With the growing demand for high-speed data transmission, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) study group, particularly IEEE 802.11, which focuses on Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) technologies, has been actively pursuing advancements to meet these escalating requirements. One such endeavor is the exploration of Millimeter Wave (mmWave) communications. However, mmWave communications differ significantly from traditional communication systems, characterized by factors like high propagation loss, directivity, and susceptibility to blockage. These distinctive attributes present numerous challenges that must be addressed to fully exploit the potential of mmWave communications. The 802.11be amendment, which will be advertised as Wi-Fi 7, introduces several features that aim to enhance the capabilities of Wi-Fi. One of the main features introduced in this amendment is the Multi-Link Operation (MLO) which allows nodes to transmit and receive over multiple links concurrently. The objective of this project is to assess the performance of integrating MLO with an additional mmWave link in comparison to using a single mmWave link. The aim is to determine whether this combination can effectively address challenges within mmWave communications and consequently enhance throughput performance. Experimental simulations were conducted using an event-based Radio Access Technology (RAT) simulator, considering various scenarios and setups. These investigations examined the impact of factors such as link bandwidth, the number of links in MLO, on Wi-Fi performance. Our findings demonstrate the potential of combining MLO with an additional mmWave link, highlighting significant improvements in overall throughput. However, our results also reveal a link asymmetry problem that arises when integrating links with substantial differences in link capacity. This problem manifests in a specific region where the performance of MLO is not as well as that of using a single mmWave link. To address this issue, we propose a potential solution, which we thoroughly investigate through multiple simulations to assess its feasibility and effectiveness. / Med den växande efterfrågan på höghastighetsdataöverföring har IEEE:s studiegrupp, särskilt IEEE 802.11, som fokuserar på Wi-Fi-teknik, aktivt strävat efter att göra framsteg för att möta dessa eskalerande krav. En sådan strävan är utforskningen av mm-vågskommunikation. mm-vågskommunikation skiljer sig dock avsevärt från traditionella kommunikationssystem, som kännetecknas av faktorer som hög spridningsförlust, direkthet och känslighet för blockering. Dessa utmärkande egenskaper innebär många utmaningar som måste hanteras för att fullt ut utnyttja potentialen hos mm-vågskommunikation. Tillägget 802.11be, som kommer att marknadsföras som Wi-Fi 7, introducerar flera funktioner som syftar till att förbättra kapaciteten hos Wi-Fi. En av de viktigaste funktionerna i detta tillägg är MLO (Multi-Link Operation) som gör det möjligt för noder att sända och ta emot över flera länkar samtidigt. Syftet med detta projekt är att utvärdera hur MLO integreras med en extra mm-våglänk jämfört med en enda mm-våglänk. Målet är att fastställa om denna kombination effektivt kan hantera utmaningar inom mm-vågskommunikation och därmed förbättra genomströmningsprestandan. Experimentella simuleringar genomfördes med hjälp av en händelsebaserad RAT-simulator (Radio Access Technology), där olika scenarier och inställningar beaktades. I dessa undersökningar undersöktes hur faktorer som länkbandbredd och antalet länkar i MLO påverkar Wi-Fi-prestandan. Våra resultat visar potentialen i att kombinera MLO med ytterligare en mm-våglänk, med betydande förbättringar av den totala genomströmningen. Våra resultat visar dock också på ett länkasymmetriproblem som uppstår när man integrerar länkar med stora skillnader i länkkapacitet. Detta problem manifesteras i en specifik region där MLO:s prestanda inte är lika bra som vid användning av en enda mm-våglänk. För att ta itu med detta problem föreslår vi en potentiell lösning som vi undersöker grundligt genom flera simuleringar för att bedöma dess genomförbarhet och effektivitet.

