Este trabajo analiza la inclusión financiera como un factor para modificar las condiciones de vida de los ciudadanos en los diferentes países alrededor del mundo. Formar parte de la inclusión financiera implica acceder y utilizar los productos y servicios financieros que ofrecen las instituciones financieras. Este texto está organizado en seis capítulos. En el primer capítulo, se aborda la inclusión financiera desde la perspectiva de la oferta y la demanda. Por un lado, la oferta aborda el uso de herramientas tecnológicas que permitirán a las instituciones financieras la creación de productos y servicios para los excluidos, mientras que, por el lado de la demanda, implica trabajo en la educación de los usuarios. El segundo capítulo expone las barreras tanto voluntarias como involuntarias que impiden el acceso a la inclusión financiera: la distancia, infraestructura, la asimetría de la información, entre otros. El tercer capítulo aborda los determinantes de la incorporación financiera: género, educación, edad, nivel de ingresos, idioma y religión. En el cuarto capítulo, se desarrolla los efectos de la inclusión financiera como la reducción de la pobreza, fuente generadora de empleo, costo de capital más económico y la innovación de nuevo productos financieros. En el quinto capítulo, se presentan las mediciones y modelos para la inclusión financiera; entre estos, se encuentran el uso del análisis de componentes principales, mínimos cuadrados ordinarios, regresión lineal simple entre otros. Asimismo, en el sexto capítulo, se expone el papel de la inclusión financiera en las microfinanzas. Finalmente, se exponen las conclusiones de la investigación. / This work analyzes financial inclusion as a factor to modify the living conditions of citizens in different countries around the world. Being part of financial inclusion involves accessing and using financial products and services offered by financial institutions. This text is organized into six chapters. In the first chapter, financial inclusion is approached from the perspective of supply and demand. On the one hand, the offer addresses the use of technological tools that will allow financial institutions to create products and services for the excluded, while, on the demand side, it involves work in the education of users. The second chapter exposes both voluntary and involuntary barriers that prevent access to financial inclusion: distance, infrastructure, asymmetry of information, among others. The third chapter addresses the determinants of financial incorporation: gender, education, age, income level, language and religion. In the fourth chapter, the effects of financial inclusion are developed, such as the reduction of poverty, a source of employment, a cheaper cost of capital and the innovation of new financial products. In the fifth chapter, the measurements and models for financial inclusion are presented; Among these are the use of principal component analysis, ordinary least squares, simple linear regression, among others. Also, in the sixth chapter, the role of financial inclusion in microfinance is exposed. Finally, the conclusions of the investigation are presented. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

Esta investigación muestra la factibilidad para la implementación de una Fintech de inclusión financiera denominada Sika Finance. Plataforma tecnológica que permite acceder a una evaluación para otorgar créditos 100% en línea a un público exclusivamente femenino, con el objetivo de crear y facilitar oportunidades de empoderamiento a las mujeres de nuestro país. Es preciso mencionar que la industria en el Perú se encuentra en proceso de crecimiento y aún no se encuentra regulada. El análisis del entorno de la industria indica que es un mercado atractivo y en crecimiento, prueba de ello es que durante el 2020 “el 18% de los USD46 millones colocados en Venture Capitals fueron destinados a la industria de las FinTechs, solo por debajo de EdTech (40%) y comercio electrónico (27%), ambos fundamentales en el contexto del COVID-19”. (Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, 2021) El estudio de mercado muestra que la FinTech se encuentra en gran proyección de desarrollo acelerado. Asimismo, de las encuestas realizadas se obtiene que el 71.54% de mujeres de nuestro público objetivo tiene una habilidad innata del lenguaje y del entorno digital, el avance tecnológico ha provocado que en todos los segmentos de la población adopten la tecnología y accedan al uso de aplicaciones y dispositivos TIC. Por tanto, la presente propuesta se alinea a sus necesidades. Por otro lado, se observa que la preferencia de créditos oscila en importes de S/ 500.00 a S/ 2,000.00 con plazos menor a 12 meses por lo que representa una oportunidad relevante de negocio. / This research shows the feasibility for the implementation of a Fintech Sika Finance for financial inclusion. A technological platform that allows access to an evaluation to grant credits 100% online to an exclusively female audience, intending to create and facilitate empowerment opportunities for women in our country. It is worth mentioning that the industry in Peru is in the process of growth and is not yet regulated. The analysis of the industry environment indicates that it is an attractive and growing market, proof of this is that during 2020 “18% of the USD46 million placed in Venture Capitals went to the FinTech industry, only below EdTech (40%) and electronic commerce (27%), both fundamental in the context of COVID-19 ” (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2021). The market study shows that FinTech is in great projection of accelerated development. Likewise, from the surveys carried out, it is obtained that 71.54% of women in our target audience have an innate capacity for language and the digital environment. Technological advances have caused all segments of the population to adopt technology and access the use of ICT applications and devices. Therefore, this proposal is aligned with your needs. On the other hand, it is observed that the preference for loans ranges between S / 500.00 and S / 2,000.00 with terms of less than 12 months, which represents a relevant business opportunity. / Tesis

