre os grupos experimentais, ap?s a indu??o de T1D, em machos ou f?meas. Os resultados do PCR em tempo real para runx2 e osterix (dois fatores de transcri??o relacionados aos osteoblastos), no tecido ?sseo, n?o demonstraram nenhuma diferen?a significativa, exceto por um aumento nos n?veis de RNAm dos dois fatores nos camundongos machos T1D, que receberam suplementa??o com vitamina 10 D3. Por outro lado, f?meas T1D que receberam vitamina D3 apresentaram um aumento na express?o dos n?veis de RNAm para o fator de crescimento semelhante ? insulina do tipo 1 (IGF-1), quando comparado com os machos que tiveram o mesmo tratamento, sugerindo assim, diferen?as relacionadas ao sexo. Al?m das an?lises j? mencionadas anteriormente, na parte II da tese, par?metros comportamentais e n?veis s?ricos de c?lcio e fosfatase alcalina tamb?m foram analisados. Os resultados da segunda parte do trabalho demonstraram que os animais submetidos a OVX tiveram um aumento do peso corporal, com atrofia uterina. Em contrapartida, quando foi induzido T1D, houve uma diminui??o do peso corporal mais acentuada no grupo OVX que no grupo falso-operado. Os animais falso-operados e OVX T1D apresentaram hiperglicemia, confirmando o desenvolvimento do diabetes. Os n?veis s?ricos de fosfatase alcalina foram divergentes entre os grupos n?o-diab?ticos OVX e OVX T1D. N?o houve varia??es dos n?veis de c?lcio. Os animais falso-operados T1D, n?o diab?ticos OVX e OVX T1D apresentaram preju?zos similares na regenera??o ?ssea, como observado pelas an?lises histol?gicas e imagens de micro-CT. A reposi??o com estradiol melhorou a cicatriza??o ?ssea nos animais n?o-diab?ticos OVX e OVX T1D. Houve uma tend?ncia ao aumento nos n?veis de RNAm de IGF-1 no grupo OVX, o que n?o foi observado quando da associa??o de T1D e menopausa. N?o foram observadas diferen?as na atividade locomotora dos animais com T1D e/ou OVX, a n?o ser por uma diminui??o no n?mero de rearings no grupo falso-operado T1D, independente do tratamento com vitamina D3, insulina e estradiol, de forma isolada ou em associa??o.

This research explores reasons why congregations in Paarl community are not involved, as faith based organizations (FBO's), with the support of female adolescent victims of sexual abuse. The researcher conducts a literature review concerning the developmental phase of adolescence and issues regarding sexuality that emerge from this phase. The researcher discusses the nature and effects of sexual abuse and statistics regarding this abuse. Different church leaderships' statements regarding the prevalence of sexual abuse are also viewed. Based on the literature study, empirical research is conducted to explore why congregations in Paarl are not involved as FBO's with the support of adolescent female victims of sexual abuse. The researcher uses basic individual interviews with several leaders of congregations in Paarl to gather the data needed. Lastly, the data is analyzed and discussed. Based on this discussion, the researcher offers some guidelines for congregations to become more involved as FBO's with adolescent female victims of sexual abuse. / Social Work / M.Diac.(Direction: Youth Work)

This study explores the notion of female cultural difference in the context of dominant patriarchal and other oppressive patriarchal structures. Essentially, its focus is on deconstructing stereotypical images of women, who are often perceived as homogenous. Throughout the study I argue that as much as their sensibilities are varied, African and African American women respond differently to the oppressive conditions they find themselves in. The following selected texts provided the opportunities for exploring and evaluating the genealogy of female cultural difference that is central to my research: Anthills of the Savannah (Chinua Achebe); Scarlet Song (Mariama Ba); The Joys of Motherhood and Kehinde (BuchiEmecheta); Their Eyes Were Watching God (Nora Zeale Hurston); Bitches Brew and Seven Steps to Heaven (Fred Khumalo). In the process of analyzing these texts, I demonstrated that the notion of cultural difference is often narrowly and erroneously construed. I discovered that the protagonists in these texts are not only conscious of their oppressed condition but often adopt strategic agency to contest male privileges that silence them. In pursuit of this critical perspective, I have proceeded to apply relevant theoretical frameworks constructed by Cornel West, Hudson-Weems, Bakhtin and a conflation of others whose philosophical tenets support the major theoretical frameworks. The aforementioned literary critics have enabled me to come up with a more comprehensive and richer analysis of the set texts. In my analysis I have advanced the argument that female visibility manifests itself variously and temporally through individual and sometimes sisterly attempts at empowerment, self- definition and esoteric discursive features. I noted that all this is evidence of the nascent creative potential in African women who refuse to be silenced. In my analysis of the Seven texts I have incorporated, modified and developed some of the insights from critical thinkers who engage in the ongoing debate about female cultural difference. This approach has enabled me to come up with new insights that ferret out veneers of African women’s rich cultural diversity, in light of the ever changing nature of women’s operational spaces. It is this transcendental vision that basically informs and resonates with my study. / English Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (English)