The development of more powerful wireless communication technologies such as 5G and Wi-Fi 6 are opening possibilities for advanced applications in industrial settings. Different types of players across the value chain are entering the market and engaging in mergers and acquisitions. The thesis explores the types of acquisitions which have occurred recently in the industrial wireless industry, as well as the reasons for the respective acquisitions. In addition, technology competition in terms of choice of type of network was researched. The aim was to understand the industrial development in the industry and gain insight into M&A activity. To meet the research aim, a qualitative multiple case study was conducted. Data were collected through articles on 27 recent mergers and acquisitions in the targeted industry, as well as though 5 interviews with different stakeholders. The data collected were then analyzed inductively and deductively through thematic analysis, and a framework for classifying acquisitions were developed. Different types of actors in the industry are engaging in different types of mergers and acquisitions. The study concludes that complementary strategic fit between the acquiring firm and the target firm was the most common. This suggests firms seek to combine different resources in order to respond the developments in the market. Moreover, vertical acquisition was the most common type of value chain integration, and technologies in terms of products were the most common resource acquired. / Utvecklingen av mer kraftfulla trådlösa kommunikationsteknologier såsom 5G och Wi-Fi 6 öppnar upp möjligheter för avancerade applikationer i industriella miljöer. Olika typer av aktörer i olika delar av värdekedjan går in i marknaden och ägnar sig åt fusioner och förvärv. Uppsatsen undersöker vilka typer av förvärv som nyligen har skett inom den trådlösa industrin, samt orsakerna bakom dessa förvärv. Dessutom undersöks konkurrens mellan teknologier som uppstår vid val av typ av industriellt trådlöst nätverk. Forskningssyftet var att förstå vad som påverkar den industriella utvecklingen i branschen och få insikt i den förvärvsverksamhet som skett. För att uppfylla forskningssyftet genomfördes en kvalitativ flerfallsstudie. Data samlades in om 27 genomförda förvärv i branschen baserat på artiklar skrivna om förvärven. Det genomfördes även 5 intervjuer med olika intressenter. Den insamlade datan analyserades sedan med tematisk analys, och klassificerades därefter med beroende på strategisk passform och integration i värdekedjan Olika typer av aktörer i branschen ägnar sig åt olika typer av förvärv. Resultaten visade att en kompletterande strategisk passform mellan det förvärvande företaget och förvärvskandidater var det vanligaste. Detta tyder på att företag försöker kombinera olika resurser för ta del av marknadsutvecklingen. Dessutom var vertikala förvärv den vanligaste typen av integration, och teknologi i form av produkter var den vanligaste resursen som förvärvats.

Studien syftar till att analysera mätningar av tidsfördröjningar i inbyggda system som använder externa Wi-Fi-moduler och Network Time Protocol (NTP) för tidssynkronisering. Mätning i detta sammanhang innebär att man tar mätbara data som kan representera tidsfördröjningarna i numerisk form, vilket gör det möjligt att analysera och jämföra dem på ett objektivt sätt. Genom en grundlig litteraturstudie identifierades de olika elementen involverade i tidssynkroniseringsprocessen, inklusive egenskaper hos Wi-Fi-moduler, NTP-protokollet och andra systemkomponenter. Insamlad data analyserades för att upptäcka mönster och tendenser i tidsfördröjning. Det övergripande målet med studien var att bidra med specifika insikter som kan förbättra konfigurationen och prestandan hos inbyggda system. Genom att jämföra prestanda hos olika dataenheter och visa på variationer i tidsfördröjning, har studien gett konkreta mätdata i form av tid, dess genomsnitt och standardavvikelse. Dessa insikter kan användas för att designa mer tillförlitliga inbyggda system med förbättrad tidssynkronisering, vilket är avgörande för mcu som kräver hög precision och stabilitet. / The study aims to analyze the measurements of time delays in embedded systems that use external Wi-Fi modules and the Network Time Protocol (NTP) for time synchronization. Measurement in this context means taking measurable data that can represent time delays in numerical form, making it possible to analyze and compare them objectively. Through a thorough literature review, the various elements involved in the time synchronization process were identified, including the characteristics of Wi-Fi modules, the NTP protocol, and other system components. Collected data were analyzed to detect patterns and trends in time delays. The overall goal of the study was to contribute specific insights that can improve the configuration and performance of embedded systems. By comparing the performance of different data units and showing variations in time delays, the study provided concrete guidelines and recommendations for engineers and developers. These insights can be used to design more reliable embedded systems with improved time synchronization, which is crucial for mcu requiring high precision and stability.