Diese Arbeit untersucht den Einfluss verhaltensökonomischer Aspekte und Bildung für die finanzielle Entwicklung. Sie besteht aus vier Kapiteln, welche jeweils ein separates Forschungspapier darstellen. Die Kapitel decken folgende Themen ab: Determinanten einer impulsiven Kreditaufnahme, Hindernisse bei finanzieller Inklusion, die Auswirkungen von finanzieller Bildung und die finanziellen Folgen eines Schocks. Alle Kapitel nutzen Umfragedaten. Außerdem nutzen einige Kapitel experimentelle (Labor-)Ergebnisse. Nach einer Einleitung untersucht Kapitel zwei die Rolle von Selbstkontrolle und finanzieller Bildung bei einer impulsiven Kreditaufnahme und analysiert experimentelle Daten, die in einem Labor in Berlin erhoben wurden, sowie Umfragedaten aus der Innovations-Stichprobe des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels. Kapitel drei trägt zu einem besseren Verständnis der Determinanten und Hindernisse für die Nutzung von Mobile Money in einem einkommensschwachen Land bei, wobei es auch den Beitrag von Mobile Money zur finanziellen Inklusion betrachtet. Da Bildung die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass neue Technologien genutzt werden, könnte finanzielle Bildung weitere Bemühungen zur finanziellen Inklusion und zum Verbraucherschutz für die finanzielle Entwicklung sinnvoll ergänzen. Daher ist es wichtig, die Auswirkungen von Programmen zu bewerten, die auf finanzielle Bildung abzielen. Dafür werden in Kapitel vier die Auswirkungen eines Finanzbildungsprogramms und seine Spillover-Effekte anhand einer randomisierten kontrollierten Studie analysiert. Kapitel fünf beleuchtet die Auswirkungen der COVID-19-Pandemie auf das finanzielle Wohlergehen und die Technologienutzung von Kleinstunternehmern. Die in Kapitel drei bis fünf verwenden Daten wurden in zwei groß angelegten Erhebungswellen im ländlichen Uganda erhoben. / This thesis focuses on the role of behavioral characteristics and education for financial development. It consists of four chapters, each being a separate research paper, covering related areas: determinants of impulsive borrowing, barriers to financial inclusion, the impact of financial education, and the financial consequences due to a shock. All chapters use survey evidence, and some include (lab) experimental findings. After the introduction, Chapter two investigates the role of self-control and financial literacy for impulsive borrowing, analyzing experimental data collected in a laboratory in Berlin and survey data provided by the German Socio-Economic Panel's Innovation Sample. Chapter three contributes to a better understanding of the determinants and barriers to mobile money adoption in a low-income country, and the contribution of mobile money services to financial inclusion. As education makes it more likely to adopt new technologies, financial education could complement other financial inclusion and consumer protection efforts for financial development. Thus, it is relevant to assess the consequences of programs targeting financial education. Therefore, chapter four analyzes the impact of a financial education program and its spillover effects via a randomized controlled trial. Chapter five sheds light on the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on the financial well-being and technology adoption of micro-entrepreneurs. Chapter three to five use data collected in two large-scale survey waves in rural Uganda.