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:13:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucelia Tessaro.pdf: 2574631 bytes, checksum: ca57438c0aba9b691b6d844030fa8eb8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / It was studied the effect of the different digestible energy levels (DE) on reproductive and animal performance and gonads and livers histological aspects of silver catfish broodstocks (Rhamdia quelen). The treatments were digestible energy levels of 2.850, 3.100, 3.350, 3.600 e 3.850 kcal.kg feed, in diets containing 30% digestible protein (DP. The animals were stocked in tanks of 16m2 under conditions of light and temperature natural. The temperature water of the tanks was monitored daily. pH and oxygen dissolved were measured biweekly. The fish were feed during 210 days and were evaluated, initial and final, length, weight, weight gain and condition factor, separately to males and females. For the reproductive parameters, from October 2009 to February 2010 the males were induce, monthly, by carp pituitary extract (2,5mg.kg male) for collect milt samples. In the reproductive session, the females were induced by carp pituitary extract (5,5mg.kg female) for evaluation to number of spawn females (%) and absolute and relative fecundity. In the same period, six males and six females in each treatment were killed to obtained, visceral, gonad and hepatossomatic index, and to histological characterization of maturation stages and hepatic aspects. The water quality remained in the levels recommended for the species. Animal performances to males and females were not affected by feed. In relation to the hepatic aspects, were observed cytoplasmic vacuolation and steatosis in females. For the males this hepatic alteration were not observed. For the reproductive parameters, males and females were not influenced. The Monthly variations on seminal parameters were observed and indicated a reproductive pike in the spring. The feds containing 30% of digestible protein and energy levels from 2,850 to 3,850 kcal.kg were not affect reproductive parameters to males or females, however, females feed on 3,100 to 3,600kcal.kg showed cytoplasmic vacuolation in hepatocytes. / O estudo avaliou diferentes níveis de energia digestível (ED) sobre o desempenho zootécnico, reprodutivo e aspectos histológicos do tecido hepático e gonadal de machos e fêmeas de jundiá (Rhamdia quelen). As rações testadas foram isoproteicas contendo 30% proteína digestível (PD) e 2.850, 3.100, 3.350, 3.600 e 3.850 kcal de energia digestível (ED) (kcal.kg ração-1) Os peixes foram alojados em tanques escavados sob condições de fotoperíodo e temperatura natural. A água dos tanques foi monitorada diariamente quanto a temperatura e quinzenalmente quanto pH e oxigênio dissolvido. Os animais foram acompanhados durante 210 dias e foram avaliados, separadamente por sexo, ao início e ao término do experimento, quanto ao comprimento padrão, peso médio, ganho de peso e fator de condição, este último apenas para os machos. Para os parâmetros reprodutivos, entre os meses de outubro a fevereiro, os machos mensalmente foram submetidos às análises seminais e espermáticas. Para tanto, os machos foram submetidos ao protocolo de indução hormonal empregando extrato pituitário de carpa em dose única de 2,5 mg.kg-1. Dentro do período reprodutivo, as fêmeas foram induzidas hormonalmente com protocolo semelhante, contudo utilizando 5,5 mg.kg-1. Após a indução foram avaliados o percentual de fêmeas desovantes e as fecundidades absoluta e relativa. No mesmo período em que as fêmeas foram submetidas a reprodução artificial, foram selecionados aleatoriamente e abatidos seis machos e seis fêmeas de cada tratamento. Os reprodutores foram dissecados para mensuração dos índices víscerossomático, hepatossomático e gonadossomático, bem como para caracterização histológica do estágio de maturação gonadal e do tecido hepático. A qualidade da água permaneceu dentro dos níveis recomendados para a espécie. Não foi verificado efeito (p>0,05) das rações para os parâmetros zootécnicos seja para machos ou fêmeas. Quanto aos aspectos hepáticos, foi verificada a ocorrência de vacúolos citoplasmáticos e esteatose nas fêmeas. O mesmo não foi observado nos machos. Para os aspectos reprodutivos, machos e fêmeas não foram influenciados pelos níveis energéticos testados (p>0,05). Os machos apresentaram, ao longo dos meses, características seminais e espermáticas que sugerem a ocorrência de um pico reprodutivo no final da primavera. Rações contendo 30% de proteína digestível e níveis de energia entre 2.850 e 3.850 kcal.kg de ração-1 não afetam os parâmetros reprodutivos de machos e fêmeas de jundiá, contudo, em fêmeas, rações contendo entre 3.100 e 3.600 kcal causam vacuolização nos hepatócitos, possivelmente pela deposição lipídica.

