The increasing need for regional development has led engineers to find safe ways to construct the infrastructure of transportation on soft soils. Soft soil is not able to sustain external loads without having large deformations. The geotechnical properties of soft soil which is known for its low bearing capacity, high water content, high compressibility and long term settlement as well. In pavement engineering, either highway or runway as an infrastructure, a pavement encompasses three important parts namely traffic load, pavement and subgrade. Traffic load generated from tire pressure of vehicle and/or airplane wheels are usually around 550 kPa even more on the surface of the pavement. Pavement generally comprises granular materials with unbounded or bounded materials located between traffic load and subgrade, distributing the load to surface of subgrade. One of the promising soil improvement techniques is a piled embankment. When geosynthetics layer is unrolled over piles, it is known as geosynthetics supported piled embankment. Particularly in deep soft soil, when piles do not reach a hard stratum due to large thickness of the soft soil, the construction is an embankment on floating piles. Furthermore, because of different stiffness between piles and subsoil, soil arching effect would be developed there. By using Finite Element analysis, some findings resulted from experimental works and several field tests around the world as field case studies are verified. Some important findings are as follows: the stress concentration ratio is not a single value, but it would be changed depending on the height of embankment, consolidation process of subsoil, surcharge of traffic load, and tensile modulus of geosynthetics as well. Ratio height of embankment to clear piles spacing (h/s) around 1.4 can be used as a critical value to distinguish between low embankment and high embankment. When geosynthetics is applied to reinforce a pavement/embankment, the vertical distance of geosynthetics layers and number of geosynthetics layers depend on the quality of pavement material. The lower layer of geosynthetics withstands a tensile stress higher than upper layer. Primary reinforcements for geosynthetics in piled embankments are located at span between piles with maximum strains at zones of adjacent piles. Traffic load that passes through on the surface of the pavement can reduce the soil arching, but it can be restored during the off peak hours. Settlements of embankments on floating piles can accurately be modelled using the consolidation calculation type, whereas the end-bearing piles may be used the plastic calculation type. Longer piles can be effectively applied to reduce a creep. By applying length of floating piles more than 20% of soft soil depth, it would have a significant impact to reduce a creep on a deep soft soil.

Durch Umwandlung unterschiedlichster Formen von Energie in mechanische oder elektrische Energie wird die Menschheit seit Jahrhunderten bei der Umsetzung von Arbeitsprozessen im Alltag und bei der industriellen Nutzung unterstützt. Strömende Medien wie Wasser oder Wind gelten dabei als die ältesten Energielieferanten. Im Rahmen der Dissertation wird das Konzept einer zugspannungsverankerten Plattform für Offshore Windenergieanlagen (WEA) vorgestellt, wobei neben den, für diesen Plattformtyp typischen, vertikalen auch geneigte Verankerungselemente Verwendung finden. Diese Art der Verspannung einer zugspannungsverankerten Plattform, respektive ’Tension Leg Platfrom’ (TLP) ist bisher von keiner Quelle bekannt und stellt ein Alleinstellungsmerkmal dar. Folglich sollen Untersuchungen zum dynamischen Verhalten schwimmender Gründungen für Offshore WEA, im Speziellen zu einer TLP mit vertikalen und geneigten Ankerelementen, im Rahmen dieser Arbeit erstmalig vorgestellt werden. Die Plattform ist ein modular gestaltetes Tragwerk bestehend aus großen Rohren und mit integrierten zylindrischen Auftriebskörpern. Diese erzeugen im Transportzustand der Plattform vom Hafen zum Einsatzort und im Betriebszustand innerhalb eines Windparks den nötigen Auftrieb. Infolge der speziellen Art der Verspannung werden die Bewegungen der TLP durch die, aus den Belastungen resultierenden, Seildehnungen dominiert. Damit stellte die TLP im Vergleich zu anderen schwimmenden Gründungen ein bewegungsarmes System dar. Inhalt der hier vorgelegten Arbeit sind Untersuchungen zum dynamischen Verhalten schwimmender Offshoregründungen, im speziellen einer TLP für Windenergieanlagen. Es wurden unterschiedliche Tragstrukturen für TLP-Systeme entwickelt und im Rahmen von Modellversuchen getestet. Den Kern der Arbeit bildet der Vergleich des dynamischen Tragverhaltens der unterschiedlichen Plattformen unter Berücksichtigung der geometrischen und strukturellen Randbedingungen.

