L'opération de crédit "Schuldscheindarlehen" est apparue dans le paysage bancaire et financier allemand au milieu du XIXème siècle. Son essor, au cours des dernières décennies, rend plus que jamais pertinente la question de sa qualification juridique en droit français. L'opération se présentant comme un prêt de nature syndiquée, aux participations cessibles selon des voies simplifiées, est généralement perçue par les financiers comme un outil efficace de financement de l'économie, véritable troisième voie capable de concurrencer la syndication de crédit et l'emprunt obligataire. L'étude des actes juridiques ayant a priori une fonction centrale dans l'opération (Partie I) met en exergue plusieurs spécificités. La possibilité laissée à un large éventail d'investisseurs (banques, compagnies d'assurance, fonds d'investissement) de participer au contrat de prêt favorise la levée massive des fonds, dans le respect d'un cadre juridique fortement standardisé et allégé. Les reconnaissances de dette (Schuldschein) qui sont émises par l'emprunteur au moment de la formation du contrat de prêt, dont on a pu penser qu'elles participaient à la circulation des créances, ne revêtent pas la qualification de titres financiers en droit allemand, ce qui exclut a fortiori qu'elles soient le support des participations. Ce n'est en revanche pas le cas des accords de cession, qui grâce à leur standardisation et aux règles civilistes de cession de créance de droit allemand plus légères qu'en droit français, contribuent sensiblement à la fongibilité et la négociabilité des créances. Il est soutenu que le "Schuldscheindarlehen" est une opération de crédit sui generis pouvant être décrite comme "quasi-obligataire" (quasi-négociable, quasi-fongible). Au regard du droit français, c'est avec le prêt à bons de caisses nominatifs qu'elle paraît présenter le plus de connivences, sans pour autant être parfaitement assimilable.L'étude des services éventuellement fournis par l'intermédiaire financier (Partie II), lors de la phase de formation de l'opération, comme arrangeur-placeur de participations, et/ou lors de son exécution, comme animateur de marché et/ou agent payeur et/ou fiduciaire, révèle leur contribution respective pour une gestion plus rationnelle et plus efficace de l'opération, qui bénéficie à la liquidité des participations et à la diminution des coûts. Le recours aux produits dérivés et/ou structurés a, en outre, permis de donner récemment naissance à des opérations pour des montants plus petits et des durées plus courtes, rendant accessible aux PME cette source de financement, dans un cadre juridique et des structures d'accompagnement à la solidité éprouvée par plusieurs années de pratique. Si ces mécanismes sont largement connus en droit français et peuvent être employés lors d'une syndication de crédit ou un emprunt obligataire, néanmoins, l'analyse met en évidence que le "Schuldscheindarlehen" peut être utilisé en droit allemand comme structure juridique de base à la titrisation de créances (CDO), en lieu et place d'une émission obligataire. Par ailleurs, les participations sont éligibles aux refinancements sur le marché monétaire, ce qui contribue à rendre l'opération plus attrayante pour les investisseurs. D'autres aspects (p. ex. sûretés, procédures collectives) sont analysés dans l'étude afin de donner une vue aussi complète et actuelle que possible de l'opération. / The credit transaction "Schuldscheindarlehen" appeared in the German banking and financial landscape in the middle of the nineteenth century. Its growth during recent decades makes the question of its legal classification under French law more relevant than ever. The transaction operates as a loan of syndicated nature, with relatively simple ways of transferring participations, and is generally perceived by financiers as an effective tool for financing the real economy. It is a competitive option to financing by way of syndicated loan or bond issue. The analysis of legal documents with a priori a central role in the operation (Part I) highlights several specific features of the operation. The possibility given to a wide range of investors such as banks, insurance companies, and investment funds to participate in the loan agreement promotes massive fundraising within a highly standardized and streamlined legal framework. The debt certificates "Schuldschein" issued by the borrower at the time of the formation of the loan agreement, which were expected to be part of the circulation of debts, are not classified as securities under German law. A fortiori, this excludes them from being used in support of any claims. However, this is not the case for assignment agreements. Assignment agreements contribute significantly to the fungibility and transferability of the participations, owing to their standardization and to German civil law rules of assignment of claims, which are less constraining than French law rules. It is argued in the study that the "Schuldscheindarlehen" is a sui generis form of credit