Sedan år 2007 har regeringen avsatt 500 miljoner kronor årligen, i ett projekt som kallas för ”Idrottslyftet”, för att under fem år satsa på barn- och ungdomsidrotten. Trots detta verkar det som att fler unga flickor väljer att sluta idrotta inom organiserad lagidrott.  Syftet med studien var att undersöka varför flickor i åldern 13 till 16 år slutar att idrotta inom organiserad lagidrott. Fokusgrupper valdes som metod, och 13 fokusgruppsintervjuer (n=118) genomfördes i tre kommuner i nordöstra Skåne. Två intervjuer valdes ut för en djupare analys och transkribering, resterande elva analyserade enbart det material som svarade på syftet. Intervjuerna analyserades med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet visade att det var flera olika faktorer som påverkade flickornas val till att sluta idrotta inom organiserad lagidrott. Faktorerna var: familj och vänner och föreningsidrotten. Skolidrotten pekades också ut som en negativ faktor. Diskussionen kopplar resultatet till två hälsoperspektiv; patogenes och salutogenes. Resultatet relaterat till patogenes diskuterar faktorerna kring varför unga flickor väljer att sluta idrotta inom organiserad lagidrott, samt flickornas syn på hur skolorna bedriver sin idrottsundervisning. Vidare diskuteras resultatets salutogena anknytning kring hur idrottsföreningar och skolidrotten kan arbeta för att minska på avhoppen inom idrottsföreningarna och få fler flickor att bli aktiva på fritiden och fortsätta att vara aktiva i framtiden. Konklusionerna var att idrottsföreningar som bedriver barn- och ungdomsidrott borde bedriva en förening grundad på Idrotten vill (som handlar om idrottens idé. Idrottsföreningar och Riksidrottsförbundet har tillsammans skapat riktlinjer för idrottens utformning i svenska förbund och föreningar) och föreningsfostran, men samtidigt beröra tävlingsfostran. En idrottsförening som kan balansera dessa tre faktorer kommer att ha goda förutsättningar att nå framgång på olika sätt. Skolor borde se över innehållet i idrottsundervisningen, göra den mer variationsrik och stimulerande för eleverna. Även samhället och föräldrar borde tillsammans arbeta för att barn och ungdomar ska få en positivare attityd gentemot idrott. / Since 2007 the Swedish government has allocated 500 millions SEK per annum, for a project named “Idrottslyftet”, the aim is to enhance the child and youth sport within five years. Despite this, it seems that more young girls choose to stop participating in organized sport clubs. The aim with this study was to find out why girls stop participating in organized sport clubs. The method that was used was focus groups, and 13 focus groups interviews (n=118) was performed in northeast Skåne. Qualitative content analysis was used as the analysis method. The result showed that there were several factors that influenced the girls to stop participating in organized sport clubs. The factors were friends and family and sport clubs. The physical education was also pointed out as a negative factor. The discussion was divided into two health perspectives; pathogenesis and salutogenesis. In pathogenesis the focus was to find out why young girls choose to dropout of organized sport clubs, and the interviewees perspective on the physical education curriculum. In salutogenesis, the discussion focus on, how sport clubs and physical education in schools can prevent dropouts and pursue more physical activity by young females in their spare time and in their future. The conclusions were that sport clubs that perform child and youth sports should perform their activities conforming with the Swedish Idrotten vill ideology and club education, but also a touch of competition education. A sport club that can balance these three factors will probably reach success in different ways. Schools should oversee the curriculum in physical education and make it more variable and stimulating for the students. But also the society and the families should cooperate to pursue a better and more positive attitude towards physical activity among young people.