本文以優選理論的觀點分析台灣漢語饒舌歌的節奏類型。主要論點包括三個部份：節拍對應、音節對應與韻句分析。本研究建立一個漢語饒舌歌語料庫，提出數據佐證分析，認為漢語饒舌歌的節奏類型不只一種，不同的節奏類型可透過並存音韻理論(Cophonology Theory)來解釋，另外，本文也提出浮動制約(Floating Constraints)來預測漢語饒舌歌中不同節奏型態出現的比例。在節拍對應方面，透過虛詞左向附著與其他制約的排序變化，可以篩選出音節與節拍不同的對應方式。在音節對應方面，當一韻句需要滿足簡單律時，就會產生音節跨越現象。而在韻句分析方面，透過左界對整(U,x)與其他制約的排序變化，可以預測兩韻句間之間隔1/2拍或1/4拍的例子。整體而言，本篇研究就漢語饒舌歌中豐富的節奏類型提出語料以及理論上的分析基準。 / This thesis analyzes the rhythmic structure of Chinese raps in Taiwan from the perspective of Optimality theory. Three factors are in order: the demibeats mapping, the syllable mapping and the utterance phrasing. The thesis adopts the corpus-based analysis. This thesis proposes that rhythmic variants can be accounted for through the constraint re-ranking in terms of the Cophonology Theory. The positing of floating constraints can then predict the percentages of the rhythmic variants. In demibeat mapping, the interaction between F-share-L(the left-adjunction of functors) and other constraints results in different ways of demibeat-syllable correspondence; in syllable mapping, Simplicity decides the syllable-straddling phenomenon. Finally, in utterance phrasing, the interaction between Align-L(U,x) and other constraints predicts different lengthens of the utterance breaks. To conclude, this thesis provided a corpus and theoretical basis for the rhythmic structures of Chinese raps.

A considerable body of theoretical and empirical literature has evaluated the credit channel of monetary transmission. This paper sets up an open-economy model under floating exchange rates with imperfect international capital mobility based on the Bernanke and Blinder model (1988). Employing our model, we show that a change in money supply has different impacts on the economy in many cases compared to the previous literature. The exchange rate puzzle may occur and when the exchange rate puzzle appears, the Fleming proposition is violated. Besides, by means of a cointegration analysis, we empirically verify the particular case of the exchange rate puzzle with the monthly data from May 1984 to January 2005 in Taiwan. Therefore, our empirical evidences can be matched with our theoretical derivations successfully.