that can be described as "quasi-bond" (quasi-negotiable, quasi-fungible). Under French law the strongest resemblance is with the participation loan “prêt à bons de caisse nominatifs”, without being identical. The analysis of services provided by the financial intermediary (Part II), during the formation phase of the operation -as an arranger-underwriter of the participations, and/or during the running phase, as a market maker and/or a paying agent and/or a trustee- points out their respective contributions to a more rational and efficient management. This favours the liquidity of the participations and decreases the costs. Moreover, the use of derivatives and/or structured products has given birth recently to operations for smaller amounts and shorter durations, making this source of funding accessible to SMEs within a legal framework and support structures, developed by many years of practice. Although these mechanisms are widely known in French law and can be applied to syndicated loan or bond issue, the analysis highlights that "Schuldscheindarlehen" can also be used under German law as the legal structure of a debt securitization (CDO), in lieu of a bond issue. In addition, its participations are eligible for refinancing in the European money market, which helps to make the operation more attractive to investors. Other aspects such as collateral, and insolvency are analyzed in the study in order to give as full and updated a picture of the operation as possible. / Das Kreditgeschäft "Schuldscheindarlehen" bildete sich im deutschen Banken- und Finanzwesen in der Mitte des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts heraus. Das Wachstum der letzten Jahrzehnte macht nun mehr denn je die Frage seiner rechtlichen Einordnung im französischen Recht relevant. Die Operation stellt sich als Darlehen von syndizierter Natur dar, mit Beteiligungen, die in vereinfachter Weise übertragbar sind, wird in der Regel von Finanziers als ein wirksames Instrument für die Finanzierung der Realwirtschaft und präsentiert eine sinnvolle dritte Weise, die ohne Bedenken mit der Kreditsyndizierung und der Anleihe konkurrieren kann. Die Analyse der Rechtsgeschäfte mit einer a priori zentralen Rolle in der Operation (Part I) hebt mehrere Besonderheiten hervor. Die Möglichkeit, die einer Vielzahl unterschiedlichster Investoren (Banken, Versicherungen, Investmentfonds) gegeben ist, sich am Darlehensvertrag zu beteiligen, fördert eine massive Mittelbeschaffung, innerhalb eines rechtlich hoch standardisiert und gestrafften Rahmens. Die Schuldscheine, die durch den Kreditnehmer zum Zeitpunkt der Entstehung des Darlehensvertrags ausgestellt werden, von denen man hätte denken können, dass sie als eine Verbriefungsart der Forderung angesehen werden könnten, werden im deutschen Recht nicht als Wertpapiere eingestuft. A fortiori sind sie als Grund der Beteiligungenverkehrsfähigkeit ausgeschlossen. Dieses ist jedoch nicht der Fall der Abtretungsvereinbarungen, die einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Fungibilität und Übertragbarkeit der Beteiligungen, aufgrund ihrer Standardisierung und den deutschen zivilrechtlichen Vorschriften der Abtretung von Ansprüchen, die einfacher als mit dem französischen Recht vereinbar sind, leisten. Es wird in der Studie argumentiert, dass das "Schuldscheindarlehen" eine Kreditform sui generis darstellt, die als "Quasi-Anleihe" (quasi-verhandelbar, quasi-fungibel) beschrieben werden kann. Im französischen Recht, scheint es dem Darlehen "prêt à bons de caisse nominatifs" zu ähneln, ohne jedoch vollständig assimilierbar zu sein. Die Analyse von Dienstleistungen durch Finanzvermittler geleistet (Part II), während der Entstehungsphase der Operation, als Arrangeur-Underwriter der Beteiligungen, und/oder während der laufenden Phase, als Market Maker und/oder Zahlstelle und/oder Treuhänder, weist darauf hin, ihre jeweiligen Beiträge zu einer rationelleren und effizienteren Verwaltung des Geschäftes, die der Liquidität der Beteiligungen zugute kommt und die Kosten senkt. Außerdem hat unter anderem der Einsatz von Derivaten und/oder strukturierten Produkten zur Entstehung von Operationen mit kürzeren Laufzeiten und kleineren Beträgen geführt, was diese Finanzierungsquelle zugänglich für KMU gemacht hat, in Bezug mit einem rechtlichen Rahmen und unterstützenden Strukturen, die seit mehreren Jahren Praxiserfahrung bewähren. Wenn diese Mechanismen häufig im französischen Gesetz bekannt sind und bei einer Kreditsyndizierung oder einer Anleihe angewendet werden, zeigt jedoch die Analyse, dass das "Schuldscheindarlehen" nach deutschem Recht auch als rechtliche Struktur einer Verbriefung (CDO) anstelle einer Anleihe verwendet wird. Darüber hinaus sind die Beteiligungen zur Refinanzierung auf dem europäischen Geldmarkt zulässig, was die Operation für Investoren attraktiver macht. Andere Aspekte (z.B. Sicherheiten, Insolvenzen) werden in der Studie analysiert, um ein möglichst vollständiges und aktuelles Bild von der Operation zu geben.

