The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of environmental regulations for water-borne emissions in the Swedish pulp and paper industry. Furthermore, the study intends to analyze if there are differences in the effectiveness before and after the restructuring of the Swedish regulatory procedures in 1999. It also addresses the impact of compliance periods in the regulatory process. The method is econometric and based on the use of a fixed-effect panel data regression model. The data comprise 1 698 unique observation from 21 Swedish pulp and paper mills during the time period 1980-2013 regarding emissions, emission standards and production levels. The results display that the environmental regulation in the industry has been effective in the sense that emissions have decreased with the implementation of performance standards. Furthermore, the period before 1999 shows a greater reduction of emissions than the period after 1999. Finally, the results indicate that the use of compliance periods appears to have contributedto a greater reduction in emissions compared to cases where no such periods are granted. / Syftet med denna studie är att analysera effektiviteten av miljöregleringen av vattenbaserade utsläpp inom den svenska massa- och pappersindustrin. Dessutom avser denna studie att analysera om det finns några effektivitetsskillnader före och efter omstruktureringen av den svenska regleringsprocessen år 1999. Studien behandlar även effekten av anpassningsperioder i regleringsprocessen. Metoden är ekonometrisk och baseras på en "fixed-effect" panel datamodell. Datamaterialet består av 1 689 unika observationer från 21 svenska massa- och pappersbruk under åren 1980 - 2013 avseende utsläpp, gränsvärden och produktionsnivåer. Resultatet visar att miljöregleringen har varit effektiv i den meningen att utsläppen har minskat med införandet av gränsvärden. Dessutom, perioden innan 1999 visar en större utsläppsreduktion än perioden efter 1999. Till sist, resultaten indikerar att användandet av anpassningsperioder verkar ha bidragit till större utsläppsreduceringar i jämförelse till de fall där dessa perioder inte beviljades.

This thesis investigates which factors affecting savings behavior by using a fixed effect regression model. To see what affects the household savings rate the following independent variables is considered: Natural logarithm of trend per capita income, natural logarithm of deviation from trend per capita income, growth of disposable income, real interest rate, inflation, wealth in relation to household disposable income, foreign savings in relation to disposable income, dependency ratio and human development index. To see whether changes of human development within a county impacts the household´s savings ratio this variables was included in a separate regression. To avoid possible biasedness from ordinary least square, a panel data technique called fixed effect regression model is used. The investigated time period is between year 1999 and 2016 and to make a restriction, variables from 25 developed countries were studied. The involved economic theories in this work are Keynesianism, permanent income hypothesis and the savings theory behind Maslow´s behavioral pyramid. The result made by using this study is that growth in income and foreign savings in relation to disposable income is insignificant and can´t be used in explaining the differences between household´s savings. Human development index within a country has a negative effect on the savings ratio but a conclusion regarding whether changes in HDI´s does affect savings can´t be made and more research within that field is needed.

