Este texto dissertativo trata do tema da educação financeira no Brasil. Por se considerá-la um processo de aquisição conceitual, com objetivos e princípios, ela necessita de comprometimento de práticas regulares para organizar receitas, despesas e investimentos. Dentre elas está o orçamento familiar, uma ferramenta de gerenciamento que se desdobra em outras práticas, as quais podem ou não exigir meios como o papel, o lápis, borracha, caneta, planilhas e programas informatizados. Neste universo acrescentam-se outros fatores como a questão cultural das crenças, da busca pela felicidade, da certeza, das perdas, dos ganhos, das fantasias e da racionalidade. Com a industrialização e as técnicas de venda, o mundo transformou as pessoas em consumidoras de tecnologia e de ciência. Produtos como o automóvel e o telefone celular com múltiplas funções são objetos de desejo que interferem na rotina das pessoas. Dada a crescente necessidade de tomar decisões de curto, médio e longo prazo para as finanças pessoais, esta dissertação teve como objetivo analisar ações de educação financeira organizadas na forma de oficinas que compreendessem diferentes maneiras de gerir as finanças pessoais. A delimitação espacial foi o espaço escolar (Escola Terra Firme) e o acadêmico (Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR – câmpus Curitiba) durante os anos de 2015 e 2016, onde foram realizadas oficinas de educação financeira. A metodologia foi de natureza qualitativa, com aplicação de questionário e entrevistas informais. Primou-se pela ideia de processo de apropriação de significados e princípios que faz parte do conceito de educação financeira como o orçamento, a aquisição de produtos financeiros (seguros, aposentadoria), riscos, bem estar financeiro, relações que se estabelecem nos atos de consumir, imparcialidade em julgamentos, eficiência, e consciência do futuro. Os resultados apontam que a organização das finanças pessoais depende de atitudes e comportamentos que provêm da racionalidade e das emoções. O dinheiro é um meio de realizar transações que necessita ser administrado, e por isso as pessoas precisam de conhecimentos e princípios básicos para a gestão dos recursos. A conclusão do trabalho mostra, considerando os diferentes perfis de comportamento financeiro, é importante adicionar aos saberes e conhecimentos, em especial do público que atua em instituições de ensino, orientações para manter as receitas maiores que as despesas e assim poder planejar um futuro com mais qualidade de vida. / This text handles the subject of the financial education in Brazil. Considered as a process of conceptual acquisition, with objectives and principles, it needs the commitment of regular practices to organize revenues, expenses and investments. Among them is the family budget, a management tool which branches into other practices that can require or not means like paper, pencil, eraser, pen, spreadsheets and computer programs. Other factors like the cultural issue of beliefs, the search of happiness, the certainty, the losses, the gains, the fantasies and the rationality were important to this universe. With industrialization and the new sales techniques, the world changed people into consumers of technology and science. Products like the automobile and the cell phone, with its multiple functions are objects of desire that interfere with people routine. Due the increasing necessity of taking short, middle and long-term decisions for personal finances, the objective of this dissertation was to analyze the actions of financial education organized in workshops that sought to comprehend different ways to manage the personal finances. The spatial delimitation was the school (Terra Firme School) and the academic (Federal University of Technology - Paraná – UTFPR Campus Curitiba) area, where happened financial education’s workshops during 2015 and 2016. The methodology was of qualitative nature, with the application of questionnaires and informal interviews. The dissertation distinguished itself by the idea of appropriation process of meanings and principles that is part of a financial education concept like estimate, the acquisition of financial products (insurances, retirement), risks, financial wellbeing, relations established on consumption acts, impartiality on judgements, efficiency and consciousness about the future. The findings highlight that the organization of personal finances depends on the attitudes and behavior, which originate from rationality and emotions. The money is a way of realizing transactions that needs to be administrated, and that is the reason why people needs knowledge and basic principles to the management of resources. The conclusion shows that, considering the different financial behavior profiles, it is important to add to the knowledge, especially to the public of education institutes, orientations to keep the gains bigger than the losses and this way to be able to plan the future with more life quality.