Orientador: Christiano Lyra Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T03:24:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barbosa_CarlosDavidFranco_M.pdf: 969500 bytes, checksum: a47dff2572f23168bd1cf0f8c5152ea8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: A reestruturação do setor de eletricidade ocorrida a partir do final da década de 80, iniciada na Inglaterra, tem permitido estudos e implementações de estratégias de preços e de uso de instrumentos financeiros já existentes em mercados de commodities e financeiros, adaptados às características do setor de eletricidade com a contratação direta para os usuários finais. Este trabalho faz uma revisão da experiência internacional recente, das possibilidades de implementação de novos produtos e contratos, bem como apresenta uma revisão de técnicas para gestores de riscos, e como eles são identificados, medidos e gerenciados em mercados reestruturados de eletricidade. O trabalho é orientado principalmente para o estudo de consumidores livres. Neste sentido, descreve o estudo de caso de contratação direta dos primeiros consumidores industriais de energia elétrica do Brasil, composto de duas partes: a) a primeira parte descreve a pesquisa de campo com as primeiras empresas que optaram pela modalidade de consumidor livre e os resultados da experiência; b) na segunda parte são propostas novas possibilidades de contratação e realiza-se a simulação de um contrato com uma parcela contratada a preços fixos e outra parcela contratada com preço de mercado à vista ("spot"); também são estudados os efeitos do uso de opções. / Abstract: The Brazilian electricity sector re-structuring, started during 80's, after England start, enable price strategies studies and implements- as well as use of financial tools used in financial and commodities markets adapted to electricity sector characteristics with direct contracting to end customers. This work does a revision to recent international experience, implementation possibilities for new products and contracts, as well as presents a technical revision for risk managers and how they can be identified, measured and managed on restructured electricity markets. This work is oriented mainly for the study of "free customers", that contract directly their electricity. In this sense, describes the case study of first Brazilian industrial electricity direct contracting, new contracts possibilities are proposed and it is done a contract simulation with part contracted at fixed prices and another part contracted with spot market prices; Also are studied options effects . / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

In this work, we propose and investigate a series of methods to predict stock market movements. These methods use stock market technical and macroeconomic indicators as inputs into different machine learning classifiers. The objective is to survey existing domain knowledge, and combine multiple techniques into one method to predict daily market movements for stocks. Approaches using nearest neighbor classification, support vector machine classification, K-means classification, principal component analysis and genetic algorithms for feature reduction and redefining the classification rule were explored. Ten stocks, 9 companies and 1 index, were used to evaluate each iteration of the trading method. The classification rate, modified Sharpe ratio and profit gained over the test period is used to evaluate each strategy. The findings showed nearest neighbor classification using genetic algorithm input feature reduction produced the best results, achieving higher profits than buy-and-hold for a majority of the companies.