自1978年鄧小平南巡，中國大陸在經濟上採取改革開放政策以後，開始一連串的經濟制度改革，由中央集權的計劃經濟逐漸走向市場經濟。使得中國大陸有充裕資金、技術長足進步、經濟快速成長、人民生活水準提高、生產總值和人均所得皆大幅提升。但就總體整個大陸因區域經濟結構與政策等因素影響，東部沿海地區發展快速，西部地區發展停滯落後，內部各區經濟發展仍存在極大差異。因此，自江澤民在1999年6月9日「中央扶貧開發會議」上首次提出了「西部大開發」戰略概念，中國大陸就陸續提出多項區域發展政策，期能撫平區域發展不均衡的差距。而西部大開發政策實施迄今將屆10年，經濟建設與發展成果豐碩，並將進入第2階段，西部大開發政策的實施方針是否真正提升西部地區經濟發展？且解決東西部區域經濟差距問題？此外，在2008年國際金融危機開始蔓延，外部市場需求萎縮情況下，西部地區生產總值同比增幅超越東部地區，但隨著中國大陸整體經濟成長，東、西部地區、城鄉差距仍然懸殊，西部地區要脫離落後狀態應該發展的方向究竟為何？ 因此本文的研究目的在於以1997年至2009年西部地區各項有關經濟成長追蹤資料，搭配固定效果模型的估計，分析影響大陸西部地區經濟成長的趨勢及決定因素為何，並以估計之結果檢視「西部大開發」政策是否為西部地區發展所需，並確實提升西部地區經濟成長。 根據實證結果顯示，影響西部地區經濟成長的決定性因素有七：就業、工資率、固定資產投資、利用外資投資總額、能源消費量、西部大開發的優惠政策及金融危機。其他的變數如貿易開放程度及時間趨勢等，皆未有顯著影響。 / Since Xiaoping Deng’s Southern tour in 1978, China has adopted economic reforms and open policy, there are series of economic reforms, changed from the central planning economy to the market economy gradually, which resulted in capital abundance, advance in technology, rapid growth of economy, living standard enhanced, both GDP and per capita income has increased significantly in mainland China. But overall due to the regional economic structure, the policy and some other factors, the rapid development of the Eastern coast and the lagging behind of the West, has created significant differenence in the economic development of each region. Therefore, since Zemin Jiang launched the "The West Development" strategy in the "Central Poverty Alleviation and Development Conference" on June 9, 1999, Mainland Chain has a number of regional development policies, to solve the unbalanced gap of regional development . The implementation of Western Dvelopment Policy has been over 10 years， there are fruitful result on economic construction and development, it is going to enter Phase 2. Has the approaches of Western development policy really enhanced the economic development in the West ? Has it solved the economic gap between the East and the West ? In addition, under the condition of the spreading of international economic crisis in 2008 and the shrinkage of external demand, the West's GDP growth is lower than the East. But following the economic growth of China overall, the gap between The East and the West, the City and the Country is still huge. What will be the development direction of the West to escape from the lagging ? Therefore, the purpose of this research will base on the relevant tracking data of 1997-2009 economic growth in the the West and the estimate of fixed-effect model, to analyze what are the the economic growth trends and decisive factors of the West ? And use the estimate results to check whether "The West development policy” is right for the development ？ Has it actually enhanced the economic growth of the West ? According to experience, there are seven decisive factors to influence the economic growth of the West: Employment, Wage rate, Fix Asset Investment, Amount of Foreign Investment, Energy Consumption, The Beneficial Policies of West Development，and Economic Crisis. Other variables such as trade openness and time trends, also has significant impact.

中國大陸自1978年確定改革開放政策，天津自改革開放初期的經濟發展面對資金和技術不足的問題。1990年末期，因為外商企業在天津長期投資，對天津產業技術提升及企業管理發揮積極作用，使天津市擠身中國大陸最吸引外來投資之地區之一。1992年鄧小平南巡再次確認中國大陸積極對外開放政策後，天津之外來投資呈現倍數之高度成長。2010年度，天津之外來投資金額更是突破百億美元大關。本文之研究目的冀討論天津在1990年第至2010年，影響各國家地區對天津投資之決定因素。本文採用天津此1990年至2010年累計最高投資金額之前九個國家地區之資料，利用固定效果模型估計，結果顯示決定因素有相對實質匯率、相對每人國內生產毛額、工資率及時間趨勢，另外各國家地區對於天津之地理距離透過分析亦可知其自發性投資呈現負相關。為降低實證模型發生錯誤，將各種統計量之檢定方法加以檢定，皆獲得通過。 / China has adopted and confirmed the so-called Open Door Policy since 1978. Tianjin faced the shortage of capital and technology in the early period of the implement of the Policy. However, in the end of 1990, Tianjin became one of the most attracting foreign investment cities in China because the foreign direct investment had played an important role and positively influenced industries upgrade and business management in the city. The amount of foreign direct investment in Tianjin has a high speed growth after Deng Xiaoping’s southern trip in 1992 to confirm the determination of China’s open door policy again. In 2010, the amount of foreign direct investment in Tianjin was impressively over ten billion US dollars. The purpose of this study is to investigate the determinants of foreign direct investment from different countries and districts in Tianjin from 1990 to 2010. The study adopted fixed-effect model to investigate the determinants of foreign direct investment in Tianjin with the top nine countries and districts in the period of 1990 to 2010. The results revealed relative currency rate, relative GDP per capita, relative wage rate and time trend are the most important factor in attracting foreign direct investment in Tianjin in the period. Another result showed the geographical distance has a negative relationship to foreign direct investment in Tianjin by fixed effect analysis. In order to reduce the occurrence of mistakes, the model and result results also have been tested through related tests methods.