<p>Bakgrund: Vi lever idag i ett informationssamhälle där vi ständigt matas med ny kunskap och olika valmöjligheter. Ett område som har fått ökad plats på massmedias agenda på senare tid är hälsa och livsstil och dagligen exponeras vi människor av budskap över hur vi kan förbättra vår hälsa och ändra våra levnadsvanor.</p><p>Syfte: Syftet med vår studie var att undersöka om en utvald grupp kvinnor mellan 17-65 år blir påverkade av massmedias hälsorapportering och de hälsobudskap de möter. Vi syftade även till att undersöka hur denna eventuella påverkan yttrar sig samt klargöra vilka eventuella skillnader det finns i påverkan mellan olika åldrar.</p><p>Metod: För att få svar på våra frågor genomförde vi en kvalitativ studie med samtalsintervjuer som datainsamlingsmetod. Vi intervjuade 6 kvinnor i åldern 17-65 för att ta reda på deras upplevelser och tankar kring problemområdet.</p><p>Slutsats: Resultatet av undersökningen visade att vår utvalda grupp kvinnor blir påverkade av massmedias hälsorapportering. Resultatet visade även att åldern har betydelse när det gäller hur och i vilken grad respondenterna blir påverkade av hälsobudskapen. Undersökningen visade att yngre kvinnor blir mer och lättare påverkade och denna påverkan har givit uttryck i bland annat ändrade mat- och motionsvanor.</p> / <p>Background: We are today living in an information society where we constantly are confronted with new knowledge and different options. An area that has got an increased place in the mass media agenda is health and lifestyle and we are daily exposed by messages about how we can improve our health and change our living habits.</p><p>Aim: The aim with this study was to examine how a group of women between the ages 17-65 are being influenced by mass media health reports and the health messages they meet. A second aim was to examine how this conceivable influence appears in these women’s lives and elucidate which conceivable differences there are in influence between different ages.</p><p>Method: We used a qualitative method to answer our questions. The study was based on interviews with 6 women between the ages 17-65 with hope to learn about their experiences and thoughts about the subject area.</p><p>Conclusion: The result of our study showed that the group of women gets influenced by mass media health reports. The result also showed that age has an impact when it comes to how and how much the respondents are being influenced by the health messages. Our study showed that younger persons become more and easier influenced and this influence shows for example in a change of exercise- and eating habits.</p>

Diversity of student populations within higher education has considerably increased, particularly for women and minority populations, which is indicative of greater access to education toward a college degree. However, increased diversity of student populations has introduced a new set of challenges for higher education administrators in that it is becoming increasingly difficult for administrators to maintain current educational methods when considering the changing needs of matriculating students. As a result, higher education institutions are compelled to strategize beyond the "one-size-fits all" approach in the way teaching and support services are delivered in order to provide a more holistic approach to learning. Researchers have sought to establish a universal definition of student success and they continue to work toward understanding the factors of that inhibit or promote success for college students. Numerous studies have indicated that student success factors are numerous and a number of individual and institutional factors work collectively in a student's decision to leave or persist in college. Yet, there has not been much emphasis on the factors of success for African American undergraduate women in college. As such, this study explored the extent to which two specific factors--social integration and student involvement--predict the level of perceived success based on self-reported gains for African American undergraduate women. In this quantitative study, the researcher utilized a purposeful, national sample of secondary data from the College Student Experiences Questionnaire (CSEQ) Assessment Program to analyze levels of social integration and student involvement of African American undergraduate college women. Included in the sample were results from 736 African American undergraduate women who were enrolled at the 26 participating large, public predominately white institutions in the United States and completed the survey the between 2005-2010 data collection periods. The majority of the sample (n = 566) was freshmen/ first-year students. Several statistical analyses were conducted to examine relationships between variables (social integration, student involvement, and self-reported gains) including multiple regression tests, analysis of variances (ANOVAs), and Pearson Product Moment Correlations. Results of the analyses indicated that the relationships between social integration, student involvement, and each of the self-reported gains were statistically significant. Additionally, findings indicated that there is no statistically significant relationship between levels of social integration and classification in college, but there is a statistically significant relationship between levels of student involvement and classification in college. There were several implications of the study. First, student affairs and higher education professionals must work to ensure that the out-of-classroom experiences work in concert with experiences inside-of-the-classroom to promote a holistic approach to learning. This includes understanding the inhibitors and promoters of success for African American undergraduate women. Additionally, professionals must also recognize that the combined factors of being both Black and female comprise a unique identity component for African American undergraduate women as research has shown that identity development occurs in light of racism and sexism. Therefore, higher education professionals must be cognizant of perceived barriers and work to eliminate them to promote optimal success for this group of students. Furthermore, institutions should understand that self-reported gains, or what students perceive or report about their own learning experiences, could possibly provide more insight into the college experience rather than the sole consideration of grades to assess learning. The conclusion of this research study is that results both support and contradict current literature related to social integration and student involvement.