Acompanha: Tarefas para educação financeira: uma proposta a luz da educação matemática realística / Este trabalho apresenta a elaboração, aplicação e discussão de uma Sequência de Tarefas matemáticas que provocam reflexões a respeito de temas da Educação Financeira. Todo o desenvolver da pesquisa ancorou-se nos pressupostos de ensino e aprendizagem da Educação Matemática Realística. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa de cunho interpretativo. A aplicação da Sequência de Tarefas foi realizada em uma instituição Filantrópica de Londrina-PR, na qual os adolescentes que a frequentam encontram-se em situação de desproteção social e a regente foi a pesquisadora. A partir de seu desenvolvimento e aplicação buscou-se provocar um repensar a prática de ensino e de aprendizagem e discutir objetivos e competências da Educação Financeira revelados nas produções dos estudantes. A construção do trabalho gerou indícios de que, um ambiente de sala de aula à luz de Educação Matemática Realística favorece uma educação aos jovens na direção de tornarem-se sujeitos matematicamente letrados, em especial referente a situações financeiras. / This paper presents the elaboration, application and discussion of mathematical task sequence in order to raise reflections on Financial Education themes. The entire development of the research was based on the teaching and learning assumptions of Realistic Mathematics Education. It is a qualitative research of an interpretive nature. The sequence task application was carried out by the researcher, who was also the teacher, in a Philanthropic institution in Londrina-PR, where adolescents are in an unprotected social situation. The activity tried to arouse a rethinking of the teaching and learning practice and also discuss the objectives and competencies of Financial Education revealed by the students’ productions from its development and application. The work construction produced some indications that a classroom environment concerning the Realistic Mathematical Education provides the young some education, which, makes them become mathematically literate subjects, especially referring to financial situations.

The theme of this dissertation is financial inclusion, defined by the staff of the Central Bank of Brazil as a |process of effective access and use the population of financial services tailored to your needs, contributing to their quality of life.| In recent years, this topic is gaining prominence in the world and in Brazil, mainly because of the benefits provided by the virtuous circle of financial inclusion. Aiming to contribute to the debate on this issue, this thesis aimed to measure the degree of financial inclusion in the state of Sergipe, checking the differences that drive the federation, on the subject. For this, we measured the index of financial inclusion (IFI), according to the methodology adopted by the staff of the Central Bank of Brazil, in the Report on Financial Inclusion number 2, from the use of indicators of supply and demand to the National Financial System (NFS), the micro-regional and municipal cutouts for the year 2010. The results were as follows. First, the degree of financial inclusion in the state of Sergipe, measured by IFI was low, taking as a basis the index scale. Second, the micro Sergipe showed low level of financial inclusion, with the exception of the region of Aracaju. Thus, it was found that there were significant differences in the degree of financial inclusion among the micro-regional, especially when they were compared with the microregion of Aracaju. The highlight of the latter was due mainly to the dynamism of socioeconomic capital of Sergipe. In municipal clipping, it was found that the municipalities in Sergipe analyzed also showed low level of financial inclusion, with the exception of the city of Aracaju. Third, the state of Sergipe presented as more inclusive than the Para, although the latter presented internal inequalities smaller in comparison with the state of Sergipe. This greater inclusion in the state of Sergipe occurred because it showed better social and economic indicators. Moreover, the territory of Sergipe benefited from more favorable geography, with their locations closer to the capital, and thus more likely to lower transaction costs. The paper concludes that the level of financial inclusion in the state of Sergipe is low and shows strong internal differences, is the cutout microregional, whether in municipal, showing that, just as there were socioeconomic differences also existed different degrees of financial inclusion within the territory Sergipe. Thus, to make the state of Sergipe more inclusive, it is necessary that policymakers look more into the state to adopt policies to inclusive financial system. / O tema da presente dissertação é a inclusão financeira, definida pela equipe do Banco Central do Brasil, como um processo de efetivo acesso e uso pela população de serviços financeiros adequados às suas necessidades, contribuindo para sua qualidade de vida . Nos últimos anos, esse tema vem ganhando destaque no mundo e no Brasil, principalmente, por causa dos benefícios proporcionados pelo círculo virtuoso da inclusão financeira. Com o intuito de colaborar com o debate sobre esse tema, a presente dissertação objetivou mensurar o grau de inclusão financeira no estado de Sergipe, verificando as divergências nessa unidade da federação, no assunto. Para isso, foi mensurado o índice de inclusão financeira (IIF), conforme metodologia adotada pela equipe do Banco Central do Brasil, no Relatório de Inclusão Financeira nº 2, a