Female genital mutilation (FGM) has been illegal in Tanzania since 1998; nonetheless this procedure is still being performed in some regions of the country. Since the prohibition of this practice it has become harder to detect the practitioners. Nurses are one of the professions who can identify the women who have been exposed to FGM, which creates an opportunity to provide care for these women and educate them about the practice. The aim of this study is to describe Tanzanian nursing students’ views on FGM. Data was collected with focus group interviews with second and third year students at a nursing school in northwest Tanzania. Data was analysed inductively by content analysis. The results, the students’ views on FGM, were categorised into four themes; ‘FGM creates suffering’, ‘the right to sexual integrity’, ‘the role of nurses’ and ‘educating the patient and the community’. The findings clearly demonstrate that the students’ negative attitudes toward the practice are based on their knowledge of its harmful implications on health. For further research, it may be of interest to study nursing students’ views of the practice in more FGM-prevalent regions of Tanzania. / <p>Röda Korsets sjuksköterskeförening stipendium 2017</p>

Materiais com gradiente funcional (MGF), a base de aço inoxidável e cerâmica têm despertado interesse em diversas áreas tecnológicas: estrutural, térmica, elétrica, biomédica e militar, e têm inspirado pesquisadores a combinar propriedades e características que não estão presentes em peças convencionais. Têm sido também considerados como uma alternativa na preparação de partes de motores de alta eficiência, ferramentas de corte e revestimentos estruturais para reatores químicos. A incorporação de metal e cerâmica em uma estrutura graduada permite a integração de muitas propriedades desejáveis que combinam ambas vantagens do metal e a cerâmica. Os componentes cerâmicos são capazes de suportar altas temperaturas e possuem alta resistência à corrosão, enquanto os componentes metálicos apresentam uma alta resistência à tração e alta ductilidade, e portanto são menos susceptíveis a fratura catastrófica. Neste trabalho, compósitos com níveis variáveis de aço inoxidável 316L e zircônia estabilizada com ítria, obtidos pelo processo de moagem de alta energia, foram preparados e caracterizados para determinar o comportamento térmico de cada composição, com o objetivo de planejar a sinterização dos MGFs com gradação de composição química. Difração de raios-x (DRX), análises de dilatometria e calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) foram realizadas para os materiais compósitos com proporções diferentes de aço inoxidável e de zircônia, com o objetivo de analisar a influência da composição, como da taxa de aquecimento no comportamento dos compósitos selecionados durante a sinterização. Além disso, foram construídos por metalurgia do pó e caracterizados três peças de MGF. As peças de MGFs foram caracterizadas no microscópio óptico e microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV). Microanálise química foi feito pela técnica de espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS) para o MGF1 e EDS - Line scan analysis das peças MGF2 e MGF3. Finalmente, as fases presentes nas peças foram medidas pela técnica de penetração Vickers. Os resultados dos ensaios dilatométricos para compósitos com teores de zircônia superiores a 50% e com taxas de aquecimento de 5ºC/min e 10ºC/min até 1200ºC, apresentaram uma contração linear maior em torno a 900ºC, e para composições com taxa de aquecimento de 15ºC/min em torno a 1000ºC, indicando que o processo de densificação se inicio a temperaturas inferiores que as outras composições observadas nas curvas dilatométricas para essas mesmas taxas de aquecimento. Os DSC dos compósitos apresentaram uma mudança correspondente à precipitação dos carbetos de cromo próprios do aço inox austenítico. A adição de zircônia ao aço inoxidável inibiu a precipitação dos carbetos, indicado pelo aparecimento de um pico nas amostras composta somente pelo aço inoxidável. / Functionally graded materials (FGM) based on stainless steel and ceramics has aroused interest in many technological areas: structural, thermal, electrical, biomedical and military, and has inspired researchers to combine properties and features which are not present in conventional samples, and is considered to be an alternative in the preparation of high efficient motors parts, cutting tools and structural coatings for chemical reactors. The incorporation of metal and ceramic in a graduated structure allows the integration of many desirable properties that combine advantages of metallic and ceramic materials. Ceramic components are capable of withstanding high temperatures and have high corrosion resistance, while the metallic components provide a higher mechanical resistance, in particular ultimate tensile strength and ductility, and therefore less susceptible to catastrophic fracture. In this work, composites with variable levels of 316L Stainless Steel and Yttria Stabilized Zirconia, obtained by high-energy milling process, were prepared and characterized, in order to determine the thermal behavior of each composition, with the aim of planning the sintering of a FGM with gradation of chemical composition. X-rays diffractometry (XRD), dilatometric analyses and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were performed for composites materials with distinct proportions of Stainless Steel and Zirconia, with the objective of analyzing the influence of the composition, as the heating rate the behavior of Stainless Steel/Zirconia layers during sintering. Additionally, were built by powder metallurgy and characterized three samples of FGM. The samples of MGFs were characterized in the optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Chemical microanalysis was done by the technique of energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) of FGM1 and EDS-Line Scan Analysis of samples and FGM2 and FGM3. Finally, the phases present in the samples were measured by Vickers penetration technique. The results of dilatometric tests for composites with levels higher than zirconia to 50% and heating rates of 5°C/min and 10ºC/min up to 1200°C showed a greater linear shrinkage around 900ºC, and compositions at a heating rate of 15°C/min to about 1000°C, indicating that the densification process is starting at temperatures below that observed in other compositions dilatometric curves for these same heating rates. The DSC of the composites showed a change corresponding to the chrome carbides precipitation own austenitic stainless steel. The zirconia addition to stainless steel inhibited the carbides precipitation, indicated by the appearance of a peak in the samples composed only of stainless steel.