A ketamina, antagonista não competitivo de receptores NMDA, apresenta potentes efeitos psicomiméticos, sendo capaz de acentuar o estado psicótico de pacientes esquizofrênicos. Uma das áreas cerebrais afetadas por seu uso é o córtex pré-frontal, já que o desempenho em tarefas que dependem de sua atividade é profundamente alterado pela administração aguda de ketamina. Assim como na esquizofrenia, estas alterações podem sofrer influência de fatores hormonais, alterações estas que podem ser explicadas pelos efeitos dos hormônios sexuais femininos, como o estrogênio, os quais apresentam um papel regulador sobre os sistemas dopaminérgicos, serotonérgicos, glutamatérgicos e GABAérgicos, todos afetados pelos efeitos agudos e crônicos do uso de ketamina. Este projeto, portanto, teve como meta avaliar os possíveis efeitos da administração crônica e retirada de ketamina sobre a expressão de comportamentos relacionados à ansiedade humana em ratas da linhagem Wistar, assim como a influência dos hormônios estradiol e a progesterona sobre esta variável. As possíveis alterações farmacológicas induzidas pela administração crônica de ketamina sobre os sistemas dopaminérgicos e serotoninérgicos da divisão pré-límbica (PrL) do córtex pré-frontal medial serão avaliadas através da injeção local de antagonista/agonista específicos. Nossos dados reforçam a ideia de que a ketamina demonstra de forma significativa a expressão da resposta aprendida de medo. E também, os dados mostram que a abstinência da droga altera este comportamento, particularmente a capacidade cognitiva relacionada ao encadeamento de estímulos. Da mesma forma que outras drogas de abuso, estas alterações parecem envolver tanto o sistema dopaminérgico quanto serotoninérgico do CPFm. / Ketamine, a non-competitive antagonist of NMDA receptors, has potent psychomimetic effects, being able to accentuate the psychotic state of schizophrenic patients. One of the brain areas affected by its use is the prefrontal cortex, since performance in tasks that depend on its activity is profoundly altered by the acute administration of ketamine. As in schizophrenia, these changes may be influenced by hormonal factors, which can be explained by the effects of female sex hormones, such as estrogen, which play a role in the dopaminergic, serotonergic, glutamatergic and GABAergic systems, all affected acute and chronic effects of ketamine use. This project therefore aimed to evaluate the possible effects of chronic administration and withdrawal of ketamine on the expression of behaviors related to human anxiety in Wistar rats, as well as the influence of the hormones estradiol and progesterone on this variable. The possible pharmacological changes induced by chronic ketamine administration on the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems of the prelambial (PrL) division of the medial prefrontal cortex will be assessed by specific local antagonist / agonist injection. Our data reinforce the idea that ketamine demonstrates significantly the expression of the learned response of fear. Also, the data show that drug abstinence alters this behavior, particularly the cognitive capacity related to the chaining of stimuli. Like other drugs of abuse, these changes appear to involve both the dopaminergic and serotonergic system of CPFm.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:35:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:10:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:46:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 518698 bytes, checksum: 9b98b706a52c45c02159a500d2de2177 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-28 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The aim of this study was to evaluate the serological status of slaughterderived cows for the presence of antibodies against bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), viral DNA in ovarian tissue, oocyte, follicular fluid and blood of these animals by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and correlate it with the serological profile. Serum samples, blood, ovarian tissue, follicular fluid and cumulus-oocyte complex were collected from 147 animals that had no history of vaccination against BoHV-1. Toxic or insufficient samples were discarded. Serological tests allowed the detection of the antibody titers from 2 to 1024. Molecular tests were preceded by the extraction of DNA from the samples, according to manufacturer's recommendations. The PCR reaction to use the primers previously described by Takiuchi et al. (2005). A total of 83.6% (117/140) of serum-positive for BoHV-1 in serum samples were observed. The positive samples were divided into groups according to serological profile, to get 10% of Down Titer (2 &#8804; X <8), 32.9% of Moderate Titer (8 &#8804; X <64); 40.7% High Titer (64 &#8804; X &#8804; 512). In molecular tests, viral DNA was detected only in groups of positive samples. From positive animals, viral