partir da utilização de indicadores de oferta e de demanda ao Sistema Financeiro Nacional (SFN), nos recortes microrregional e municipal, para o ano de 2010. Os resultados encontrados foram os seguintes. Primeiro, o grau de inclusão financeira do estado de Sergipe, medido pelo IIF foi baixo, tomando-se como base a escala do índice. Segundo, as microrregiões sergipanas apresentaram baixo grau de inclusão financeira, com exceção da microrregião de Aracaju. Assim, constatou-se que houve divergências significativas no grau de inclusão financeira entre as microrregionais do estado, em especial, quando elas foram comparadas com a microrregião de Aracaju. O destaque desta última deveu-se, principalmente, ao dinamismo socioeconômico da capital sergipana. No recorte municipal, constatou-se que os municípios sergipanos analisados também apresentaram baixo grau de inclusão financeira, com exceção da cidade de Aracaju. Terceiro, o estado de Sergipe apresentou-se mais inclusivo que o do Pará, embora este último tenha apresentado desigualdades internas menores no comparativo com o estado de Sergipe. Essa maior inclusão no estado sergipano ocorreu porque ele apresentou melhores indicadores econômico-sociais. Além disso, o território sergipano foi beneficiado por sua geografia mais favorável, com suas localidades mais próximas à capital e, assim, mais propícias a menores custos de transação. O trabalho conclui que o nível de inclusão financeira no estado de Sergipe é baixo e apresenta fortes divergências internas, seja no recorte microrregional, seja no municipal, mostrando que, assim como houve diferenças socioeconômicas significativas, também existiram diferentes graus de inclusão financeira dentro do território sergipano. Assim, para tornar o estado de Sergipe mais inclusivo, é preciso que os policymakers olhem mais para o interior do estado ao adotarem políticas públicas inclusivas ao Sistema Financeiro Nacional.

The purpose of this study is to develop an indebtedness framework that explains the effects of financialisation and household indebtedness on economic development. For this purpose, the study empirically examines annual South African data covering the years 1990-2017 to look at the effect of financialisation before and after the 2007/08 financial crisis. South Africa adopted an inflation targeting monetary policy regime in the 1990s before the global economic crisis in response to the global financial crisis of 2007-08. Examining data from 1990-2017 made it possible to look at the effects of financial deregulation policies that were introduced post the 2007-08 financial meltdown. The study addressed three objectives. The first objective sought to establish the extent of financialisation in the South African economy pre and post the 2008 financial crisis. To achieve this objective, annual time series data from 1990-2017 on financialisation variables was split into two, before and after the financial crisis. Graphical presentations of the four financialisation variables (financial deregulation, foreign financial inflows, asset price volatility, and shift to market-based finance) showed that there was a difference in financialisation before and after the 2008 financial crisis. Analysis of variance showed that there is a statistically significant difference between the foreign financial inflows’ series before and after the financial meltdown of 2008 (t-test value -6.527, p ≤ 0.0001). (1990-2008). The findings also showed that there was no statistically significant difference between asset price volatility before and after the financial meltdown of 2008. Interestingly, there is a statistically significant difference between stock market value traded in the period from 1990-2008 and 20092017 after the financial crisis (t = -4.295, p ≤0.001). The second objective sought to examine the causal direction between financialisation and household indebtedness. Contrary to a priori expectations, the findings showed that financial deregulation, foreign financial inflows and shift to market-based finance do not Granger cause indebtedness. However, the findings showed that the null hypothesis that asset price does not Granger cause household indebtedness was rejected. This implies that there is a causal direction between asset price volatility and household indebtedness Lastly, the third objective of this study was to explain the effects of financialisation and indebtedness on economic development to inform the indebtedness framework that this study set out to develop. Using annual data for the period of 1990 to 2017, the third objective was addressed by examining the effect of household indebtedness and financialisation on economic development. These effects were tested using OLS regression and error correction modelling technique (ECM) for each of the four financialisation variable: (1) financial deregulation measured using the financial reform index; (2) foreign financial inflows measured using stock of foreign liabilities as percentage of GDP; (3) asset price volatility; and (4) shift to market-based finance, measured using stock market value traded as percentage of GDP. The findings showed that foreign financial inflows and asset price index when regressed with household indebtedness showed a statistically significant effect on economic development in a long-run model. The indebtedness framework was duly presented showing that economic development is likely to be negatively and strongly affected by financialisation as experienced in asset price volatility and foreign financial inflows. / Graduate School of Business Leadership / D.B.L.