Bakgrund: Kvinnlig könsstympning eller FGM (Female Genital Mutilatilation) på flickor innebär att hela eller delar av de yttre könsorganen skadas eller skärs bort. Det är en tradition som förekommer främst i Afrika och några länder i Mellanöstern och Asien. Invandring har gjort att traditionen har tagits med till Västvärlden och WHO beräknar att över 200 miljoner kvinnor över hela världen är könsstympade. Det finns barn i svenska skolor som genomgått FGM och som skolsköterskan möter i sitt arbete. Det är därför viktigt för skolsköterskor att söka kunskap och förstå de kulturella skillnaderna för att kunna ge stöd till olika grupper. Syftet: Att beskriva skolsköterskans erfarenhet av kvinnlig könsstympning i mötet med elever. Metod: Studien består av kvalitativa intervjuer med 13 skolsköterskor i två län i södra Sverige. Kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats användes som analysmetod. Resultatet: Det framkommer tre kategorier i studien: varierande kompetens, stora utmaningar och tillgängliga arbetsverktyg. Slutsatser: Studien visar att hälsosamtalet är ett bra arbetsverktyg, att ämnet är bättre uppmärksammat nu än vad det var för några år sedan samt att arbetet runt könsstympning kan förbättras ytterligare.

Materiais com gradiente funcional (MGF), a base de aço inoxidável e cerâmica têm despertado interesse em diversas áreas tecnológicas: estrutural, térmica, elétrica, biomédica e militar, e têm inspirado pesquisadores a combinar propriedades e características que não estão presentes em peças convencionais. Têm sido também considerados como uma alternativa na preparação de partes de motores de alta eficiência, ferramentas de corte e revestimentos estruturais para reatores químicos. A incorporação de metal e cerâmica em uma estrutura graduada permite a integração de muitas propriedades desejáveis que combinam ambas vantagens do metal e a cerâmica. Os componentes cerâmicos são capazes de suportar altas temperaturas e possuem alta resistência à corrosão, enquanto os componentes metálicos apresentam uma alta resistência à tração e alta ductilidade, e portanto são menos susceptíveis a fratura catastrófica. Neste trabalho, compósitos com níveis variáveis de aço inoxidável 316L e zircônia estabilizada com ítria, obtidos pelo processo de moagem de alta energia, foram preparados e caracterizados para determinar o comportamento térmico de cada composição, com o objetivo de planejar a sinterização dos MGFs com gradação de composição química. Difração de raios-x (DRX), análises de dilatometria e calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) foram realizadas para os materiais compósitos com proporções diferentes de aço inoxidável e de zircônia, com o objetivo de analisar a influência da composição, como da taxa de aquecimento no comportamento dos compósitos selecionados durante a sinterização. Além disso, foram construídos por metalurgia do pó e caracterizados três peças de MGF. As peças de MGFs foram caracterizadas no microscópio óptico e microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV). Microanálise química foi feito pela técnica de espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS) para o MGF1 e EDS - Line scan analysis das peças MGF2 e MGF3. Finalmente, as fases presentes nas peças foram medidas pela técnica de penetração Vickers. Os resultados dos ensaios dilatométricos para compósitos com teores de zircônia superiores a 50% e com taxas de aquecimento de 5ºC/min e 10ºC/min até 1200ºC, apresentaram uma contração linear maior em torno a 900ºC, e para composições com taxa de aquecimento de 15ºC/min em torno a 1000ºC, indicando que o processo de densificação se inicio a temperaturas inferiores que as outras composições observadas nas curvas dilatométricas para essas mesmas taxas de aquecimento. Os DSC dos compósitos apresentaram uma mudança correspondente à precipitação dos carbetos de cromo próprios do aço inox austenítico. A adição de zircônia ao aço inoxidável inibiu a precipitação dos carbetos, indicado pelo aparecimento de um pico nas amostras composta somente pelo aço inoxidável. / Functionally graded materials (FGM) based on stainless steel and ceramics has aroused interest in many technological areas: structural, thermal, electrical, biomedical and military, and has inspired researchers to combine properties and features which are not present in conventional samples, and is considered to be an alternative in the preparation of high efficient motors parts, cutting tools and structural coatings for chemical reactors. The incorporation of metal and ceramic in a graduated structure allows the