A nivel global, el desarrollo de la inclusión financiera ha generado cambios significativos debido al avance tecnológico siendo el internet su principal aliado, logrando que los usuarios pasen de realizar filas en agencias a realizar sus transacciones desde una computadora o celular. Esta es una herramienta indispensable para el crecimiento financiero inclusivo, haciendo que los no bancarizados accedan a los servicios financieros, reduciendo así la pobreza. Como parte de su crecimiento exponencial, se desarrolló las llamadas fintechs, las cuales son reconocidas como el principal vehículo de las finanzas digitales. Al tener un mayor alcance en los usuarios y en la mayoría de los casos, los costos de sus productos y servicios son más bajos comparados con la banca tradicional. La presente investigación evidencia las diferentes perspectivas sobre cómo se asume la efectividad que logra la digitalidad en las finanzas y su aporte a una mayor inclusión en la población. Para ello, se ha revisado un conjunto de publicaciones especializadas que se han preocupado por analizar esta relación en diferentes mercados financieros. La principal conclusión a la que llega este artículo es que, a pesar del efecto positivo que tiene en la mejora financiera de las personas, existen limitaciones y problemas en su implementación. Si bien la digitalización contribuye a la inclusión financiera, el crecimiento económico personal y nacional; sin embargo, existen limitaciones y problemas que afectan su buen desarrollo. / Worlwide, the development of financial inclusion has generated significant changes due to technological progress, with the Internet as its main ally, allowing users to move from queuing at branches to making transactions from a computer or cell phone. This is an indispensable tool for inclusive financial growth, giving the unbanked access to financial services, thus reducing poverty. As part of its exponential growth, it developed the so-called fintechs, which are recognized as the main vehicle of digital finance. As they have a greater reach to users and in most cases, the costs of their products and services are lower compared to traditional banking. The present research evidences the different perspectives on how the effectiveness achieved by digitality in finance and its contribution to greater inclusion in the population is assumed. For this purpose, a set of specialized publications that have been concerned with analyzing this relationship in different financial markets have been reviewed. The main conclusion reached by this article is that, despite the positive effect it has on people's financial improvement, there are limitations and problems in its implementation. Although digitalization contributes to financial inclusion, personal and national economic growth; however, there are limitations and problems that affect its proper development. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

El nivel de educación de una población tiene un gran impacto en distintas variables como el crecimiento económico, el nivel de productividad y la inclusión financiera. El objetivo de la presente investigación se centra en evaluar el efecto de la educación en la inclusión financiera medida a través del acceso al crédito. Para ello, se utilizó la data de la Encuesta Nacional de Demanda de Servicios Financieros y Nivel de Cultura Financiera realizada en el año 2016 por la Superintendencia de Banca, Seguros y AFP en Perú. Luego de trabajar la data, se utilizó el modelo econométrico probit con la variable de ingreso como variable endógena corregida por el nivel de educación como variable instrumental con el fin de estimar la probabilidad de que una persona se enfrente a un racionamiento de crédito, es decir, que se le niegue el crédito. El modelo propuesto comprueba la hipótesis planteada de modo que el nivel de educación y el nivel de ingreso son variables significativas en el modelo y mantienen una relación inversa con la probabilidad de racionamiento. Por lo tanto, se concluye que, una persona con mayor nivel de educación tiene menor probabilidad de que se le niegue un crédito / The level of education of a nation has a great impact on different variables such as economic growth, the level of productivity and financial inclusion. This paper aims to assess the effect of the level of education on financial inclusion measured through credit access. For this purpose, based on data from the National Survey of Demand for Financial Services and Level of Financial Culture carried out in 2016 by the Superintendence of Banking, Insurance and AFP in Perú. Next, with a Probit econometric model with income level as an endogenous variable corrected by the level of education as instrumental variable, the likelihood that the person faces credit rationing is estimated, in other words, that credit is denied. The proposed model proves the hypothesis so that the level of education and the level of income are statistically significant variables in the model and both have an inverse relationship with the probability of rationing. Therefore, this paper concludes that a persona with a higher level of education is less likely to be credit denied. / Trabajo de investigación

Money can be understood as a disembedding mechanism, detaching social relations from a spatiotemporal context. However, different infrastructural instantiations of money make visible–and invisible–different qualities of money. Through a two-month ethnographic study of El Salvador’s adoption of Bitcoin as a complimentary legal tender, I show how Bitcoin in El Salvador functions as a technology of the imagination that brings future-making and deterritorialization into the forefront of money infrastructure(s).  The thesis is divided into three main parts. First, I briefly introduce how people leverage Bitcoin as a tool for shaping subjective attitudes towards time, and consequently–to inspire hope.  Then, I show how foreigners travelling to El Salvador to use Bitcoin are not doing this out of economic considerations. Rather, this transnational group of Bitcoiners can be characterised as a recursive public that utilises Bitcoin to escape the formation of the nation-state and form a deterritorialized community around shared speculative visions of the future. Bitcoin also allows them to make general infrastructural features of money visible and to contest these. The prime example being money’s disciplinary effects on subjective attitudes towards time. In the last part, I show how deterritorialization and speculative futures also come to the forefront of Salvadoran imaginaries of Bitcoin. We can understand attitudes of fear and attitudes of hope as responses to this imaginary. The thesis concludes by arguing that Bitcoin’s materiality affords imaginaries of disembedded social landscapes, thus rendering visible preexisting infrastructural features of money. However, in the specific context of El Salvador Bitcoin also works as a tool for re-embedding, but only for the Bitcoiners.