Algorithms have been used in finance since the early 2000s and accounted for 25% of the market around 2005. In this research, algorithms account for approximately 85% of the market. The challenge faced by many investors and fund managers is beating the Swedish market index OMXS30. This research investigates publicly available algorithms and their potential for implementation and modification to outperform the market. There is a lot of research done on the subject and most of the research found was mostly at a high academic level. Although few algorithms were found in the search, some algorithms that managed to beat other markets caught interest. The market data for this research was obtained from Nordnets closed API, specifically the historical price data of various financial securities. The algorithms use the historical price data to generate buy and sell signals which represents a trade. These trades were then used to calculate performance metrics such as the geometric mean and the sharpe ratio. The performance metrics are used to measure and compare performance with the OMXS30 using a quantitative method. On average, the algorithms did not perform well on the chosen securities, although some securities stood out in all cases. Beating the market is considered a difficult task, and this research reflects some of the challenges involved. The chosen method highlights the importance of the stocks the algorithms trade, emphasizing that stocks cannot be chosen randomly. Building a fully automated unsupervised trading system is challenging and requires extensive work. Some strategies tend to require human supervision to maximize returns and limit losses, while others yield low returns for low risk. / Algoritmer har använts inom finans sedan början av 2000-talet och utgjorde cirka 25% av marknaden runt 2005. När detta arbete utförs står algoritmer för cirka 85% av marknadsvolymen. Utmaningen som många investerare och fondförvaltare står inför är att slå den svenska marknadsindexet OMXS30. Detta arbete undersöker offentligt tillgängliga algoritmer och deras potential att implementeras och modifieras för att överträffa marknaden. Det finns mycket forskning gjord inom ämnet och majoriteten av denna forskning är på en hög akademisk nivå. Trots att få algoritmer hittades i sökningen, fanns det ett fåtal algoritmer som lyckats slå andra marknadsindex. Marknadsdata för denna forskning erhölls från Nordnets slutna API, specifikt historisk prisdata från olika finansiella värdepapper. Algoritmerna använder den historiska prisdatan för att generera köp- och säljsignaler. Dessa köp och säljsignaler användes sedan för att beräkna prestandamått som geometrisk medelvärde och riskjusterad avkastning. Prestandamåtten används för att mäta och jämföra prestanda med OMXS30 genom en kvantitativ metod. I genomsnitt presterade algoritmerna inte väl på de valda värdepappren, även om vissa värdepapper utmärkte sig i alla fall. Att slå marknaden anses vara en svår uppgift och denna forskning speglar några av de utmaningar som är involverade. Den valda metoden belyser vikten av de aktier som algoritmerna handlar med och betonar att aktier inte kan väljas slumpmässigt. Att bygga ett helt automatiserat obevakat handelssystem är utmanande och kräver omfattande arbete. Vissa strategier visade sig vara i behov av mänsklig övervakning för att maximera avkastningen och begränsa förluster, medan andra gav låg avkastning för låg risk.

Denna uppsats undersöker, genom en komparativ analys, hur ett större och ett mindre Private Equity-bolag (PE-bolag) skapar värde i portföljbolag, med fokus på skillnader i hur styrningsmekanismer appliceras. Med hjälp av en kvalitativ metod, semistrukturerade intervjuer och en hermeneutisk innehållsanalys, ämnar studien belysa skillnader i synen på värdeskapande baserat på PE-bolagens storlek. Utifrån Kaplan och Strömbergs identifierade (2008) styrningsmekanismer: Finansiell styrning, Bolagsstyrningstekniker och Operativ styrning, ämnar uppsatsen öka förståelsen för PE-bolags värdeskapande aktiviteter i portföljbolag genom att analysera skillnaderna som finns för två PE-bolag av olika storlek. Resultatet visar, i linje med studiens förväntan, att även om finansiell styrning är grundläggande för PE-bolagens värdeskapande i portföljbolag, prioriterar det större PE-bolaget i högre grad operativ styrning till följd av dess övertag i resurser. / This research paper investigates how Private Equity (PE) firms create value in portfolio companies by conducting a comparative analysis of the activities of one large and one small PE firm. Utilizing a qualitative approach, including semi-structured interviews and a hermeneutic content analysis, the study highlights differences in value creation activities based on PE-firms' size. Based on Kaplan and Strömberg's (2008) Financial engineering, Governance engineering and Operational engineering, the research aims to enhance the understanding of PE firms' value creation mechanisms and their implications for two different-sized firms. Key findings indicate that although financial engineering is fundamental to PE firms' value creation in portfolio companies, the larger PE firm prioritizes operational engineering to a greater extent due to its superiority in resources.