No description available.

In this thesis, we analyze treatment effect estimate in randomized clinical studies. Treatment effect estimates are constructed on the basis of three models. The first part of this thesis is about the behaviour of these estimates when the treatment effects vary with patients. We find out that all types of estimates are consistent and we derived their asymptotic distribution. The estimates are compared by their asymptotic variances. The theoretical conclusions are confirmed by a simulation study. The second part describes the case where measurements of baseline and final values contain an error. Two estimates are analyzed. We find out that both estimates are consistent. We derive their asymptotic distribution and compare their variances.

The topic of my thesis is conning in the Czech Republic. Conning stands for actions, which take place at conventions of fans of the fantasy genre called cons. Ethnographic study consist of two circuits. The first one focuses on cons, and their different aspects of realization, as well as services, including mechandising. The second on is dedicated to participants of this kind of event. The research focuses not only on their activity at conventions, but also reflects the consumption of the genre and partecipation of related activities. The theoretical part was based on the specialist literature. Theoretical bases served to define research questions. Methods used for data collection include participant observation, semi-structured ethnographic interviews, analysis of documents, informal and unstructured ethnographic interviews and questionnaires. Timeframe for data collection is the period from June 2015 to April 2016. For analysis were used the grounded theory principles, namely open and axial coding. The output is an paradigmatic model. Research identifies characteristic elements of conning in the Czech Republic, differences between domestic and foreign cons and experience of the participants. Also illustrates the role of a fantasy genre fiction in the life of participants, and their perception of...

Forskningen om nya partier har främst fokuserat på partier som lyckats ta sig in i riksdagen. Denna uppsats kommer därför att fokusera på Feministiskt Initiativ (FI), ett parti som varit nära att komma in i riksdagen. I riksdagsvalet 2014 fick partiet 3,12 % av rösterna. I nästkommande riksdagsval fick de endast 0,46 %. Genom fyra intervjuer med väljare som röstade på FI i riksdagsvalet 2014, och som röstade annorlunda i riksdagsvalet 2018 ger uppsatsen inblickar i väljares resonemang kring deras val av parti, samt svarat på frågan om vad som förändrades hos dessa väljare mellan riksdagsvalen. Resultaten har analyserats utifrån en egen analysmodell som utgått från tidigare forskning gällande hur personliga värderingar, den politiska kontexten, partiutvecklingen och partikonkurrensens har påverkat väljare i olika riktningar.     Varför väljarna röstade på FI i riksdagsvalet 2014 berodde på det upplevda hotet från Sverigedemokraterna, de feministiska värderingarna hos väljarna och Feministiskt Initiativ som det enda legitima alternativet för feministisk politik. Varför väljarna röstade annorlunda i riksdagsvalet 2018 berodde på att väljarna upplevde att övriga partier hade tagit in ett bredare feministiskt perspektiv, att FI försvann från den samhällspolitiska debatten samt att väljarna hade bytt ideologi. Förändringen hos väljarna kan således förstås genom den förändrade politiska konkurrensen, personliga värderingar och partiutvecklingen för FI.

