摘要 本研究主要在Pierre Bourdieu的文化資本（Cultural Capital）理論架構下，使用「台灣教育長期追蹤資料庫」（Taiwan Education Panel Survey）2001年到2005年三波的追蹤樣本，研究學生的「學生文化資本」、「父母文化資本」以及「親子文化資本」對高中職、五專生的學習成就之影響。學生文化資本是以學生本身的文化活動參與和學校文化社團參與為指標；父母文化資本是以父母的教育程度為指標；而親子文化資本是以學生才藝課程和親子文化活動參與為指標。本研究檢證各發展階段（國小、國中、高中）中不同文化資本的動態模式，以及和學生學習成就的關係，以瞭解文化資本在台灣教育體制中所扮演的角色。研究結果如下： 1.在控制了人口與家庭背景因素之後，發現「學生文化資本」比「親子文化資本」對學習成就的影響力較大，高中階段的「學生文化資本」對學習成就的效果最大。 2.在性別方面：女生相較於男生，受到「父母文化資本」的影響較大。女生的「學生文化資本」都很高且多元，但對學習成就的影響較小；男生的「學生文化資本」不受家庭低收入的負向影響，且對學習成就影響比較大。 3.當父母為低教育程度的情況下，學生可藉由「文化資本」提升學習成就，但所提升的學習成就仍不及父母為高教育者的學習成就平均數，這意味著「文化向上流動模式」僅能達到向上微調的效果，但仍無法擺脫大環境的限制。 / Abstract This thesis examines the relationship between cultural capital and high school students’ achievement based on the cultural capital theory of Pierre Bourdieu. This thesis operationalizes the concept of cultural capital into three types: parents', students', and intergenerational cultural capital. Parents’ cultural capital is defined by parents’ education; Students’ cultural capital is defined by participating in students’ cultural activities and the cultural organizations in school; Intergenerational cultural capital is defined by students’ cultural skills class and parents-children’s cultural activities. Using data gathered by the Taiwan Education Panel Study (TEPS) in 2001, 2003 and 2005, the research estimates the effects of these three types of cultural capital on high school student's academic achievements in three stages of schooling (elementary, junior high, and senior high). The major findings of the thesis are: 1.Controlling demographic and family background factors, “student’s own cultural capital,” in particular at the stage of senior high, has more impact on academic achievement than “intergenerational cultural capital” does. 2.In comparison with male students, female students have a higher level of cultural capital, which is also more diversified. The cultural capital of female students is influenced more by their parents’ cultural capital. However, the cultural capital of female students has a fairly small effect on their academic achievement. In contrast, the cultural capital of male students, which is not negatively affected by family’s low income, has a greater effect on their academic achievement. 3.The students with parents of lower levels of education could improve their academic achievement with their own cultural capital. This improvement, however, is not enough to make up the achievement gap between disadvantaged and advantaged students.