DNA was detected in 0.9% (1/115) of oocytes, at 4.3% (5/117) of ovarian tissue, 2.8% (3/108) of blood and any of follicular fluid sample. Comparing the results among groups of samples, the differences were not significant (p>0.05). Thus, animals showed high prevalence of antibodies against BoHV-1 and molecular tests that have provensuccessful in detecting DNA in genital samples from cows, suggesting that these structures could be sites of tropism of this virus. / O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a condição sorológica de fêmeas bovinas abatidas em um frigorífico quanto à presença de anticorpos contra o Bovine Herpesvirus 1 (Herpesvírus Bovino 1 - BoHV-1). Objetivou-se também avaliar a presença do DNA viral no tecido ovariano, nos ovócitos, líquido folicular e sangue destes animais por meio da Reação de Cadeia de Polimerase (PCR) e correlacioná-la com o perfil sorológico. Foram coletadas amostras de soro, sangue, tecido ovariano, líquido folicular e complexo cumulus-ovócitos de 147 animais que não tinham histórico de vacinação com o BoHV-1. Amostras tóxicas ou insuficientes foram descartadas. Os testes sorológicos foram realizados permitindo a detecção de títulos virais de anticorpos de 2 a 1024. Os testes moleculares foram precedidos da extração do DNA das amostras, de acordo com recomendações do fabricante. Sucessivamente, foram realizadas as PCRs utilizando os oligonucleotídeos previamente descritos por Takiuchi et al. (2005). Observou-se 83,6% (117/140) de soropositividade para o BoHV-1 nas amostras sorológicas. As amostras positivas, divididas em grupos, de acordo com o título sorológico, apresentaram-se 10% de Título Baixo (2 &#8804; X < 8); 32,9% de Título Médio (8 &#8804; X < 64); 40,7% de Título Alto (64 &#8804; X &#8804; 512). Em relação aos testes moleculares, o DNA viral foi detectado somente nos grupos de amostras soropositivas. Dos animais soropositivos, foi evidenciado o DNA viral em 0,9%(1/115) dos ovócitos, em 4,3%(5/117) do tecido ovariano, 2,8%(3/108) do sangue e em nenhuma amostra de líquido folicular. Comparando os resultados entre os grupos de amostras, as diferenças não se mostraram significativas (P > 0,05). Conclui-se que do rebanho analisado foi detectada alta prevalência de anticorpos contra o BoHV-1 e que os testes moleculares se mostraram eficientes na detecção do DNA nas amostras de genitais de fêmeas bovinas, sugerindo que estas estruturas poderiam ser sítios de tropismo deste vírus.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:55:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 928768 bytes, checksum: cdee3874ea338ef8b3e564e0df93cc16 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-18 / This thesis was prepared based on an experiment using Nelore and crossbred heifer calves with zebu predominance, pasture fed and supplemented with different protein sources. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of multiple supplementation using protein sources of soybean meal (PBFS), cottonseed meal 38% (PBFA) and a combination of soybean meal with cottonseed meal 38% (PBFS+FA) during the transition period between wet and dry season. Studies observed intake, digestibility of diet components, efficiency of microbial protein synthesis and yield performance for beef heifer calves grazing UrochloaDecumbens. A completely randomized design with four treatments and six repetitions was used. Twenty four calves with ages of 3 months and initial body weight of 113 kg were divided in pastures averaged 4.5 ha in area and average availability of potentially digestible dry matter (MSPD) of 1575.11 kg / ha. The supplements were formulated for 25% of crude protein. Animals in the control treatment received only mineral mixture (MM) ad libitum, the other treatments used supplements at 0.4% body weight (PC). The amount of supplement offered to heifers was adjusted at the beginning of each period according to body weight at the end of the previous period. There was no effect (P> 0.10) of different protein sources on average daily gain (GMD) between animals receiving multiple supplements. No difference was observed in average daily gain on animals supplemented with multiple supplements and supplemented with mineral mixture. The consumption in kg/day of CNF and PB was higher for calves supplemented with multiple supplements than the calves that received only mineral mixture. The apparent digestibility coefficients of total CNF was higher (P <0.10) for the supplemented animals. Multiple levels of supplementation during the transition period does not improve (P> 0.10) weight gain of beef heifers calves under conditions of good quality and availability of pastures. The 38% cottonseed meal can replace soybean meal or be used in combination with soybean meal in multiple supplements for beef heifer calves. / Esta dissertação foi realizada a partir de um experimento utilizando bezerras Nelores e mestiças com predominância de sangue zebu, lactentes, suplementadas a pasto com diferentes fontes de proteína. Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de suplementos múltiplos utilizando como fonte protéica farelo de soja (PBFS), farelo de algodão 38% (PBFA) e combinação de farelo de soja com farelo de algodão 38% (PBFS+FA) durante o período de transição de águas-secas, sobre o consumo, digestibilidade de componentes da dieta, eficiência de síntese de proteína bruta microbiana e desempenho produtivo bezerras de corte lactentes sob pastejo em Urochloa Decumbens. Para tal, foram utilizadas vinte quatro bezerras com idade e peso médio inicial de 3 meses e 113 Kg respectivamente. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições; os piquetes utilizados, com uma média de 4,5 ha de área e com disponibilidade média de matéria seca potencialmente digestível (MSpd) de 1575,11 kg/ha. Os suplementos foram formulados para serem isso protéicos com 25% de proteína bruta. Os animais do tratamento controle receberam somente mistura mineral (MM) ad libitum; nos demais tratamentos os suplementos foram fornecidos em 0,4% do peso corporal (PC). A quantidade de suplemento oferecida às bezerras foi ajustada no inicio de cada período de acordo ao peso corporal no final do período anterior. Não verificou-se efeito (P>0,10) das diferentes fontes protéicas sobre o GMD entre os animais que receberam suplementos múltiplos, assim como não foi verificado diferença no GMD entre os suplementados com suplemento múltiplo e suplementados com mistura mineral. Os consumos em kg/dia de CNF e PB foram maiores para as bezerras suplementadas com suplemento múltiplo do que paras as bezerras que receberam apenas mistura mineral. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente total da CNF foram superiores (P<0,10) para os animais suplementados. A suplementação com baixa quantidade de suplemento múltiplo durante o período de transição águas - seca não melhora (P>0.10) o ganho de peso de bezerras de corte lactentes em condições de boa disponibilidade e qualidade das pastagens. O farelo de algodão 38% pode substituir o farelo de soja ou ser utilizado em associação ao farelo de soja em suplementos múltiplos para bezerras de corte lactentes.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:55:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 817583 bytes, checksum: 102020d388ff969a3c2197515dbbb5a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-02 / This research was conducted from two experiments with beef heifers offered different supplementation strategies on pasture. The first experiment aimed to evaluate nutritional characteristics and productive performance of the effect of replacing soybean meal by cottonseed meal in multiple supplements of beef heifers reared in pastures of Brachiaria decumbens in the dry season. 24 beef heifers nelore were used with age of 8 months and initial weight of 210±6 kg, respectively. The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments and six repetitions. The supplements contained approximately 30 % crude protein (CP) and progressive replacement of soybean meal by cottonseed meal at 0, 50 and 100 %. The animals of the control treatment were provided only mineral mixture ad libitum and the other treatments were provided with 1.0 kg/animal/day of supplement. There was no difference in ADG between animals supplemented and control animals (P>0.10). No effect of supplementation (P>0.10) was observed on dry matter intake (DM), dry matter on pasture (MSP), organic matter (OM), ether extraction for fat (EE), non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC), neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDF) , indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) between treatments. Only crude protein (CP) showed a difference (P<0.10). The substitution level of soybean meal by cottonseed meal did not affect (P>0.10) intake in the supplemented animals. The supplementation increased the digestibility coefficients (P<0.10) of OM, CP and TDN CFN except EE and NDF (P>0.10). A positive linear effect was observed (P<0.10) with the level of substitution of soybean meal by cottonseed meal on the digestibility of DM, OM, NFC and TDN. No effect was found on supplementation and replacement level (P<0.10) on urea nitrogen and serum urea nitrogen in the urine. Also, no effect was detected of supplementation and replacement level on the flow of microbial nitrogen to the gut (NMIC) and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (EFM) (P>0.10). Decreasing linear effect was observed (P < 0.10) on the substitution of the relationship microbial nitrogen / nitrogen intake (NMICR). The second experiment aimed to evaluate the nutritional characteristics and productive performance of providing different levels of multiple supplements on heifers grazing Brachiaria decumbens in the transitional period dry-wet season. 