No description available.

Las MYPES son consideradas el motor de la economía, pues contribuyen al crecimiento y desarrollo del país, en donde el financiamiento formal es importante, debido a que se necesita de un capital sólido para invertir. Aunque, las entidades financieras suelen denegar los créditos por falta de información financiera de los negocios, siendo este un problema para los comerciantes. Los cuales deben poseer habilidades que les permiten tomar decisiones financieras adecuadas. Por ende, el presente trabajo de investigación se centraliza en evaluar la incidencia del financiamiento formal en el crecimiento económico de las MYPES comerciales del segundo sector del mercado Moshoqueque, contando con una metodología que ha sido de tipo aplicada y el diseño de investigación descriptivo con un corte transversal, pues se realizó en un solo periodo la recolección de información. Como población de estudio se ha tenido a la Asociación San Antonio del Segundo sector del Mercado Moshoqueque, conformada por una muestra de 121 comercios, obteniendo resultados por medio de un cuestionario. Evidenciando que el 56.20% de los negocios han sabido manejar los servicios financieros obtenidos y con ello han podido crecer, sin embargo, el 43.8% de MYPES no han obtenido un financiamiento formal, lo que ha llevado a que exista un estancamiento operativo por la falta de capital de trabajo. Ante esta situación, lo que se buscó con la investigación fue diseñar estrategias para que las MYPES Comerciales puedan conseguir un adecuado financiamiento, tomando en cuenta la cultura financiera, que conlleve que los comerciantes puedan elegir el producto financiero adecuado, permitiendo el crecimiento económico de las MYPES. / MYPES are considered the engine of the economy, as they contribute to the growth and development of the country, where formal financing is important, because solid capital is needed to invest. Although, financial institutions usually deny credit due to lack of financial information about the businesses, this being a problem for merchants. Which must possess skills that allow them to make appropriate financial decisions. Therefore, this research work focuses on evaluating the impact of formal financing on the economic growth of commercial MYPES in the second sector of the Moshoqueque market, using a methodology that has been applied and a descriptive research design with a cross-sectional, since the information collection was carried out in a single period. The San Antonio Association of the Second Sector of the Moshoqueque Market was used as the study population, made up of a sample of 121 businesses, obtaining results through a questionnaire. Demonstrating that many of the businesses have known how to manage the financial services obtained and with this have been able to grow, however, 43.8% of MYPES have not obtained formal financing, which has led to operational stagnation due to lack of capital. of work. Given this situation, what the research sought was to design strategies so that Commercial MYPES can obtain adequate financing, taking into account the financial culture, which means that merchants can choose the appropriate financial product, allowing the economic growth of the companies. MYPES.

In the first part, the background of electronic money is explained, then it provides a detailed account of how it has evolved in Africa, where there has been a huge success, given the advantages and applications it has, and how it has been working. Elsewhere, other models of electronic money that are emerging in the world, such as Google Wallet, Apple Pay, and experiences in Peru as Wanda and Your Mobile Money.In the third part, some aspects of the recent regulation of electronic money in Peru are required by Act No. 29985, which regulates the basic characteristics of electronic money. Finally, it details the recent proposal that ASBANC has been working on through the Model Peru, as well as technological and regulatory risks that still must be faced. / En una primera parte se explica los antecedentes del dinero electrónico, luego se pasa a exponer detalladamente de cómo éste se ha desarrollado en África, donde ha tenido un enorme éxito dadas las ventajas y aplicaciones que tiene, y la manera como viene funcionando. En otra parte se señalan otros modelos de dinero electrónico que vienen surgiendo en el mundo, tales como Google Wallet, Apple Pay, y experiencias en Perú como el de Wanda y Tu Dinero Móvil.En la tercera parte se precisan algunos aspectos de la reciente regulación del dinero electrónico en el Perú, mediante la Ley Nº 29985, que regula las características básicas del Dinero Electrónico. Finalmente se detalla la reciente propuesta que viene trabajando ASBANC, a través del Modelo Perú, así como los riesgos tecnológicos y regulatorios que aún se debe afrontar.