本研究運用台灣教育長期追蹤資料庫（Taiwan Education Panel survey）之2001年與2003年針對同一批國中生（N=16,530）蒐集的資料，檢證James Coleman代間封閉性網絡有助於學生學習成效之理論。對於Coleman的理論，過往實證的研究發現並不一致。台灣亦有研究顯示，在升學制度的壓力下，家長間網絡不見得出現效力。本研究旨在檢證兩種不同家長網絡形式在學校與個體層次對學生學習成效的影響，研究結果發現：（1）個人層次方面，僅校外家長連帶有益於學習成效，但社會經濟地位具有間接影響力；（2）學校層次方面，則僅代間封閉性網絡具影響力，封閉性越高越有益於學生學習成效，且其影響力與社會經濟地位無關。

課後學生自主的時間能否自己自律繼續學習，是值得關注的議題。本研究欲瞭解學生從國中到高中自律學習發展情況，以台灣教育長期追蹤資料庫的2939追蹤樣本，進行潛在成長曲線模型分析，結果發現： （1）兩性學生從國中到高中的自律學習發展並無顯著差異。 （2）台灣學生從國中到高中的自律學習呈現遞增狀況。 （3）國中高自律學習的學生到高中的自律學習成長有限；而國中低自律學習的學生到高中自律學習成長幅度較大。 （4）學生家庭社經地位越高、父母學校參與和接納的程度越高，學生國中時期的自律學習情況會越好；但是學生家庭社經地位越高、父母學校參與程度越高，對於學生國中到高中自律學習成長有限，至於父母接納則無顯著影響關係 （5）國中自律學習良好的學生，有較良好的分析能力；但是高中學生的自律學習無法有效預測其分析能力。 依據上述研究結果將提出相關結論與建議以供參考。

臺灣隨著戰後嬰兒潮步入高齡，加上生育率為世界最低國家之一，刻正面臨嚴重的少子化及高齡化問題，除提升生育率、減少本國勞動力外流、並爭取海外留學生、僑民回國就業外，補充外籍勞動力，以減緩工作世代壓力，實為我國的當務之急。 為了解外國勞動力在臺工作縣市分布的影響因素，不同於以往的研究，本文從縣市別角度出發，採用2006年至2015年臺灣21個縣市的追蹤調查資料，以外籍專業人員、外籍勞工、全部外籍勞動力為被解釋變數建立3個模型，並分別以最小平方法、固定效果模型以及隨機效果模型進行迴歸分析，結果顯示，影響外國專業人才來臺工作縣市分布之重要因素為產業因素與教育資源因素，而失業率、產業因素以及教育資源因素則為外籍勞工與全部外籍勞動力的重要影響因素。 / Taiwan, with the post-war baby boom turning into the elderly boom by time, coupled with being one of the lowest birth rate in the world, is currently facing serious population aging problems. In order to deal with this situation, Taiwan government needs to encourage fertility, reduce domestic workforce outflows, and attract overseas students and nationals to return home. In addition, it is also urgent to recruit foreign workforce to ease the pressure of domestic working generation. Different from the previous studies, this study attempted to understand the influencing factors of foreign workforce’s distribution in Taiwan by adopting a new perspective of observing each city and county respectively. This study used the data of 21 cities and counties in Taiwan from year 2006 to 2015, choosing the data of foreign workforce, foreign professionals and foreign labors as the dependent variables. Afterwards, the OLS model, the fixed effect model and the random effect model were conducted to estimate those variables separately. The results indicated that the industrial factors and educational resources factors were the main important factors influencing the distribution of foreign professionals in Taiwan, while the unemployment rate, industrial factors and educational resources factors were the important factors influencing the distribution of foreign labors and all the foreign workforce.

本研究主要探討台北都會區都市蔓延與氣候暖化之關係，實證分析是否都市蔓延的發展形態會造成氣溫的上升。有研究指出台灣的歷年氣溫上升是因為近年來工商業急速發展，人口增加，建築物型態改變，交通運輸量激增等所致。國內外許多研究也發現都市化與氣溫是呈現正相關，而綠地與氣溫呈現負相關。 本研究實證分析部分使用地理資訊系統之內差法和空間分析方法，以及迴歸分析使用panel data之固定效果模型等工具，內插法之結果得到台北都會區年平均氣溫自1996年至2006年約上升1℃，有些地區甚至上升約2℃，且上升之溫度範圍有擴大的趨勢，呈現放射狀的溫度分布，此與都市蔓延之放射狀發展形態類似。使用空間分析方法則證實了一地人口數的增加會造成該地氣溫上升，並且也發現近來人口數多增加在都市外圍地區，這與上述氣溫分布和都市蔓延之放射狀發展形態也相符合。 迴歸分析結果顯示人口數對於氣溫有相當大之正相關，耕地面積對氣溫則呈現負相關，可見得擁有廣大綠地可以降低區域之氣溫，減緩氣候暖化，因此建議政府需檢討當前農地政策，配合環境保護，適合時宜的提出正確之政策。另外在各鄉鎮市區固定效果估計量方面，可以歸納出若一地區有廣大的公園、綠地、或是有河川流域的經過，對於降低當地氣溫有明顯的幫助；時間趨勢之固定效果估計量顯示台北都會區隨著時間的經過，氣溫將持續上升。因此在未來都市規劃方面，規劃者必須了解各地區特性，善加利用其自然環境以調和氣候暖化之影響、多設置公園綠地、多種植綠色植物、在道路周邊行道樹的設置、建築物間風場之設計等。如此將可以降低都市蔓延對氣候暖化的影響，以及防止氣候暖化的發生。 / In this study, we research the relationship between urban sprawl and climate warming in Taipei metropolitan area. Analyze empirically whether the developed shape of urban sprawl causes the climbing of the temperature. Some studies indicate that the reasons why the climate is getting warmer in Taiwan are the high-speed developments of industry and commerce, the increase of population, the changes of the buildings and the huge increase of the traffic volume. Some other studies also find out that there is a positive correlation between the urbanization and the temperature, and there is a negative correlation between the green space and the temperature. The empirical analysis in this study is based on the Interpolation Method and Spatial Analysis of GIS. And the regression analysis is based on the Fixed Effect Model of Panel Data. The yearly average temperature increased about 1℃ to 2℃ in the Taipei metropolitan area from 1996 to 2006. Furthermore, the range of the increasing temperature has been trending up, and it reveals a radial distribution. It is similar to the radial developed shape of urban sprawl. By using Spatial Analysis, we prove that the temperature of an area increases when the population rises. And we find out that the population rises in most of the peri-urban areas. It also answers to the radial developed shape of urban sprawl and the distribution of the temperature as above. The result of using the regression analysis shows that there is a positive correlation between the number of the population and the temperature and is a negative correlation between the farmland areas and the temperature. So that if there is a big green space, it can decrease the temperature in an area, reduce climate warming. For this reason, I suggest that the government should review our current farmland policy, which should be worked with the environmental protection policy, and bring it into practice at the right time right place. From the fixed effect estimation, we concludes that it helps decrease the temperature in an area obviously when there is a big park, big green space or where a river passing through. The time trend of the fixed effect estimation indicates that the climate in the Taipei metropolitan area will be getting warming with time goes by. Therefore, the urban planner should know better of the feature in each area, using the natural environment to accommodate the influence of climate warming. To have more parks, green spaces and plants, plant more trees by the roads, design the wind flow between buildings. Cut down the carbon production by using either way. Thus and so, we can reduce the influence of urban sprawl to climate warming, and also prevent climate warming.

都市發展固然帶動了經濟成長、生活舒適、交通便利等諸多正面效益，但隨著都市不斷向外發展之成果，卻也帶來了都市內的空間擁擠、交通壅塞、空氣汙染、生活環境惡化等現象，以及都市外的分散、無秩序蔓延發展等環境問題。為解決這些問題，都市規劃者提出大眾運輸導向發展理念。從都市化之觀點來看，發展大眾運輸導向能降低都市蔓延，提昇都市內之使用密度，減少私人運具之使用，進而降低能源消耗、改善空氣品質。然而，運輸建設具有改變土地使用模式與活動區位，進而帶動人口、產業在空間上重新分布的特性；當運輸建設的興建促使周邊都市活動頻繁時，少有研究探討到大眾運輸導向帶來的效益，是否會隨著人口、產業往捷運沿線聚集，反而使交通流量增加，進而造成空氣品質愈加惡化之問題。因此，本研究從捷運營運前後台北市空氣品質變化之觀點，以台北市433個里之1995年至2006年為研究範圍，以懸浮微粒為汙染變數，運用空間分析法和長期追蹤資料實證分析法，探討捷運、人口及產業三者對空氣品質之影響程度。 / 研究結果顯示，人口密度和就業密度對懸浮微粒濃度有顯著正向影響，因此，政府在推廣大眾運輸導向理念，鼓勵人口和產業往捷運沿線發展時，需有完善配套措施，否則將導致反效果－空氣品質的惡化。而有捷運經過之村里對懸浮微粒濃度有顯著正相關；但是分析各年度懸浮微粒可發現，台北市年平均懸浮微粒濃度下降，且隨捷運路網愈加完善，空氣品質愈好。因此，捷運建設雖造成沿線懸浮微粒濃度的上升，但卻降低了整體懸浮微粒濃度，提昇台北市空氣品質。 / Urban development is driven by economic growth, comfortable living, convenient transportation and other positive benefits. However, the results of urban development also brought crowdedness, traffic congestion, air pollution, environment degradation inside the city, and sprawl development out of the city. To solve these problems, urban planners proposed mass transit-oriented development (TOD) concept. From the perspective of urbanization, developing TOD can reduce urban sprawl, enhance the use of space inside the city, and reduce the use of cars. Further, these can decrease energy consumption and improve air quality. However, a transportation system can change the land-use patterns and redistribute the population and industries. Few studies have discussed whether the benefits of TOD will gather people and industries along the mass rapid transit (MRT), where results in the increase in traffic and more deterioration of air quality are inconclusive. Therefore, from the perspective of air quality varies over time in Taipei before and after the operation of MRT, this study uses spatial analysis and panel data analysis to investigate the impact of MRT, population and industry on air quality in 433 villages of Taipei City from 1995 to 2006. / The results show that population density and employment density have significant positive effects on the concentrations of PM10. Thus, when promoting the concept of TOD and encouraging the development of population and industry along the rapid transit, the Government should plan and implement the proper procedure; otherwise they will result in rising air pollution. The villages along the rapid transit have significant positive effects on the concentrations of PM10. However, analysis of the annual PM10 concentration can be found that the annual average has declined in Taipei City; the air quality will be better with a more extensive rapid transit network. Although the construction of transit system will cause the increase in the concentration of PM10 along the rapid transit, it has decreases the overall concentration of PM10 in Taipei City.

本研究探討影響學生學業成就的學校、家庭、學生個人及背景因素，研究中以後設分析的方法計算出許多自變項的效應量大小。本研究的資料取自台灣教育長期追蹤資料庫（TEPS），包括2868名學生在2001年至2007年間接受的四波追蹤調查資料。研究結果發現，學校、家庭、學生個人及背景因素對學業成就之平均效應量具有顯著差異，其中以學生的「先前學業成就」具有最大的效應量，對綜合能力、數學能力及一般分析能力的效應量分別是2.39、1.45和1.90；其次為「背景因素」（效應量分別為.65、.53、.59）；再其次則為「家庭因素」及「學生投入」，但此兩者效應量小，且彼此間無顯著差異；而學校因素的平均效應量最小。最後，本研究針對研究結果提出多項教育實務的建議。 / The purpose of this study is to examine the longitudinal effects of school, family, student, and demographic factors on students’ academic achievement. A method of meta-analysis was used to estimate the magnitude of the effect size of various dependent variables. The data was obtained from Taiwan Education Panel Survey (TEPS). The members of the tracked panel of 2868 high school students were selected as samples for this present research. The tracked panel received four waves of questionnaires and standard tests from 2001 to 2007. The results of the present analysis shows significant differences between the mean effect sizes of the factors associated with academic achievement, and that students’ prior achievement had the largest effect size of 2.39, 1.45, and 1.90, respectively, based on the comprehensive ability score, the general analytic ability score, and the mathematic ability score. The demographic factor showed the second largest mean effect size (.65, .53, .59), larger than that of the family factor and students’ engagement, which both showed small effect without significant differences from each other. And the school factor showed the least mean effect size. In addition, it was found that the mean effect of all the variables based on the comprehensive ability score (.43) was significantly larger than that based on the general analytic ability score and on the mathematic ability score, specifically. Practical implications and suggestions are given in the present research after the general discussion of the research findings.