This study aimed to develop a causal chain that illustrates the path through which a variety of factors influence consumer financial vulnerability. In order to achieve the stated aim, it was necessary to firstly identify the factors that gave rise to consumers being financially vulnerable. Secondly, the nature of the causal chain between the identified factors was determined. Thirdly, the causes of consumer financial vulnerability according to key informants in the financial services industry were determined. Finally, based on the results of the first three stages, possible explanations for consumer financial vulnerability were provided. Before the construction of the causal chain could be explored, a theoretical framework regarding household financial position as well as financial attitudes and behaviours was provided. The theoretical framework was supported by a description of the linkages through which consumers function and transact in an economy by applying chain reasoning. The chain reasoning was extended by providing financial statements reflecting the results of consumers’ interactions in the macroeconomy with an extract from the national accounts of South Africa presenting the income statements, balance sheets and relevant financial ratios of consumers for the period in which the research was conducted (2008 to 2009). For this study, the explanatory sequential mixed methods design was deemed appropriate to achieve the proposed research objectives. The research process firstly consisted of a quantitative strand where the possible causes for consumer financial vulnerability were identified after which the results were validated with data obtained in the second phase by means of four focus group discussions. To determine the factors giving rise to and establish the causal chain of overall consumer financial vulnerability, regression analysis was conducted. Based on the results of the regression analysis, it became evident that the financial vulnerability chain is not a singular linear process but rather a non-linear process (with contemporaneous and singular linkages) with a variety of factors influencing financial vulnerability, but also influencing each other over time. / Management Accounting / D. Accounting Science

Gauteng, one of the nine provinces of South Africa, has a high number of households as compared to the other provinces. Geographically the province has the smallest land size, however it forms the central part of the South African economy. From the total value of credit granted in all provinces, Gauteng has the highest. The province has a high number of registered debt counsellors and an increasing number of consumers who apply for debt counselling because of over-indebtedness. The high number of the registered debt counsellors and consumers seeking debt counselling service gave rise to the purpose of the study. The purpose of the study was to assess the role of debt counselling services provided by debt counsellors to consumers on the one hand, and to also assess whether debt counselling has had a positive effect on the personal financial well-being of consumers who participated in the debt counselling process on the other hand. Furthermore, the study aimed at developing a framework that will empower consumers to be self-sufficient with their finances. From the purpose of the study, two research questions were proposed: (1) How does the debt counselling service provided by debt counsellors assist consumers to manage their finances effectively? (2) Which role does the debt counselling service provided by debt counsellors play in terms of the personal financial well-being of consumers? In an attempt to answer research questions, the theoretical framework of both personal finance and debt counselling were studied. The importance of personal finance, personal financial planning, the evolution of debt counselling, the effectiveness and the ineffectiveness of debt counselling services were identified. A two-phased sequential design (qualitative and quantitative) was used. Fifteen debt counsellors were selected (for the first phase of the study) by making use of a purposeful sampling. These debt counsellors were interviewed and further requested to identify and send questionnaires to consumers whom they have rendered debt counselling service between the years 2007 and 2013. In the second phase of the study, 300 over-indebted consumers were surveyed through a snowball non-probability sampling technique and a response rate of 61% was realised. Data was analysed using ATLAS.ti and the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) for the first and the second data collected respectively. Furthermore, the exploratory factor analysis was used to analyse the data, and the factorability of the data was assessed by means of two statistical measures, namely Bartlett’s test of sphericity and Kaizer Meyer-Olkin. It was observed that most debt counsellors lack financial management knowledge and do not have mechanisms to verify their clients’ financial well-being after debt counselling service had been completed. In addition, there was no evidence that consumers who received debt counselling improved in their financial well-being and that consumers also lacked personal financial management skills. The study concluded that, although debt counselling is essential, it does not necessarily assist consumers to effectively manage their finances. The study purports to suggest the following: Debt counsellors should be subjected to formal financial management training prior to their registration, debt counsellors should provide personal financial management education to their clients, and assess the financial