integration of many desirable properties that combine advantages of metallic and ceramic materials. Ceramic components are capable of withstanding high temperatures and have high corrosion resistance, while the metallic components provide a higher mechanical resistance, in particular ultimate tensile strength and ductility, and therefore less susceptible to catastrophic fracture. In this work, composites with variable levels of 316L Stainless Steel and Yttria Stabilized Zirconia, obtained by high-energy milling process, were prepared and characterized, in order to determine the thermal behavior of each composition, with the aim of planning the sintering of a FGM with gradation of chemical composition. X-rays diffractometry (XRD), dilatometric analyses and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were performed for composites materials with distinct proportions of Stainless Steel and Zirconia, with the objective of analyzing the influence of the composition, as the heating rate the behavior of Stainless Steel/Zirconia layers during sintering. Additionally, were built by powder metallurgy and characterized three samples of FGM. The samples of MGFs were characterized in the optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Chemical microanalysis was done by the technique of energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) of FGM1 and EDS-Line Scan Analysis of samples and FGM2 and FGM3. Finally, the phases present in the samples were measured by Vickers penetration technique. The results of dilatometric tests for composites with levels higher than zirconia to 50% and heating rates of 5°C/min and 10ºC/min up to 1200°C showed a greater linear shrinkage around 900ºC, and compositions at a heating rate of 15°C/min to about 1000°C, indicating that the densification process is starting at temperatures below that observed in other compositions dilatometric curves for these same heating rates. The DSC of the composites showed a change corresponding to the chrome carbides precipitation own austenitic stainless steel. The zirconia addition to stainless steel inhibited the carbides precipitation, indicated by the appearance of a peak in the samples composed only of stainless steel.

No description available.

This thesis describes the phenomenon of female genital mutilation (FGM) in Northeastern Africa, focusing on Egypt, Somalia and the Sudan. The core of the thesis lies in literary reflections of this practice and analysis of literary works tackling this subject. Presenting a wide range of literary works on the subject, this thesis aims at classifying and comparing them, with a special emphasis on the works of Nawal el Saadawi and Nuruddin Farah. The thesis also presents a summary of current local and international laws on FGM as well as a list of organisations dealing with FGM. It also briefly describes the religious background of FGM and current situation in Egypt and the Sudan.

This research examines the practice of Female Genital Mutilation/Circumcision (FGM/C) as a social phenomenon in Singida Region, Tanzania. The aim is to contribute to a deepened cultural anthropological understanding of the function and meaning behind the practice in Singida, and how it reacts to external factors of change, such as human rights-based laws and projects aiming to eradicate FGM/C. This was done by conducting an ethnographic field study, with the help of staff members from the Christian Council of Tanzania (CCT). Through the theoretical framework, aiming to grasp the complexity of FGM/C, aspects such as visible and invisible violence, patriarchal structures, social schemes, anomalies, change and rites, were analyzed on the collected material consisting of semi-structured interviews and participatory observations. From the conducted analysis, it was shown that FGM/C was a deeply imbedded cultural practice which purpose is to (1) enable women to consolidate to womanhood and ensure a full membership in society and (2) cure girls from a disease known as lawalawa. This is because the clitoris is believed to be connected to diseases and to enhance the risk of abnormal behavior that does not belong to womanhood. The thesis shows how lawalawa was fabricated as a reaction towards the ban on FGM/C in Tanzania and how it was used to (unknowingly or knowingly) justify the continuance of the practice. It was also showed that members of societies who engage in FGM/C, are likely to avoid abandoning FGM/C if possible, however change is achievable if it is implemented in a sensitive way with knowledge on local reaction towards external factors of change.