近年來，我國財政收支嚴重不平衡，地方政府相較於中央財政問題更困窘。由歷年來賦稅依存度或稅收資料顯示，地方賦稅收入並無法足夠支應地方支出，加上因為地區經濟發展狀況不同，各縣市財政收入不平衡，造成貧窮縣市之財政狀況更為艱辛，須依靠中央政府之補助款才得以提供地方事務。 本研究探討各地方財產稅之影響因素，因財產稅占各地方政府之賦稅收入之大宗，加上探討地方稅建制之文獻均認為財產稅最適合最為地方財源收入，故本研究藉由探討影響地方財產稅收之因素，分析我國地方政府財政制度之現況與困境，並對目前我國地方財政之困難提出建議。 本研究將影響地方財產稅因素分為經濟因素、人口因素、治安狀況、商業情況與房地產市場狀況，利用台北市、台北縣、高雄市與台中市民國81-93年之資料，進行實證分析。因本研究所採用的資料涵蓋4個轄區與13個年度，故計量模型採用Panel Data模型，Panel Data模型不僅可以分析解釋變數對財產稅收之影響程度，利用固定效果模型 (Fixed Effect Model) 更可以得知4個轄區之地方特定效果與時間效果。 根據實證結果顯示，我國地方財產稅具有明顯的地方特定效果與時間效果，表示地方財產稅容易受到各地人文地理制度之不同、地方無法量化之特質、土地政策的變動與總體景氣之影響。對於財產稅易受土地政策的變動與總體景氣之影響，我們合理懷疑其原因是因為本研究所稱之財產稅中含有土地增值稅與契稅兩種機會稅，才導致財產稅收會受到景氣變動之影響，經由實證分析結果驗證我們的論點，土地增值稅與契稅相較於地價稅與房屋稅易受整體經濟與土地政策變動之影響。 我國地方政府財政狀況，從實證結果亦能發現財政水平不均之情況，觀察固定效果發現台北市相對於其他轄區財產稅收較多，其原因可能為台北市為我國首都，人文地理與經濟發展情況均較其他轄區進步的地方特質效果所導致。透過本研究時間效果之分析，顯示地方政府若欲以降低該地區犯罪率或活絡該地之商業活動等僅具地區性之經濟活動來增加財產稅收，是較無效果的。地方財產稅收之增加主要仍須倚靠國家整體經濟景氣活絡，或以土地政策誘導房地產市場交易，是較可行的方法。

中國在經濟發展的過程中，由於面臨著資金不足和技術落後的問題，以致於在1978年確立改革開放政策後，企圖透過外商直接投資來加速工業化及促進產業升級。然而一直到1992年鄧小平南巡，宣布將堅持中國的改革開放政策後，外商直接投資才開始大量流入中國。本文的研究目的即是鎖定外商直接投資開始大量進入中國後，影響世界各國對中國直接投資的因素。 本文利用24個國家（地區）在1993年至2003年期間的資料，採固定效果模型研究外商對中國直接投資的原因為何。結果顯示在1993到1996年間，顯著的決定因素為相對國內生產毛額、相對每人國內生產毛額，以及相對工資率。而在1997到2003年間，顯著的變項轉變為相對國內生產毛額、相對借貸成本、以及相對國家風險。此外，兩階段的外商直接投資都有增加的趨勢，但1997到2003年間增加的速度有趨緩的現象。另由固定效果的分析中得知，地理距離與對中國的自發性直接投資具有負相關的關係，此可由引力模型和地理距離影響文化的擴散和交流解釋之。最後，為了降低實證模型發生錯誤的機會，並使研究過程更為嚴謹，於是對本文模型和估計結果使用更多的方法加以檢定。 / Since 1978, China has adopted the so-called “open door policy”, attracting foreign direct investment(FDI) has become one of the most important methods to facilitate its economic growth. However, foreign countries didn’t invest large amount toward China until Deng Xiaoping’s southern trip in 1992. The purpose of this study is thus to investigate the determinants of FDI from different foreign countries in China after foreign countries started to invest tremendous amount toward China. This study adopts fixed-effect model to investigate the determinants of FDI in China with 24 countries’ (regions’) data during the period of 1993-2003. The result shows relative GDP, relative GDP per capita, and relative wage are the most important factor in attracting FDI in China during 1993-1996. However, during 1997- 2003, the important factors change into relative GDP, relative borrowing cost, and relative country risk. In addition, the FDI at two periods both have a increasing trend, but the increasing speed during 1997-2003 isn’t increase so quickly as 1993-1996. Furthermore, from the analysis of the fixed effect knows the geographical distance has a negative relationship to FDI in China, and it can be explained by gravity equation and geographical distance influences the diffusion and exchange of culture. Finally, in order to reduce the mistakes occurred in positive models and enable the study more rigorous, then uses more methods to test the models and the result.