Dentro da área de Ensino de Ciências é possível identificar a existência da linha de trabalho que advoga o ensino de uma Física detentora de valor Cultural dentro de sala de aula. Trabalhos como os de Zanetic (1989) sugerem que a Física, por não ser desprovida de conteúdo ideológico e político seja ensinada nas escolas públicas dentro de um contexto sociocultural. Neste caminho, pretendemos contribuir para o diálogo entre a Física e a Cultura, em especial a Cultura de Massas, apresentando uma análise do potencial didático apresentado pela Leitura de Histórias em Quadrinhos de Ficção Científica dentro da sala de aula em um curso de Física. Utilizamos como referenciais para a relação entre Física e Cultura os trabalhos de George Snyders (1988) C.P. Snow (1959) e do próprio Zanetic (1989). A relação entre História em Quadrinhos e Educação foi analisada a partir dos trabalhos do prof. Waldomiro Vergueiro (2009) da ECA-USP e de outros estudiosos da área. Para iluminar o laço entre a Ficção Científica e o Ensino de Física, nos baseamos na teoria de análise dos pólos temáticos desenvolvida por Piassi (2007). Como demonstraremos adiante, o diálogo entre a Física, as Histórias em Quadrinhos de Ficção Científica e o período histórico-social que as produz é profundo, fazendo com que a leitura deste material em sala de aula possa fornecer o ponto de partida para o estudo de uma Física detentora de um perfil cultural, cujo domínio é capaz de levar o aluno ao questionamento, resultando em uma ação de mudança social. O recorte temático para estudo adotou as histórias do título em quadrinhos \"Quarteto Fantástico\", publicado originalmente desde 1962 e cujo lançamento pode ser considerado uma resposta cultural as sucessivas derrotas enfrentadas pela sociedade norte-americana no campo da corrida espacial. Exploraremos o panorama geral delineado pelos três números iniciais da publicação, responsáveis pela definição de uma matriz narrativa publicada de forma ininterrupta até os dias de hoje. Para fins de comparação adotamos as três primeiras aventuras de sua versão reformulada para o Século XXI após os eventos de 11 de Setembro de 2001, o chamado \"Quarteto Fantástico Ultimate\". Nosso objetivo é apresentar as relações entre a expressão artística da Ciência e os anseios sociais relacionados às descobertas científicas, apresentadas nos dois títulos. O resultado obtido evidencia que discutir uma História em Quadrinhos de Ficção Científica em sala de aula significa discutir a sociedade que as criou, fazendo com que a leitura crítica de um título possibilite ao aluno o contato com uma Física fruto da construção humana e detentora de um papel cultural. / Within the area of Science Education it is possible to identify a line of work where several studies advocate the teaching of a Cultural Physics in the classroom. Authors such as Zanetic (1989) suggests that physics can be taught in public schools within a sociocultural context, because it is not devoid of ideological and political content. In this way, we intend to contribute to the dialogue between physics and culture, especially the mass culture, presenting an analysis of the didactic potential represented by reading Sci Fi comics during physics class. We used works such as George Snyders (1988) C.P. Snow (1959) and the very own Zanetic (1989) as references for the relationship between physics and culture. The relationship between Comics and Education was analyzed based on the studies of prof. Waldomiro Vergueiro (2009), ECA-USP and other scholars in the field. To illuminate the link between science fiction and physics teaching, we rely on the theory developed by Piassi (2007) for exploration of thematic poles. As we intend to demonstrate further, the dialogue between physics, sci fi comics and the socialhistorical period which produces it is deep, making the reading material in the classroom provide a starting point for the studies of physics with a cultural profile. This domain leads to questioning the student, which may result in an action for social change. The cutout theme adopted for the stories study is the comic book title \"Fantastic Four\", originally published in 1962 and whose release can be considered as a cultural response to the successive defeats faced by the American society throughout the space race, as will be demonstrated below. We explore the big picture outlined by the first three numbers of the publication, responsible for the definition of a matrix narrative published uninterruptedly up until the present day. For comparison purposes we will adopt the first three adventures of a reformulated version for the twenty-first century after the events of September 11, 2001, called \"Ultimate Fantastic Four\". Our goal is to demonstrate the relationship between expressive artistic science and social expectations related scientific findings, presented in both titles. As a result, we expect to demonstrate that discussing a sci fi comic book in the classroom means discussing the society that created them, making the critical reading of a title possible for the students to make contact with detaining physics that hold a cultural result of the human construction.