Les procédés existant pour la fabrication de sous-couches et de systèmes barrière thermique pour les aubes mobiles des turbomachines sont complexes, onéreux, et, de leur reproductibilité dépend la durée de vie de ces systèmes. Cette étude montre la faisabilité d'obtention de sous-couches γ-Ni + γ'-Ni3Al enrichies en platine et de systèmes barrière thermique complets, par l'utilisation du procédé de Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS). Les paramètres du procédé SPS (pression, durée, température et nombre de paliers) ont été ajustés afin de fabriquer les différents types de systèmes. Des améliorations ont été apportées à l'outillage, en vue notamment de mieux appréhender la température de la pièce lors du cycle thermique et, d'empêcher la formation de carbures. Les propriétés microstructurales des revêtements obtenus sont caractérisées et mises en relation avec les paramètres d'élaboration. De plus, les propriétés d'usage (cinétique d'oxydation, résistance au cyclage thermique et à la corrosion par les aluminosilicates fondus, CMAS, conductivité thermique) ont été évaluées. Un large domaine de composition de sous-couches a pu être exploré, notamment par l'addition, par pulvérisation cathodique, d'éléments réactifs (Hf, Y, Si) et d'autres éléments (Ag, Au, Cu) ayant un effet sur le domaine de stabilité de la phase γ'. La possibilité de réaliser des systèmes barrière thermique mono et bi-couches céramiques en une seule étape par le procédé SPS est également démontrée. Un mode d'endommagement spécifique des systèmes barrière thermique élaborés par SPS a été mis en évidence lors d'essais de cyclage thermique et interprété avec l'aide de simulations numériques par éléments finis. Les nombreuses compositions et architectures réalisées au cours de cette étude, sont un encouragement à poursuivre les améliorations apportées au procédé pour l'obtention de systèmes plus complexes et plus fiables. / Fabrication of bond coatings and thermal barrier coating systems for aircraft engine turbine blades and vanes, rely on complex and costly processes, and the lifetime of the systems highly depends on their reproducibility. This work demonstrates the feasibility of platinum rich γ-Ni + γ'-Ni3Al bond coatings and complete thermal barrier coating systems using the Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) process. Processing parameters (pressure, number, temperature and duration of dwells) have been finely tuned to fabricate the different types of systems. Some necessary adjustments to the equipments have been made to prevent the specimens from pollution, and to better control the samples temperature, and are discussed. The microstructure characteristics and their relation with process parameters have been investigated. Properties such as oxidation kinetics, thermal cycling resistance and CMAS (molten aluminosilicate) corrosion are evaluated. Physical vapor deposition have been used for bond coat doping with reactive elements (Hf, Y, Si) and elements that extend the γ' phase stability domain (Au, Ag, Cu). The possibility to fabricate complete thermal barrier coating systems with a mono or a bi-ceramic top coat layer in a single step is demonstrated. SPS thermal barrier coating systems exhibit a singular spalling behavior during thermal cycling. A finite-element numerical model has been developed and allows its understanding. The versatility of the SPS process has allowed the fabrication of a large number of bond coat compositions and thermal barrier coatings architectures. There is a strong incentive in developing this process for fabricating more reliable and competitive systems.