Submitted by Ricardo Paschoeto dos Santos (ricardopas@bol.com.br) on 2015-12-17T21:15:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Agência-Barco-Aprovada.pdf: 4270624 bytes, checksum: cafe099ca1c9d7e52e77a38bea7575fc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2015-12-18T12:46:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Agência-Barco-Aprovada.pdf: 4270624 bytes, checksum: cafe099ca1c9d7e52e77a38bea7575fc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2015-12-21T18:46:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Agência-Barco-Aprovada.pdf: 4270624 bytes, checksum: cafe099ca1c9d7e52e77a38bea7575fc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-21T18:47:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Agência-Barco-Aprovada.pdf: 4270624 bytes, checksum: cafe099ca1c9d7e52e77a38bea7575fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-19 / The challenge in offering public services infrastructure in less developed areas in Brazil, often furthest from the large urban centers, mobilizes society sectors in search of new and creative approaches that can reduce large interregional disparities. One of the shortcomings faced by some brazilians is the lack of access to the financial system, compromising their capacity of full insertion in the economy and making it more difficult to create and accumulate wealth, prevailing situation in Ilha de Marajó, in the state of Pará, which most of its sixteen municipalities presents low or very low Human Development Index (HDI). In order to change this reality, a traveling bank branch installed on a boat was designed in an innovative way, for the purpose of meeting the needs of the riverside people that lives in vast territorial extension, low population density, transportation difficulties and limited supply of information and communication technology (ICT). Thereby, through an exploratory and descriptive approach, this research aims to identify, from the ICT perspective, how the financial inclusion indicators are influenced by the Agência Barco (bank branch on a boat) in Ilha de Marajó. In addition to the theoretical study, empirical research was carried out by means of direct observation and semistructured interviews applied to users and employees of the Agência Barco (bank branch on a boat), over four days in two cities of Ilha de Marajó. Interviews content analysis techniques were applied in order to data analysis and identify financial inclusion elements, transposing the results to a heuristic model of dynamic infoinclusion (2iD), which was adapted to comprise inclusion financial constructs. The research outcome shows that the Agência Barco (bank branch on a boat) can provides the necessary access to financial services and products for Ilha de Marajó inhabitants, at the same time identifies opportunities to expand aspects related to financial education, enabling strengthen the dynamic components of the financial inclusion process, increasing awareness and, then, increasing demand for financial services and products. / O desafio de ofertar infraestrutura de serviços públicos nas regiões menos desenvolvidas do Brasil, geralmente mais afastadas dos grandes centros urbanos, mobiliza setores da sociedade na busca de abordagens novas e criativas que possam diminuir as grandes disparidades inter-regionais. Uma das carências vivenciadas por parte da população brasileira é a falta de acesso ao sistema financeiro, comprometendo a capacidade de plena participação dessas pessoas na economia, dificultando a geração e acúmulo de riqueza, situação essa presente na Ilha de Marajó, no estado do Pará, cuja maioria de seus dezesseis municípios apresenta Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) baixo ou muito baixo. Para mudar essa realidade, uma iniciativa inovadora é a agência bancária itinerante instalada em barco, para atendimento a populações ribeirinhas de regiões com vasta extensão territorial, baixa densidade demográfica, dificuldades de transporte e limitações na oferta de tecnologia da informação e comunicação (TIC). Assim, essa pesquisa, com propósito exploratório e descritivo, tem como objetivo principal identificar, sob o ponto de vista das TIC, como os indicadores de inclusão financeira são influenciados pela atuação da Agência Barco na Ilha de Marajó. Além do estudo teórico, foi realizada investigação empírica, por meio de observação direta e entrevistas semiestruturadas com clientes e funcionários da Agência Barco, realizadas ao longo de quatro dias, em duas cidades da Ilha de Marajó. Para análise dos dados, foram aplicadas técnicas de análise de conteúdo às entrevistas, com objetivo de identificar a presença de elementos de inclusão financeira, transpondo os resultados para um modelo heurístico de infoinclusão dinâmica (2iD), o qual foi adaptado para contemplar constructos de inclusão financeira. O resultado da pesquisa demonstra que a Agência Barco consegue suprir as necessidades de acesso a serviços e produtos financeiros pela população da Ilha de Marajó, ao mesmo tempo em que se identifica oportunidades para ampliação de aspectos relacionados à educação financeira, possibilitando fortalecer os componentes dinâmicos do processo de inclusão financeira, com aumento da conscientização e consequente aumento da demanda por serviços e produtos financeiros.