The purpose of this essay is to find out to what female migration from Sweden to Britain looked like in 1894, 1914, 1925, and 1940, and to what extent any changes seen were affected by the economy and political changes to women’s rights. In order to do this I have analysed statistics found in archive material, in addition to literature relating to migration into Britain, the economy, and women’s rights, in order to see if there is a correlation between changes in the statistics presented and changes in society. In doing this, I found that although there are immense changes to the rights of women between 1894 and 1940 in both Sweden and Britain, such as the right to vote, the right to equal work, and the right to equal pensions, migration patterns lean much further towards the economical changes than the political changes. The biggest of these economic factors in Britain was quite clearly the industrial revolution, which affected multiple sectors of work for every type of person. Meanwhile Sweden had a situation where there was an excess of women in the country, and 90% of those that worked were agricultural workers, leading to a large outlier of ‘pigor’ or female farmhands who emigrated in 1894. / Syftet med denna uppsatsen är att undersöka hur kvinnlig migration från Sverige till Storbritannien såg ut under år 1894, 1914, 1925 och 1940. Jag har även undersökt till vilken grad eventuella ändringar, av migrationen, påverkades av ekonomin och även de politiska förändringarna gällande kvinnliga rättigheter. För att uppnå syftet har jag analyserat statistik samlad från arkivmaterial. Detta tillsammans med litteratur kring migration till Storbritannien, ekonomin och kvinnliga rättigheter, för att kunna se ifall det finns en korrelation mellan skillnaderna i den presenterade statistiken och hur samhället ändrades. Genom att göra detta fann jag att fastän det finns stora skillnader i kvinnornas rättigheter mellan 1894 och 1940 i både Sverige och Storbritannien, som till exempel rösträtten, rätt till arbete och rätt till samma pension som män, så lutade ändringen i migrationen mycket mer åt i hur ekonomin ändrade sig än själva politiken. Den största ekonomiska faktorn i Storbritannien var den industriella revolutionen, vilket påverkade många olika arbetssektorer för alla i samhället. Under tiden detta pågick i Storbritannien fann Sverige sig i en situation där det fanns ett överflöd av kvinnor i landet, varav 90% arbetade inom jordbruket. En följd av situationen var den konstaterade utflyttningen av många pigor till Storbritannien år 1894.

A self-perpetuating cycle of poor health literacy and poor oral health knowledge and behavior affects approximately 90 million people in the United States, most especially those from low-income groups and other at-risk populations such as those with addiction. Poor oral health can result from lack of access to regular preventive dental appointments, lack of access to restorative care when dental diseases are treatable, and low oral health knowledge that leads to poor oral health self-care behaviors. In addition, patients' dental anxiety can impede care, because highly anxious people often avoid dental appointments. To address these issues, this inquiry examined oral health knowledge, attitudes toward oral health, and levels of dental anxiety among women in two residential chemical dependency treatment programs. Participants engaged in oral health intervention sessions to determine possible efficacy of the educational intervention. Results indicate positive outcomes in increases in oral health knowledge and behavior. The frequency of high-to-severe dental anxiety is much higher in this sample than in the general population. Implications are discussed, including use of economically efficient small-group oral health education training.

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