24 beef heifers were used aged 11 months and average initial weights of 243±6 kg, respectively. The experiment was completely randomized with four treatments and six repetitions. A supplement with approximately 25 % CP was used. The treatments consisted of four quantities of supplementation of 0; 0.5; 1.0 and 1.5 kg respectively. All treatments received mineral mix ad libitum. A positive linear effect was observed (P<0.10) on ADG and final body weight (PCF) with supplementation quantity. An increasing linear effect (P < 0.10) in intake of DM, OM, CP, EE, NFC and TDN was identified on the increasing quantities of supplements. Opposite effects were observed on consumption of NDF. The quantities of supplements improved linearly (P<0.10) on the digestibility of OM, CP, EE, NFC and TDN. A quadratic effect was observed (P<0.10) on the estimates of digestibility of OM, CP, NDF and TDN between quantities of supplements. A cubic effect (P<0.10) on apparent digestibility of OM, CP, NDF, NFC and TDN levels between supply multiple supplements was clearly detected. A positive linear statistics (P<0.10) on the urinary excretion of urea nitrogen (NUU), serum urea nitrogen (SUN) and flow of microbial nitrogen (NMIC) was found with quantities of supplements. No difference was observed (P<0.10) quantities of supplements on microbial efficiency. The quantities of supplements decreased linearly (P<0.10) on the NMICR. It is concluded that the replacement of soybean meal by cottonseed meal in multiple supplements during the dry season does not affect the productive performance of beef heifers. The provision of higher quantities of multiple supplements during the transition dry-rainy season improves performance and nutritional characteristics of grazing beef heifers. / Esta dissertação foi elaborada a partir de dois experimentos com novilhas de corte submetidas a diferentes estratégias de suplementação a pasto. No primeiro experimento objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da substituição do farelo de soja pelo farelo de algodão em suplementos múltiplos sobre as características nutricionais e desempenho produtivo de novilhas de corte em fase de recria em pastagens de Brachiaria decumbens no período da seca. Foram utilizadas 24 novilhas de corte nelore com idade e peso médio inicial de 8 meses e 210±6 kg, respectivamente. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições. Os suplementos continham aproximadamente 30% de proteína bruta (PB) e substituição progressiva do farelo de soja pelo farelo de algodão em 0, 50 e 100%. Aos animais do tratamento controle foi fornecida apenas mistura mineral ad libitum e aos demais tratamentos foram fornecidos 1,0 kg/animal/dia de suplemento. Não houve diferença de GMD entre os animais suplementados e os animais controle (P>0,10). Não foi observado efeito da suplementação (P>0,10) sobre o consumo matéria seca (MS), MS de pasto (MSP), matéria orgânica (MO) extrato etéreo (EE), carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), fibra em detergente neutro corrigido para cinzas e proteína (FDNcp), fibra em detergente neutro indigestível (FDNi) e nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) entre os tratamentos, houve efeito apenas para o consumo de proteína bruta (PB) (P<0,10). O nível de substituição de farelo de soja pelo farelo de algodão não afetou (P>0,10) o consumo nos animais suplementados. A Suplementação ampliou os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente (P<0,10) da MO, PB, CFN e NDT com exceção do EE e da FDNcp (P>0,10). Observou-se efeito linear positivo (P<0,10) do nível de substituição de farelo de soja pelo farelo de algodão sobre a digestibilidade da MO, CNF e NDT. Houve efeito da suplementação e do nível de substituição (P<0,10) sobre o teor de nitrogênio uréico no soro e nitrogênio uréico na urina. Não houve efeito da suplementação e do nível de substituição sobre o fluxo de nitrogênio microbiano ao intestino (NMIC) e eficiência de síntese de proteína microbiana (EFM) (P>0,10). Foi verificado efeito linear decrescente (P<0,10) da substituição sobre a relação nitrogênio microbiano/nitrogênio ingerido (NMICR). No segundo experimento objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do fornecimento de diferentes quantidades de suplementos múltiplos sobre as características nutricionais e desempenho produtivo de novilhas em recria sob pastejo em Brachiaria decumbens no período da transição seca-aguas. Foram utilizadas 24 novilhas de corte com idades e pesos médios iniciais, de 11 meses e 243±3 kg, respectivamente. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições. Utilizou-se um suplemento com aproximadamente 25% de PB. Os tratamentos consistiam em quatro quantidades de suplementos: 0; 0,5; 1,0 e 1,5 kg respectivamente. Os animais dos diferentes tratamentos receberam mistura mineral ad libitum. Observou-se efeito linear positivo (P<0,10) no GMD e peso corporal final (PCF) com as quantidades de suplementos. Foi verificado efeito linear crescente (P<0,10) no consumo de MS, MO, PB, EE, CNF e NDT com a ampliação da quantidade de fornecimento de suplemento; efeito não apresentado no consumo de FDNcp. As quantidades de suplementos melhoraram de forma linear positiva (P<0,10) os coeficientes de digestibilidade da MO, PB, EE, CNF e NDT. Detectou-se efeito quadrático (P<0,10) sobre a estimativas de digestibilidade da MS, MO, PB, FDNcp e teor de NDT entre as quantidades de suplementos. Evidenciou-se efeito cúbico (P<0,10) sobre a digestibilidade aparente da MO, PB, FDNcp, CNF e concentração de NDT entre as quantidades de suplementos múltiplos. Verificou-se comportamento linear crescente (P<0,10) sobre a excreção urinária de nitrogênio uréico (NUU), nitrogênio uréico no soro (NUS) e fluxo de compostos nitrogenados microbianos (NMIC) com as quantidades de suplementos. Não foi observada diferença (P<0,10) dos níveis de suplementação sobre a eficiência de síntese microbiana. As quantidades de suplementos afetaram de forma linear decrescente (P<0,10) o NMICR. Conclui-se que a substituição do farelo de soja pelo farelo de algodão em suplementos múltiplos durante a época seca não prejudica o desempenho produtivo de novilhas de corte. O fornecimento de maiores quantidades de suplementos múltiplos durante a época de transição seca-aguas melhora o desempenho produtivo e características nutricionais de novilhas de corte sob pastejo.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 janini_apr_me_jabo.pdf: 1729959 bytes, checksum: ac65d4b7d77c1ab8a468de7f2909d978 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-01 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Objetivou-se, com o presente estudo, avaliar o efeito do tempo (dias – 0, 21, 42, 63) de suplementação de alto consumo (2% do peso corporal), so-bre o desempenho e características da carcaça e qualidade da carne de vacas de descarte da raça Nelore mantidas em pastejo contínuo em Brachiaria bri-zantha cv. Marandu, durante a estação seca. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados (DBC), sendo os animais blocados de acordo com o peso inicial, com quatro tratamentos (dias de suplementação) e cinco repetições (piquetes), sendo três animais por piquete (unidade experimental). Não houve efeito do tempo no consumo de suplemento. O ganho médio diário (GMD) e ganho mé-dio diário em carcaça (GMDCar) se adequaram ao modelo quadrático, tendo o seu ponto máximo aos 42 dias de suplementação com 1,61 e 0,96 kg/dia, res-pectivamente. O peso corporal sem jejum (PSJ) e com jejum (PCJ) apresenta-ram efeito linear com o aumento nos dias de suplementação (P<0.01). Da mesma forma, peso de carcaça quente (PCQ) e fria (PCF) e rendimento de carcaça quente (RCQ) e fria (RCF). As variáveis de comprimento de carcaça (CCar), profundidade de carcaça (PCar) e tamanho de coxão (TCoxão) não foram verificados efeitos da suplementação. Perímetro de coxão (PCoxão), área de olho de lombo (AOL) e espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS) res-ponderam linearmente ao incremento nos dias de suplementação. Os órgãos (fígado, coração, rins, baço, intestinos delgado e grosso), denominados de componentes não carcaça (CnC), bem como gordura renal pélvica inguinal (GRPI), somatório de CnC e ganho médio diário desses (GMDCnC) aumenta-ram linearmente ao longo dos dias de suplementação. O aumento no peso cor-poral e de carcaça dos animais resultou em maiores pesos de cortes primários, traseiro especial, dianteiro e ponta de agulha (PA) expressaram comportamen-to linear. O incremento nos dias de suplementação também resultou em cortes cárneos mais pesados, com exceção do filé mignon, que não houve efeito, os demais cortes comerciais do traseiro especial, não aparados e aparados, au-mentaram linearmente (P<0,01), da mesma forma os cortes de dianteiro e PA, não aparados e aparados, sofreram influência do aumento de peso corporal devido ao incremento dos dias de suplementação. Maiores porcentagens de aparas foram verificadas em todos os cortes com o aumento do tempo de su-plementação. As médias de temperatura se adequaram ao modelo quadrático de regressão com maior média (5,91°C) aos 63 dias de suplementação. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos para os valores de pH, sendo a média de 5,8. Para as variáveis relacionadas à coloração da carne foi verificado efeito dos dias de suplementação, sendo quadrático (P<0.01) para L* e b* e linear (P<0.01) para a*. Não houve diferença significativa na composição química pa-ra os teores de lipídeos, carboidratos e matéria mineral. Umidade e proteína bruta se ajustarem ao modelo quadrático de regressão. Perdas por cocção (PPC) e força de cisalhamento (FC) se comportaram de forma linear crescente (P=0.04). A suplementação das vacas de descarte não influenciou os teores de colágeno muscular (P>0,10). Para colágeno insolúvel, solúvel, total e termosso-lúvel as médias foram de 0,18%, 0,018%, 0,20% e 9,6%, respectivamente. Desta forma, fêmeas mais pesadas apresentaram carcaças mais bem acaba-das