management conduct of their clients once debt counselling process is complete, and debt counsellors should establish debt counsellors’ forums. The South African government (in conjunction with the Department of Education and Training) should introduce and implement personal financial management education in both primary and high schools’ curricula. Personal financial management should continue to be offered at adult learning centres as well as other institutions of higher learning. Employers should appoint employee wellness officers who will provide personal finance training to employees. Credit providers should take the responsibility of educating their clients on how to manage their accounts and the importance of paying debts on time. The South African media should also be used by the government and the NCR to educate and inform consumers about finance-related matters. Finally consumers should seek guidance and advice before making financial commitments. The study concluded by suggesting a framework that should help consumers to manage and sustain their financial well-being. / Business Management / DCOM (Business Management)

Balancing the work and family domains is an ongoing concern for men and women in dual-earner relationships. However, most of the research studies that have explored work-family balance, have been conducted within the North American context using highly educated middle-class couples. Furthermore, no known South African studies have explored work-family balance experiences and strategies based on the couple as a unit. The aim of this study is therefore to understand how middle-class South African dual-earner couples experience and pursue work-family balance. A sample comprising ten multi-racial, middle-class, heterosexual dual-earner couples with children, who work in different employment sectors, and reside in Cape Town, South Africa, were selected purposefully through the use of convenience and snow-ball sampling techniques. The interpretive approach located within the qualitative paradigm was employed to understand the subjective experiences of couples through the method of semi-structured conjoint interviews. All conjoint interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed for later analysis. Patterns and themes within the data were identified using thematic analysis and later organised through the use of thematic networks. Two organising themes were uncovered for the global theme "subjective experiences of work-family balance amongst dual-earner couples", namely that work-family balance is a unique experience, and that work-family balance is a dynamic process. Furthermore, the data analysis revealed ten organising themes for the global theme "strategies dual-earner couples use to pursue a work-family balance", namely that striving towards an egalitarian marital relationship helps to promote couples' experience of work-family balance; proactively structuring opportunities for time with family contributes to a balanced work and family life; accessing familial and paid support promotes feelings of being successful in balancing work and family roles; shared planning and organisation facilitates a better balance of work and family roles; living within means relieves couples of unnecessary financial stress; creating opportunities for "alone time" supports couples' work-family balance; work validation and satisfaction encourages greater experiences ofwork-family balance; having the ability to control one's schedule ensures greater freedom to transition between work and family domains; setting boundaries around work and family domains helps couples maintain their balance; and relying on faith to cope with work and family stressors leads to a more balanced life. Each organising theme contained several basic themes which were discussed in relation to previous literature and/or research studies. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)

In South Africa, less than 10% of individuals are financially independent after retirement, with an increasing number becoming dependent on social grants from government – hence the importance of analysing the asset composition of high net worth individuals who have achieved financial independence. To achieve the aim of this study, it was first necessary to define net worth and to develop a theoretical framework of the assets and liabilities included in the measurement of an individual’s net worth and how these assets and liabilities should be valued. A definition of high net worth individuals was then formulated. Secondly, the factors influencing the asset composition of high net worth individuals, as well as selected demographic factors that influence net worth, were investigated. Finally, following a quantitative approach, data collected from the liquidation and distribution accounts of deceased individuals were analysed according to the developed framework. The results of this study suggest that are indeed differences in the contribution of the different asset types when measured using the mean, relative contribution and importance of the asset class in comparison with total assets. Further analysis revealed that the richest individuals included in the survey invested more in shares than the other groups for whom immovable property was the primary asset. Based on the analysis of selected demographic factors, the findings indicated that for many of the dependent variables, the asset used most by respondents in that group was not the same asset that made the highest contribution to the net worth of the individuals in the group. / Business Management / M. Com. (Accounting)