SAMMANFATTNING Bakgrund Kvinnlig könsstympning (Female Genital Mutilation, FGM) är en uråldrig tradition med starka band till kulturell och etnisk identitet. Mer än 200 miljoner kvinnor och flickor beräknas vara könsstympade och årligen riskerar cirka 3,9 miljoner ytterligare flickor att utsättas. Andelen kvinnor från länder där FGM är vanligt förekommande och som föder barn i Sverige har ökat i och med ökad invandring från dessa länder. FGM är internationellt betraktat som en kränkning av de mänskliga rättigheterna samt ett brott mot kvinnor och barns rättigheter. Syfte Att jämföra förekomsten och risken för perinatala komplikationer hos kvinnor med en diagnos av FGM med kvinnor utan denna diagnos som fött barn i Sverige mellan åren 2007 - 2017. Metod En populationsbaserad kohortstudie. Resultat Det huvudsakliga resultatet i denna studie är att barn födda av kvinnor med en FGM diagnos har en signifikant ökad risk för låg Apgar, födas lätta för tiden (SGA), drabbas av kramper, perinatal död inklusive intrauterin fosterdöd samt att födas överburna. Slutsats FGM är förknippat med ett flertal allvarliga perinatala komplikationer. Störst risk kunde ses mellan FGM och att födas lätt för tiden, födas överburen och intrauterin fosterdöd. Dessa samband var robusta oavsett vilket land kvinnan är född. Det går att dra slutsatsen att kvinnor med en FGM-diagnos och deras nyfödda barn tillhör en riskgrupp. Det är av stor vikt att arbeta preventivt för att skydda dessa kvinnor och barns hälsa. / ABSTRACT Background Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is an ancient tradition with strong ties to cultural and ethnic identity. More than 200 million women and girls are estimated to be exposed, and about 3.9 million more girls are at risk each year. The proportion of women from countries where female genital mutilation is common, and which gives birth to children in Sweden has increased with an increased immigration. Female genital mutilation is internationally considered as a violation of human rights and a violation of women's and children's rights. Aim To compare the incidence and risk of perinatal complications among women with a diagnosis of FGM with women without this diagnosis who has given birth to a child in Sweden during the years 2007 - 2017. Method A population-based cohort study. Results The main result of this study is that children born of women with an FGM-diagnosis have a significantly increased risk of low apgar scores, being born Small for Gestational Age, convulsions, perinatal death and prolonged pregnancy could be observed. Conclusion FGM is associated with a number of serious perinatal complications. The greatest risk was seen between female genital mutilation and being born Small for Gestational Age, prolonged pregnancy and intrauterine fetal death. These relationships were robust regardless of which country the woman was born. It can be concluded that women with an FGM diagnosis and their newborn children belong to a risk group. It is very important to work preventively to protect these women and children's health.

Background: An estimated 125 million women live with Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) worldwide. Despite it being internationally recognized as a human rights violation. FGM is still practiced in approximately 29 countries, most of them in Africa and the Middle East. FGM has no health benefits, whereas there are short and long terms negative consequences that can cause physical and psychological problems. Aim: To describe the experiences of women who live with FGM and their subsequent interactions with healthcare providers in countries where FGM is not a tradition. Method: A literature study based on ten studies with a qualitative research design. Results: Five main themes were found; Knowledge of FGM, Language Barriers, The Gender of Healthcare Provider, Interactions with Healthcare Provider and On Display. Conclusion: Patients had difficulties due to the language barriers. There was a preference for female healthcare providers. Patients were affected by interactions with healthcare providers as well as lack of knowledge. Patients also had their genitals put on display for others. Clinical significance: With increasing migration, it is important that healthcare providers do not judge, but instead treat and care for these women with respect and empathy. / Bakgrund: Runt 125 miljoner kvinnor i världen idag är könsstympade, även fast det är internationellt erkänt som ett brott mot de mänskliga rättigheterna. Trots detta praktiseras könstympning fortfarande i cirka 29 länder, mestadels i Afrika och i Mellanöstern. Det finns inga hälsovinster för kvinnor som är könsstympade, däremot medför det kort- och långsiktiga negativa konsekvenser som kan leda till fysiska och psykiska problem. Syfte: Att beskriva könsstympade kvinnors erfarenheter av vårdpersonal i länder där det inte finns någon tradition av könsstympning. Metod: En litteraturstudie baserad på tio studier med kvalitativ ansats. Resultat: Fem huvudteman framkom och beskrevs; Kunskap om könstympning, Språksvårigheter, genus av personal, samspelet med vårdgivare och att den könsstympade kvinnan kände sig uttittad av vårdpersonalen. Slutsats: Patienterna hade svårt att kommunicera med sjukvårdspersonalen. Patienterna föredrog kvinnlig sjukvårdspersonal. Interaktionen med sjukvårdspersonalen påverkade patientens relation till vården. Patienterna kände sig uttittade av sjukvårdpersonalen. Patienterna upplevde att vårdpersonalen hade kunskapsbrister om FGM. Klinisk betydelse: Med ökad migration är det nödvändigt att vårdpersonalen ger en respektfull vård och visar empati för de könstympade kvinnorna.