e cortes cárneos mais pesados. Aos 42 dias suplementação, as vacas ob-tiveram a máxima produção de carcaça por dia e aos serem abatidas produzi-ram carcaças com acabamento adequado ao mercado consumidor. / This study aimed to evaluate the effect of time (days – 0, 21, 42, 63) on high intake supplementation (2% of body weight) on the performance and carcass traits and meat quality of Nellore cull cows in continuous grazing of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, during the dry season. The experimental de-sign was performed in randomized blocks (DBC), with the animals blocked ac-cording to the initial weight, with four treatments (days of supplementation) and five repetitions (paddocks), using three animals per paddock (experimental unit). There was no time effect in supplement intake. The average daily gain (ADG) and the average daily gain in carcass (ADGC) were adjusted to the quadratic model, with the maximum peak at 42 days of supplementation at 1.61 and 0.96 kg/day, respectively. Body weight without fasting (BWW) and fasting (BWF) presented a linear effect with the increase in days of supplementation (P <0.01), as well the warm carcass weight (WCW) and cold (CCW) and the warm carcass yield (WCY) and cold (CCY). For the variables of carcass length (CL), carcass depth (CD) and size of round (SR), no effects of supplementation were observed. Round perimeter (PRound), longissimus muscle area (LMA) and subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) responded linearly to the increase of days of supplementation. The organs (liver, heart, kidneys, spleen, small and large in-testines), denominated non-carcass components (NCC), as well the inguinal pelvic renal fat (IPRF), NCC summation and average daily gain of non-carcass components (ADGNCC) increased linearly over the days of supplementation. The increase in animals’ body weight and carcass resulted in higher weights of primary cuts, special rear, front and needle tip (PA), also expressing a linear behavior. The increase in the days of supplementation also resulted in heavier meat cuts, except for filet mignon, which had no effect; others commercial cuts, such as the special rear, trimmed and not trimmed, increased linearly (P <0.01). In the same way, the front and AP cuts, trimmed and not trimmed, were influ-enced by the increase in body weight, due to the increment of days of supple-mentation. Higher percentages of shavings were observed in all cuts with the increase of the supplementation time. The temperature averages were adjusted to the quadratic regression model with the highest mean (5.91°C) at 63 days of supplementation. There was no difference between the treatments for pH val-ues, resulting in an average of 5.8. For the variables related to the meat color, the effect of supplementation days was observed, showing quadratic (P<0.01) for L* and b* and linear (P<0.01) for a*. There was no significant difference in the chemical composition for lipid, carbohydrate, and mineral matter contents. Humidity and crude protein fit the quadratic regression model. Cooking losses (CL) and shear force (SF) indicated an increasing linear shape (P = 0.04). The supplementation of cull cows did not influence the levels of muscle collagen (P>0.10). For insoluble, soluble, total and thermosoluble collagen, the averages reached were 0.18%, 0.018%, 0.20% and 9.6%, respectively. Therefore, heavi-er females had heavier carcasses and heavier meat cuts. At 42 days of sup-plementation, cows obtained the maximum carcass production per day and, when slaughtered, they produced carcasses with adequate finishing to the con-sumer market.

The aim of this thesis was to clarify the influence of the stress on the adrenergic and muscarinic receptors in the heart and in the lungs. Research was perform on rat hearts and lungs and on the hearts and lungs of the CRH KO mice. First, we assessed mRNA levels of all α- and β-adrenergic receptor and muscarinic receptor subtypes. Subsequently, we performed the radioligand-binding studies to determine densities of these receptors. We identified all three α1-adrenergic receptor subtypes in the rat lungs. In the lungs of WT mice, we found that the amount of α1-adrenergic and muscarinic receptors was sex-dependent. Densities of the former were higher in females and those of the latter were higher in males. There was no difference between males and females in β-adrenergic receptor density. As for CRH KO mice, the basal densities of studied receptors were lower than in CRH WT mice (except β1-adrenergic receptors in females). The main purpose of the thesis was to detect the immobilization-induced changes in the studied receptors in the kontrol (WT) and CRH KO mice. Short-term and long-term immobilization caused decrease in all α1-adrenergic receptor subtypes in females, whereas only α1A-adrenergic receptors decreased in males. The amount of β1-adrenergic receptors decreased in males and remained without...