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Mzansi rekening, as Eerste Orde Nasionale rekening, is gesamentlik deur die “Groot 4” banke geloods, spesifiek met die oog daarop om toegang tot groter finansiële dienste te bewerkstellig in lyn met die Finansiële Dienste Handves. Hierdie navorsingsverslag ondersoek die sukses van die Mzansi rekening in terme van die verbetering van toegang tot finansiële dienste en die verwesinliking van Prahalad se visie van die Fortuin aan die onderkant van die piramide of die sogenaamde Base of the Pyramid (BoP). Die studie is gedoen deur onderhoude te voer met industrie-kenners wat nou betrokke was met die loods van die Mzansi rekening, asook deur ’n oorsig te doen van ’n verslag van die onlangse kommisie van ondersoek oor kompetisie in die bankwese in Suid Afrika. Die Mzansi rekening is inderdaad suksesvol daarin om toegang tot finansiële dienste vir alle Suid Afrikaners beskikbaar te maak, maar dit is steeds nie winsgewend vir die banke nie. Die Mzansi rekening is dus nie in lyn met Prahalad se visie van die BoP nie. Die winsgewendheid van die rekening in die toekoms hang af van die graad van aanvaarding van armes van meer doeltreffende elektroniese transaksies. Tot op datum wil dit voorkom asof Prahalad se gevoel dat die armes gevorderde tegnologie maklik aanvaar nie in die bank sektor in Suid Afrika geld nie. ’n Toenemende fokus op gebruik eerder as toegang en ’n beter belyning met Prahalad se twaalf beginsels van innovasie by die BoP mag egter wel beter wins vir die banke inhou. Selfs al sou winste nie materialiseer nie, is dit steeds voordelig vir banke wat bereid is om te eksperimenteer en te leer van die Mzansi ervaring. Die Mzansi rekening mag dalk die katalis wees vir nuwe en verbeterde produkte wat suksesvol sal wees in die BOP mark. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Mzansi account, as a First Order National Bank Account, was jointly launched by the Big 4 Banks (ABSA, FNB, Nedbank and Standard Bank) specifically to increase access to financial services in line with the requirements of the Financial Sector Charter (FSC). This study explores the success of the Mzansi account with regard to improving access to financial services and achieving Prahalad’s vision of a Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid (BoP). The study was conducted by interviewing industry experts who were intimately involved in the launch of the Mzansi account and reviewing the transcripts of the recent commission of enquiry into the competition of banking in South Africa. The Mzansi account has been successful in increasing financial access for all South Africans but has not proved to be profitable for the banks. The Mzansi bank account therefore does not support Prahalad’s vision that there is a fortune at the base of the pyramid. The future profitability of the account is dependent on the acceptance of the poor of more efficient electronic transacting. To date it would seem that Prahalad’s notion that the poor accept advanced technology readily does not apply within the banking sector of South Africa. An increased focus on usage as apposed to access and a better alignment to Prahalad’s twelve principles of innovation at the BoP may well bring increased profits for the banks. Even if profits don’t materialise, for those banks willing to experiment and learn from the Mzansi experience. The Mzansi account may well be a catalyst for new and/or improved products that will be successful in the BoP market.

This study aimed to develop a causal chain that illustrates the path through which a variety of factors influence consumer financial vulnerability. In order to achieve the stated aim, it was necessary to firstly identify the factors that gave rise to consumers being financially vulnerable. Secondly, the nature of the causal chain between the identified factors was determined. Thirdly, the causes of consumer financial vulnerability according to key informants in the financial services industry were determined. Finally, based on the results of the first three stages, possible explanations for consumer financial vulnerability were provided. Before the construction of the causal chain could be explored, a theoretical framework regarding household financial position as well as financial attitudes and behaviours was provided. The theoretical framework was supported by a description of the linkages through which consumers function and transact in an economy by applying chain reasoning. The chain reasoning was extended by providing financial statements reflecting the results of consumers’ interactions in the macroeconomy with an extract from the national accounts of South Africa presenting the income statements, balance sheets and relevant financial ratios of consumers for the period in which the research was conducted (2008 to 2009). For this study, the explanatory sequential mixed methods design was deemed appropriate to achieve the proposed research objectives. The research process firstly consisted of a quantitative strand where the possible causes for consumer financial vulnerability were identified after which the results were validated with data obtained in the second phase by means of four focus group discussions. To determine the factors giving rise to and establish the causal chain of overall consumer financial vulnerability, regression analysis was conducted. Based on the results of the regression analysis, it became evident that the financial vulnerability chain is not a singular linear process but rather a non-linear process (with contemporaneous and singular linkages) with a variety of factors influencing financial vulnerability, but also influencing each other over time. / Management Accounting / D. Accounting Science