A proliferação de dispositivos móveis e de redes sem fio tem encorajado um crescente interesse em sistemas e serviços baseados na localização de dispositivos portáteis, especialmente em ambientes internos, como edifícios e residências. A localização de um dispositivo portátil é um parâmetro crítico em aplicações baseadas no contexto, as quais requerem grande precisão na estimativa de localização. Entretanto, projetar e desenvolver sistemas de localização em interiores, com crescente precisão na estimação e decrescente custo de instalação, é um problema desafiador. Uma abordagem bastante interessante para satisfazer os requisitos de baixo custo consiste em utilizar as infra-estruturas existentes de redes locais sem fio (WLAN) no padrão IEEE 802.11, que já estão instaladas em muitos ambientes. A maioria das abordagens para localização usando WLAN propostas na literatura é baseada em técnicas probabilísticas, que apresentam bom desempenho e estão cada vez mais populares. Estas técnicas usam um mapa com a informação da potência recebida do sinal (RSSI) juntamente com a freqüência de presença de sinal coletada de múltiplos pontos de acesso Wi-Fi, em diferentes localizações físicas no ambiente. Porém, a informação sobre freqüência de presença de sinal pode ser muito ruidosa devido à natureza imprevisível das falhas de transmissão, as quais podem ocorrer decorrentes de diversos fatores. Este trabalho propõe um novo sistema de localização Wi-Fi, o WBLS (Wireless Based Location System), que não considera a informação sobre freqüência de presença de sinal no processo de estimação, visando eliminar os ruídos a ela associados. O WBLS explora o fato da potência do sinal Wi-Fi variar com a localização e usa um HMM descrito em um grafo onde os nós representam as localizações e as arestas, as probabilidades de transição em função da topologia do ambiente e das velocidades esperadas de um pedestre portando um dispositivo móvel. Investiga-se em que situações a eliminação da informação sobre freqüência de presença de sinal devido a seus ruídos associados aumenta a exatidão da estimativa de localização, apesar do descarte da informação em si. Os experimentos realizados demonstram que a característica mais importante do WBLS é uma particular robustez ao lidar com desligamentos de pontos de acesso, os quais podem ocorrer sem nenhum aviso ou previsão em um ambiente onde pouco controle se tem sobre sua infra-estrutura. / The proliferation of mobile computing devices and wireless networks has fostered a growing interest in location-based systems and services for Portable Wireless Devices, specially in indoor environments. The location of a handheld device is a critical parameter in context-aware applications, which require high degree of accuracy of location estimation. However, designing and developing indoor location systems with increasing estimation accuracy and decreasing cost installation is a challenging problem. A very interesting approach to reach low-cost requirements consists in using the pre-existing IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network (WLAN) infrastructure that is already installed in many places. Most of the WLAN indoor location approaches proposed in the literature are based on probabilistic techniques which show good performance and are becoming increasingly popular. Such approaches use a map of received signal strength information and signal presence frequency collected from multiple Wi-Fi access points at different physical locations in the environment. However, the signal presence frequency information can be very noisy due to the unpredictable nature of transmissions failures, which can be caused by several factors. This work proposes a new probabilistic-based Wi-Fi location system, WBLS (Wireless Based Location System), which doesn\'t take the signal presence frequency information into account in the estimation process, in an attempt to eliminate its associated noise. WBLS exploits the fact that Wi-Fi signal strength vary with location, and uses an HMM on a graph of location nodes whose transition probabilities are a function of the building\'s floor plan and expected speeds of a pedestrian holding a portable device. We investigate if eliminating signal presence frequency information due to its associated noise increases the accuracy of the location estimation, despite the amount of information about the signal presence that is discarded. Experiments show that the most important feature of WBLS is a particular robustness while dealing with access points shutdowns that may happen without any warning in an environment where there is little control over the infrastructure.