自 1997 年 9 月起，證券商開始獲准發行認購權證，由於證券商發行認購權證的時機與選擇標的物之不當，造成許多投資人之虧損，而機構投資人也多採取觀望態度，加上主管機關對於發行者在法令及課稅上的限制，導致整個認購權證市場交易冷清，未能發揮認購權證應有的避險功能。而本文所研究之可調整型(Adjustable)認購權證，是屬於新型的認購權證，此產品可以在契約內容中規定，在認購權證發行之後，若標的物證券之價格在一定期限之內，標的股價跌破原股價的某一比例(h)，可以將履約價格(Strike Price)向下調整某一比例(l)，以避免造成認購權證在剛推出不久，就因為標的物價格大跌，而使得投資人蒙受損失。相較於一般的認購權證，「可調整型」認購權證可以造成投資人獲利機會的保障增加、發行者權利金收益增加，並且因此使得衍生性金融市場更加活絡，造成三贏的局面。 Cox, Ross and Rubinstein(1979)提出二項評價模式，其利用風險中立 ( Risk Neutral ) 的論點，以間斷的股價過程代替 Black-Scholes(1973) 模式所假設的連續股價隨機過程，本文研究之「可調整型」認購權證之評價模式，以二項評價模式為出發點，利用此模式在一些特定的限制條件之下，配合路徑決定型選擇權、界線選擇權之概念，對「可調整型」認購權證做出合理的評價，另外，本研究以 Matlab 程式語言，撰寫出「可調整型」認購權證的價格，並使用模擬(Simulation) 的方式，探討「可調整型」認購權證的特性及避險方式與效果，以期提供券商、一般企業及投資者最佳的避險及獲利管道，其主要結果如下： 1.在評價「可調整型」認購權證時，時間間隔(Time Step)愈大時，電腦計算的時間效率愈差，若 Time Step 大於 80 時，其價格差異性會低於百分之二。 2.h 與「可調整型」認購權證價格呈正向變動關係，l 與「可調整型」認購權證價格呈反向變動關係。本文條件之下，h 落於 0.6-0.8 之間、l 落於 0.4-0.6 之間，對於「可調整型」認購權證價格之影響最大。 3.「可調整型」認購權證與一般型認購權證的差價比例，隨波動率增加而增加。 4.隨波動率之增加，一般型認購權證之 vega 值有大於「可調整型」認購權證 vega 值的趨勢。 5.在利用 delta 避險策略之下，以獲利金額來看，波動率大之股票較適合發行「可調整型」認購權證，波動率小之股票較適合發行一般型認購權證。 因為「可調整型」認購權證目前在台灣並沒有實證資料，因此無法評估本文模型之價格與實際價格之誤差，未來若出現此新金融商品時，可以評估理論與實際之差異。本文中並未探討利率對於「可調整型」認購權證之影響，後續研究可以討論利率之變動對於此新型認購權證之影響。 / From September 1997,the SEC permits warrants listing in Taiwan's security market. Because of the improper issuing timing and inappropriate underlying assets, many investors get great loss in warrant investment. Besides, many other restrictions from the government make the warrants market more inactive, and then the warrants cannot proper the hedging market. Researching the strike price adjustable warrants is this thesis subject. This innovative warrant allows the strike price(K) adjusting to lK(0<l<1), when the price of underlying asset is lower than the barrier(hS). This article studies the pricing model and hedging strategies of adjustable warrants. The pricing of the adjustable warrants uses some option pricing formulae, like the binomial option pricing model、path-dependent options、barrier options. This article uses Matlab language to price the adjustable warrants, and then uses simulation method to discuss the characteristics and the hedging strategies of the adjustable warrants. Following are the results: 1.When pricing the adjustable warrants, the more time step we choice, the more computer pricing time we get. If the time step is more than 80, the price difference is less than 2%. 2.Toward adjustable warrants(AW) price, h has the positive effect and l has the negative effect. When 0.6<h<0.8 and 0.4<l<0.6 , the AW price has the most sensitivity. 3.As the volatility raising, the difference from AW price and plain vanilla warrant price will become greater. 4.As the volatility raising, the vega of plain vanilla warrant will become greater than the vega of AW. 5.Using the delta hedge, from the profit aspect, high volatility stock is suitable for AW and low volatility stock is suitable for plain vanilla warrant. Because there are no practical information of AW in Taiwan's warrant market, so we cannot evaluate the pricing error form our model. If this kind of product enters the market in the future, we can compare difference of AW between theoretical and empirical price.

Submitted by Thiago Winkler Alves (thiagowinkler@gmail.com) on 2014-09-04T13:34:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 forecasting-daily-volatility.pdf: 885976 bytes, checksum: 30fb655def03c3f3e61bf930b3a3585b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by JOANA MARTORINI (joana.martorini@fgv.br) on 2014-09-04T13:44:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 forecasting-daily-volatility.pdf: 885976 bytes, checksum: 30fb655def03c3f3e61bf930b3a3585b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-04T13:51:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 forecasting-daily-volatility.pdf: 885976 bytes, checksum: 30fb655def03c3f3e61bf930b3a3585b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-06 / Aiming at empirical findings, this work focuses on applying the HEAVY model for daily volatility with financial data from the Brazilian market. Quite similar to GARCH, this model seeks to harness high frequency data in order to achieve its objectives. Four variations of it were then implemented and their fit compared to GARCH equivalents, using metrics present in the literature. Results suggest that, in such a market, HEAVY does seem to specify daily volatility better, but not necessarily produces better predictions for it, what is, normally, the ultimate goal. The dataset used in this work consists of intraday trades of U.S. Dollar and Ibovespa future contracts from BM&FBovespa. / Objetivando resultados empíricos, este trabalho tem foco na eaplicação do modelo HEAVY para volatilidade diária com dados financeiros do mercado Brasileiro. Muito similar ao GARCH, este modelo busca explorar dados em alta frequência para atingir seus objetivos. Quatro variações dele foram então implementadas e seus ajustes comparadados a equivalentes GARCH, utilizando métricas presentes na literatura. Os resultados sugerem que, neste mercado, o HEAVY realmente parece especificar melhor a volatilidade diária, mas não necessariamente produz melhores previsões, o que, normalmente, é o objetivo final. A base de dados utilizada neste trabalho consite de negociações intradiárias de contratos futuros de dólares americanos e Ibovespa da BM&FBovespa.