本論文的研究目的，主要是從理論的探討與實證的研究出發，評估國內以香菸稅做為反菸工具時的可行性與適當性。 　　由於近些年來，在反菸團體大力地宣導吸菸有害健康的警訊之下，香菸似乎被貼上了罪惡的標籤，除了對人體健康有直接的危害之外，吸菸行為在醫療資源上的浪費與經濟成本上的損失更是不容忽視的問題。因此，除了一般性的租稅課徵之外，許多的學者都主張應再對香菸課以重稅，以期減少社會大眾的香菸消費量。不過在另一方面，亦有學者指出，目前在探討吸菸行為所引起的疾病成本或外部成本時，都忽略了外在環境的改變與其他因素的影響，而使得菸害成本有被高估的可能，因此反對重課香菸稅。其次，由於香菸稅基本上是屬於銷售稅的性質，因此在課稅之後，勢必會對經濟體系造成若干程度的影響，所以本文在理論探討的部分，除了分析香菸稅的理論依據之外，亦將課稅之後所可能產生的經濟效果做一分析與整理。 　　而在實證研究的部分，本文則利用主計處「個人所得分配調查報告」的原始電腦資料，以橫斷面與虛擬長期追蹤模型資料(pseudo panel data)分別估計國內的香菸需求函數。根據研究的結果顯示，國內的香菸價格彈性在-1.35~-1.56之間，表示當價格上升10%之後，香菸的消費量將減少13.5%~15.6%，可見以香菸稅做為反菸工具的效果相當地顯著。 　　總之，若政府的政策是以維護國民的健康而欲減少國內的香菸消費時，透過對香菸課稅的方式確實能達到「以價制量」的既定目標，而且其政策的效果相當地顯著。不過值得注意的是，香菸稅的課徵，雖然可達成上述的反菸政策效果，但卻也會造成租稅累退與超額負擔的發生；甚至由於菸害成本的高估現象，而使得香菸稅率有偏高的趨劫。因此，政府在訂定香菸稅的政策時，除了考慮價格效果之外，同時也必須平衡其所產生的經濟影響，如此才能訂出適當的稅率以充分反映與矯正外部成本的發生。因此，一個最適香菸稅率的決定，則是未來所必須面對的問題了。

區域發展差異現象一直以來為國家政策所關注，而近年來台灣地區失業率有逐漸上升的趨勢，各縣市之表現亦大相逕庭，顯示各地區存在失業差異現象。過去研究較少以空間觀點觀察失業相關議題，此外，關於區域差異因素對失業率之影響鮮少納入政府規劃因素。因此，本研究以空間自相關分析方法檢測失業是否具有空間相關性及聚集性，並應用長期追蹤資料（panel data）迴歸模型，以人口、產業、所得、都市化程度及政府規劃因素，分析台灣22縣市1988至2008近二十年來各區域差異因素對失業率之影響，藉由實證結果提出相關都市及產業政策之建議。實證結果發現，台灣失業分佈具有一定程度的空間相關性，且高低失業率在各縣市間亦有聚集現象。再者，依固定效果模型實證結果發現人口數、工業及服務業就業者百分比、都市化程度、工業區面積百分比與失業率間呈現顯著正向關係；經濟發展支出百分比與失業率呈現顯著負向關係；區域固定效果，即排除自變數影響下，各縣市本身區域特質對失業率之影響，結果顯示台北縣及桃園縣之係數為負向，南投縣、嘉義縣、台東縣與花蓮縣之係數為正向；時間固定效果方面，大部分年度皆具顯著性，且係數有由負轉正之趨勢，代表特定時間衝擊會對失業率造成影響。 / Differences in regional development have been a focus on national policies. Recently, there is a increasing trend in the unemployment rate in Taiwan, and it also differs from cities and counties, indicating there exists differences in regional unemployment. Previous research rarely combined unemployment issues with spatial perspective. In addition, the effect of regional discrepant factors on the unemployment rate rarely take government planning factors into account. Therefore, this study uses spatial autocorrelation analysis to detect whether unemployment has spatial correlation and aggregation, and applies panel data regression model with population, industry, income, the degree of urbanization, and government planning factors to analyze the effect of regional discrepant factors on the unemployment rate in Taiwan's 22 cities and counties from 1988 to 2008. According to the empirical results, we come up with some urban and industrial policy proposals. Empirical results indicate that the distribution of unemployment in Taiwan has a certain degree of spatial correlation, and high or low unemployment rate also has aggregation among cities and counties. Furthermore, according to the results of the fixed effects model, population, the percentage of industrial and service sector employment, the degree of urbanization, and the percentage of industrial area show a significant positive relationship with unemployment rate. The percentage of expenditures for economic development shows a significant negative relationship with unemployment rate. Region-specific fixed effect, which exclude the influence of independent variables, is the effect of regional characteristics of counties and cities on the unemployment rate. This result shows the coefficient of Taipei County and Taoyuan County is negative, and the coefficient of Nantou County, Chiayi County, Taitung County and Hualien County is positive. As for time-specific fixed effect, almost all years are significant, and the coefficient has the trend from negative to positive, indicating that a particular time impact will affect the unemployment rate.