Submitted by Samira Prince (prince@ufpa.br) on 2012-05-22T14:49:02Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_ArcaboucoAprovisionamentoQos.pdf: 2402283 bytes, checksum: 538c75b15b62e851587e9c898048d628 (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Samira Prince(prince@ufpa.br) on 2012-05-22T14:49:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_ArcaboucoAprovisionamentoQos.pdf: 2402283 bytes, checksum: 538c75b15b62e851587e9c898048d628 (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-05-22T14:49:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_ArcaboucoAprovisionamentoQos.pdf: 2402283 bytes, checksum: 538c75b15b62e851587e9c898048d628 (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Recentemente a sociedade está vivendo em meio a um aglomerado de dispositivos móveis com múltiplas interfaces sem fio que permitem que clientes móveis domésticos e corporativos solucionem problemas rotineiros no menor espaço de tempo e em diversas localizações. Por outro lado, a disponibilidade de diversas tecnologias de acesso sem fio como: Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity), WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) e LTE (Long Term Evolution), proporcionam um cenário heterogêneo com diversas oportunidades de conectividade para o usuário de dispositivos com múltiplas interfaces. Alguns dos desafios atuais no contexto da concepção da então denominada NGN (Next Generation Networks) são o desenvolvimento de arcabouços e mecanismos que viabilizem tanto o suporte adequado à Qualidade de Serviço (QoS – Quality of Service) e à Qualidade de Experiência (QoE – Quality of Experience) para aplicações multimídia, quanto a garantia de equidade entre vazões de diferentes aplicações em ambiente heterogêneo. Esta dissertação propõe um arcabouço para o aprovisionamento de QoS e QoE em redes sem fio heterogêneas formada por redes WiMAX e Wi-Fi. Especificamente, nossa solução provê mapeamento estático de QoS entre as classes de serviços WiMAX e categorias de acesso Wi-Fi. Além disso, nossa proposta também combina funcionalidades de equidade entre vazões com a solução de mapeamento, a fim de alcançar um bom compromisso tanto para o operador da rede, quanto para o usuário, através de uma nova metodologia de coleta e calculo de vazão agregada e algoritmo de decisão de handover vertical. A avaliação quantitativa da proposta foi realizada através de modelos de simulação no ns-2 (Network Simulator). Os resultados de desempenho demonstram a eficiência da arquitetura em termos de métricas de QoS (vazão, vazão média e atraso) e QoE (PSRN - Peak Signal to Noise Ratio, SSIM - Structural Similarity Index e VQM - Video Quality Metric). / Recently, the society is living amid an agglomerate of mobile devices with multiple wireless interfaces that allow mobile customers home and business solve routine problems in the shortest time and in several locations. On the other hand, the availability of various wireless access technologies such as Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) and Long Term Evolution (LTE), provide a heterogeneous scenario with several connectivity opportunities for the user of devices with multiple interfaces. Some of the current challenges in framing the so called Next Generation Networks (NGN) are the development of frameworks and mechanisms that enable both adequate support for Quality of Service (QoS) and Quality of Experience (QoE) for multimedia applications, and assurance equity among throughputs of different applications in a heterogeneous environment. This dissertation proposes a framework for provisioning of QoS and QoE in heterogeneous wireless networks consisting of WiMAX and Wi-Fi networks. Specifically, our solution provides static mapping of QoS between classes of service WiMAX and access categories Wi-Fi. In addition, our proposal also combines features of equity among throughputs with the mapping solution in order to achieve a good tradeoff for both, for the network operator and for the user, through a new methodology for collection and calculation of aggregate throughput and algorithm for Vertical Handover Decision (VHD). The quantitative evaluation of the proposal was carried out using simulation models in Network Simulator (NS-2). The performance results demonstrate the efficiency of the framework in terms of QoS (throughput, average throughput and delay) and QoE (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio, Structural Similarity Index and Video Quality Metric) metrics.