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Il est une idée généralement admise consistant à dire que la fonction de Compliance officer est conçue autour d'une obligation de moyen, négative pour la fonction. Nos travaux nous ont amenés à conclure de la nécessité de poser une notion d'intégrité financière dont la définition réponde également aux exigences des missions du Compliance officer. il s'agit ainsi d'envisager les outils techniques et juridiques inhérents au poste de Compliance officer. Ces outils trouvent leur fondement logique dans la notion d'intégrité financière, à l'issue d'un examen clinique du poste de Compliance officer. La nécessité d'une notion qui soit fonctionnelle amène à retenir que l'intégrité financière consiste en la protection de la circulation légitime de la monnaie et des obligations monétaires. Les réflexions autour de cette notion d'intégrité financière permettent d'isoler une notion d'intégrité qui est opératoire dans la lutte contre la criminalité financière. Ainsi, au même titre qu'il y a dans les sciences criminelles un champ d'étude consacré à l'intégrité physique ou morale de la personne, il était souhaitable que fût identifié un champ d'étude consacré à la circulation de la monnaie. La conséquence d'une telle approche consiste en la reformulation des besoins des institutions impliquées dans la lutte contre la criminalité financière et à une redéfinition de l'offre de formation universitaire sur cette thématique. / People think that the function of Compliance Officer is conceived on an obligation of means. Then, the Compliance Officer is rather seen as "spoilsport". Therefore, seeking for the element for lack of which the Compliance Officer could not be effective became a necessity. Our thoughts lead us to conclude about the need to put down a financial integrity notion whose definition also answers to the duty of the Compliance Officer. Furthermore, we wanted to have a clinical look on the position of Compliance Officer. The will to have a definition of the financial integrity that can be practical has leaded us to retain that financial integrity was the guarding of the rightful flow of money and monetary debentures. Put in those terms, the definition of the financial integrity firstly required presenting monetary items and their protection system. Then, the operating qualities of such a notion in the achievement of the Compliance Officer duty needed to be presented secondly. Beyond the only purpose of the Compliance Officer, our thoughts about the notion of financial integrity aimed at isolating an integrity notion that could be functional in the fight against financial criminality. In other words, as there is a field dedicated to the study of physical or moral integrity of a person, it was desirable that a field dedicated to the flow of money and monetary items could be identified in criminal sciences. Such an approach could participate to reword the needs of financial institutions involved in the fight against crime, and to redefine the university schedule of training by basing the learning process of financial methods on the circulation of items and the monetary objects.

Islamic banking in the United States of America, became recognized as an alternative to expand into the market of traditional Muslim consumers, living in the United States. Because of strict regulatory guidelines, no Islamic banks exist in the United States. Instead, conventional banks, Islāmic banking windows (IBW) and other financial institutions offer Shari‘ah compliant products by modifying classical Islamic contracts or attaching a rider to define contract verbiage. This study reviewed techniques of adapting contracts used for Shari‘ah compliant products in the United States to determine if the contracts maintain the true characteristics of the original classical Islamic contracts. Contracts in Islamic sacred law provide protections by ensuring wealth is not wasted, and no injustice is performed by either of the contracting parties. Wealth protection and justice are the inherit characteristics of contracts in the Islāmic law. Any changes or modifications may void or decrease the protections provided in Islamic law. This research reviewed the theoretical aspects of contract modifications, by analyzing the procedures used for the derivative Shari‘ah compliant product contracts used in the Islamic finance industry in the United States. Data was evaluated and compared with the requirements of classical Islamic contract equivalents, to determine the effects of these changes. / Religious Studies and Arabic / D. Phil. (Religious Studies)