本研究目的探討：（一）家庭社經地位、父親參與、母親參與對學習成就結構的關係模式；（二）運用多群組樣本測量模式，比較不同家庭社經地位（高、中、低三群組）學生其父親、母親參與對學習成就的關係模式。 本研究採用「結構方程模式」建立上述模式，並採用TEPS 2001「台灣教育長期追蹤資料庫」中9,141位國一學生（只以親生父母親同住子女）及其父親、母親為研究樣本。 本研究歸納出以下結論茲分述如下： 一、 結構方程模式考驗結果顯示「家庭社經地位、父親、母親參與和學習成就模式」與TEPS次級資料達到良好適配，表示家庭社經地位對學習成就具有正相關直接影響效果，同時父親間接參與對學習成就無顯著影響，而母親間接參與則有達到正向顯著影響。 二、 不同社經地位學生，其父親參與對子女學習成就無顯著影響，但母親參與對子女學習成就則呈正相關顯著差異。 三、 「高家庭社經地位學生的父親參與、母親參與對學習成就的關係模式」為良好適配指標，但是父親參與未達顯著性，母親參與程度則達正相關顯著水準。 四、 「中家庭社經地位學生的父親參與、母親參與對學習成就的關係模式」亦為良好適配指標，其中父親參與仍然未達顯著性，母親參與程度則達正相關且顯著水準。 五、 「低家庭社經地位學生的父親參與、母親參與對學習成就的關係模式」適配度指標最佳，但是父親參與仍然未達顯著性，母親參與則依然呈正相關顯著。 最後，依據上述研究發現，就研究結果與研究方法兩方面，將提出相關研究建議以供教育實務上及未來研究之參考。 / The purposes of this study are to explore the effects of mother and father involvement between socioeconomic status（SES）and their children academic achievement. The data of the public released core panel data from the Taiwan Education Panel Survey（TEPS）in 2001 was used. The sample was drawn from TEPS and was constituted by 9,141 adolescents who were seventh graders and lived with their birth parents in 2001. This study explores that what role parental involvement plays between SES and academic achievement, and uses structural equation modeling (SEM) to create a mother and father involvement model that affects academic achievement. In addition, the multi-groups model was used to analyze how the SES affects mother and father involvement and children academic achievement. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The test result of SEM suggested that the proposed “Model of effects of SES/parental involvement on children academic achievement” fit the core panel data well. This showed SES had direct effect on academic achievement and had indirect effect through mother and father involvement. 2. Among all the SES groups, father involvement positively correlated with children’s academic achievement but not significantly. Mother involvement showed positive correlation and significantly. 3. The model of effect of parental involvement in higher SES family fits the data well, but father involvements positively correlated with children academic achievement and not significantly. Mother involvement positively and significantly correlated with children’s academic achievement. 4. The model of effect of parental involvement in middle SES family fits the data well. Father involvement still positively but not significantly correlated with children’s academic achievement; mother involvement positively and significantly correlated with children’s academic achievement. 5. The model of effect of parental involvement in low SES family fits the data best. Father involvement positively correlated with children’s academic achievement but not significantly; mother involvement also positively and significantly correlated with children’s academic achievement. Finally, the study discusses the implications of parental involvement and suggests directions for future research.