台灣地區在2002年時總生育率已降至1.33，而淨繁殖率為0.63，此種低於替代水準的生育率如果繼續下去，台灣地區的人口成長將於20-30年後，達成人口零成長並轉為負成長；生育率持續降低將造成人口老化，對國家經濟造成負面影響。 而影響生育率的因素很多，鑑於現代家庭在子女養育費用上的支出日益增加，尤以教育費用佔養育成本之比例最大，中低收入的家庭籌措教育費用的負擔，可能比生活開支更為沉重；尤其近年來政府廣開大學之門，但高等教育的經費並沒有比例的提升，因此不論公立或私立學校，從政府所得的補助相形減少；而大學學歷已成為基本的學位，可以預期未來幾乎每個人都會念大學，因此當大學學雜費調漲，將使父母養育子女成本增加，所以要思考是否因為養育成本的提高，而降低了生育子女的意願，使得台灣地區生育率年年下降。 本文的研究目的，主要在探討佔教育費用相當大比重的大學學雜費調漲，對台灣地區生育率的影響，並就其他影響台灣地區生育率的主要因素加以分析。以下為本論文之主要內容：第一章緒論，介紹本文研究背景與動機、研究目的與研究架構及研究限制。第二章文獻回顧，探討影響生育率因素的相關文獻，並就大學學雜費之文獻加以分別整理並予以說明。第三章，分析台灣地區生育率與大學學雜費調漲之變化；為了研究大學學雜費調漲對台灣地區生育率之影響，必須對近年來台灣地區生育率之變化及大學學雜費制度之變化作進一步之了解。第四章是研究方法，在本章中，將介紹本論文的資料來源、研究方法與實證模型及變數說明，以檢視大學學雜費調漲對台灣地區生育率的影響。第五章，就實證結果加以分析說明，第六章是本研究之結論與政策建議。 本文以1991年至2002年台灣地區23個縣市之追蹤資料為研究對象，經由固定效果模型的估計結果發現，大學學雜費對台灣地區生育率的影響有顯著的負相關；而其他影響台灣地區生育率的主要因素，如台灣地區各縣市家庭所得、失業率（尤以男性失業率為顯著）、婦女教育程度等均呈現顯著的負向影響，台灣地區嬰兒死亡率亦呈現負向影響但並不顯著，而婦女25 – 39歲年齡組群佔該縣市15歲以上婦女總人數比例，對台灣地區生育率的影響，呈現顯著的正向關係。 依本研究結果顯示，大學學學雜費是影響台灣地區生育率相當重要的因素，且教育學費與提升生育率皆屬於政府的政策，政府應該高度正視此問題並有所作為。至於控制其他因素後之地區特質效果，`顯示台灣地區之生育率，以東部地區為最高，南部地區最低；各縣市之特質效果則以新竹縣為最高、高雄市最低，可能與原住民比例、人口外移、城鄉差距或其他人文因素有關。因此，如何縮小城鄉差距,平衡人口分佈,使經濟均衡發展,也是值得政府思考與正視的問題。 關鍵詞：大學學雜費、生育率、固定效果模型、台灣地區

Submitted by Lucia Coelho (lbcoelho@gmail.com) on 2015-07-22T15:14:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Lucia Borges Coelho.pdf: 3315118 bytes, checksum: 893418f593654d024261655653e49423 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by GILSON ROCHA MIRANDA (gilson.miranda@fgv.br) on 2015-07-31T18:53:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Lucia Borges Coelho.pdf: 3315118 bytes, checksum: 893418f593654d024261655653e49423 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by GILSON ROCHA MIRANDA (gilson.miranda@fgv.br) on 2015-08-03T14:37:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Lucia Borges Coelho.pdf: 3315118 bytes, checksum: 893418f593654d024261655653e49423 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-08-04T12:40:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Lucia Borges Coelho.pdf: 3315118 bytes, checksum: 893418f593654d024261655653e49423 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-30 / Due to markets evolution and the possibility to access infonnation on real time, the companies are very exposed to variation on their liquidity. lt arises a necessity of studying what affects its operation and how they are affected by shocks at the economy. This work has as objective to investigate how variations on macroeconomics variables, like for example, changes on exchange rale, at GDP (Gross Domestic Product), on inflation and on interest rales impact the liquidity levei o f companies. There were selected data of aclive Brazilian companies ofthe period of2003 until 20 li (qumterly data), with stocks negotiated at BM&FBovespa and that don't belong to financiai and insurance market. The results suggest that the company's liquidity levei is affected for some variation on macroeconomics variables. lt was verified that some variables as GDP, IBOVESPA and interest rates positively relates to current liquidity index. On the other hand, variables as exchange rate and inflation negatively relates to the liquidity index. / Com a evolução dos mercados e a possibilidade de acesso a informações em tempo real, as empresas se encontram bastante expostas a variações em sua liquidez. Surge então uma necessidade de se estudar o que afeta sua operação e de que forma são afetadas por choques na economia. Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar como variações de indicadores macroeconômicos, como por exemplo, mudanças na taxa de câmbio, no PIB, na inflação e na taxa de juros impactam no nível de liquidez corrente das empresas. Foram selecionados dados de empresas brasileiras ativas para o período de 2003 até 2011 (dados trimestrais), com ações negociadas na BM&FBovespa e não pertencentes ao setor financeiro e de seguros. Os resultados sugerem que o nível de liquidez das empresas é afetado por algumas variações de indicadores macroeconômicos. Verificou-se que variáveis como PIB, IBOVESPA e taxa de juros se relacionam positivamente com o índice de liquidez corrente. Já as variáveis câmbio e inflação se relacionam negativamente.

臺灣隨著戰後嬰兒潮步入高齡，加上生育率為世界最低國家之一，刻正面臨嚴重的少子化及高齡化問題，除提升生育率、減少本國勞動力外流、並爭取海外留學生、僑民回國就業外，補充外籍勞動力，以減緩工作世代壓力，實為我國的當務之急。 為了解外國勞動力在臺工作縣市分布的影響因素，不同於以往的研究，本文從縣市別角度出發，採用2006年至2015年臺灣21個縣市的追蹤調查資料，以外籍專業人員、外籍勞工、全部外籍勞動力為被解釋變數建立3個模型，並分別以最小平方法、固定效果模型以及隨機效果模型進行迴歸分析，結果顯示，影響外國專業人才來臺工作縣市分布之重要因素為產業因素與教育資源因素，而失業率、產業因素以及教育資源因素則為外籍勞工與全部外籍勞動力的重要影響因素。 / Taiwan, with the post-war baby boom turning into the elderly boom by time, coupled with being one of the lowest birth rate in the world, is currently facing serious population aging problems. In order to deal with this situation, Taiwan government needs to encourage fertility, reduce domestic workforce outflows, and attract overseas students and nationals to return home. In addition, it is also urgent to recruit foreign workforce to ease the pressure of domestic working generation. Different from the previous studies, this study attempted to understand the influencing factors of foreign workforce’s distribution in Taiwan by adopting a new perspective of observing each city and county respectively. This study used the data of 21 cities and counties in Taiwan from year 2006 to 2015, choosing the data of foreign workforce, foreign professionals and foreign labors as the dependent variables. Afterwards, the OLS model, the fixed effect model and the random effect model were conducted to estimate those variables separately. The results indicated that the industrial factors and educational resources factors were the main important factors influencing the distribution of foreign professionals in Taiwan, while the unemployment rate, industrial factors and educational resources factors were the important factors influencing the distribution of foreign labors and all the foreign workforce.

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