A constante exploração da água de forma descontrolada tem comprometido a sua qualidade e quantidade para os seus diversos fins, dentre os quais se destaca o uso recreativo por contato primário. O presente estudo levanta um problema frequente no litoral brasileiro: cidades que recebem um elevado número de visitantes em determinados períodos do ano e sofrem crises ambientais por conta da mudança drástica no volume populacional, já que a população flutuante dificulta a gestão de insumos públicos como o abastecimento de água potável, os serviços de saúde, o descarte de lixo e o tratamento de esgoto, sendo muitas vezes responsável por uma poluição local. Nesse sentido, utilizou-se como modelo o balneário de Muriqui, distrito de Mangaratiba, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, e objetivou-se diagnosticar a poluição hídrica e a balneabilidade da praia. A metodologia empregada para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa foi baseada em pesquisas bibliográficas, por trabalhos técnico-científicos publicados, livros e instrumentos legais, e em um plano de amostragem. . Foram também realizadas visitas às secretarias municipais para recolher dados atuais sobre o município. Por fim, para confrontar os resultados analíticos obtidos em campo, realizou-se uma investigação da série histórica da pluviosidade das estações pluviométricas mais próximas ao distrito de Muriqui. Para verificar a qualidade da água da praia e dos dois rios que desembocam nela, foi realizado um plano de amostragem com coletas quinzenais, às segundas-feiras pela manhã, entre setembro de 2012 e agosto de 2013, totalizando 25 campanhas. Em cada campanha foram coletados cinco pontos de amostragem: três na praia de Muriqui, um no Rio da Prata e outro no Rio Catumbi. Assim, realizou-se o monitoramento de parâmetros físicos, químicos e biológicos, com o intuito de compará-los aos valores permitidos pelas legislações vigentes e correlacioná-los entre si para verificar o nível de degradação dos corpos hídricos da região. Constatou-se com o estudo que o ponto no Rio da Prata é o mais deteriorado e impactado pela ação antrópica, já que estava localizado mais próximo à sua foz. A avaliação da qualidade da água da praia indicou que o local apresentava condições excelentes de balneabilidade em 96% do período monitorado, apresentando apenas um episódio impróprio para banho. De modo geral, verificou-se com a pesquisa que alguns parâmetros demonstraram episódios característicos de poluição difusa por esgoto sanitário, aparentemente em estado inicial de degradação. / The uncontrolled exploration of the wather has been compromised its quality and quantity for several uses, among which the primary contact recreational usage can be highlighted. This study brings a common problem in the brazilian coast: cities that receive a high number of visitors during some periods of the year and suffer environmental crisis due the drastic change of population volume, since the floating population difficults the public input management like the water supplying, health services, waste discard and the sewerage system treatment, which can pollute these areas. Muriqui resort, a city in Mangaratiba, in Rio de Janeiro State, was chosen as a model for this study, which object was to diagnose the hydric pollution and the balneability of the beach. The methodology of the exploration was based into reviewing scientifcs publications, books and legal material and creating a sampling plan. . Besides, some municipal departaments were visited so as to collect present data about the city and, in order to confront the water analysis, an investigation of the rain history of the area was made . Aiming toverify the beach and two rivers water quality, samples were collected twice a month on mondays mornings, from september 2012 to august 2013, totalizing 25 collects. In each collect, five sampling poins were made: three points at the beach, one at Pratas river and other at Catumbi river. Physical, chemical and biological parameters were monitored, in order to compare these data with the numbers alowed by law and correlating them to verify the degradation level of the water. The results of this study demonstrate that the point of Pratas river was the most degradated, because it was the nearest point of the rivers mouth. The assessment of the beach water quality indicated that the site had excellent balneability during 96% of the monitored period, and it was improper only once. During the study some parameters show pollution promoted by domestic effluents, apparently in initial degradation.

A constante exploração da água de forma descontrolada tem comprometido a sua qualidade e quantidade para os seus diversos fins, dentre os quais se destaca o uso recreativo por contato primário. O presente estudo levanta um problema frequente no litoral brasileiro: cidades que recebem um elevado número de visitantes em determinados períodos do ano e sofrem crises ambientais por conta da mudança drástica no volume populacional, já que a população flutuante dificulta a gestão de insumos públicos como o abastecimento de água potável, os serviços de saúde, o descarte de lixo e o tratamento de esgoto, sendo muitas vezes responsável por uma poluição local. Nesse sentido, utilizou-se como modelo o balneário de Muriqui, distrito de Mangaratiba, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, e objetivou-se diagnosticar a poluição hídrica e a balneabilidade da praia. A metodologia empregada para o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa foi baseada em pesquisas bibliográficas, por trabalhos técnico-científicos publicados, livros e instrumentos legais, e em um plano de amostragem. . Foram também realizadas visitas às secretarias municipais para recolher dados atuais sobre o município. Por fim, para confrontar os resultados analíticos obtidos em campo, realizou-se uma investigação da série histórica da pluviosidade das estações pluviométricas mais próximas ao distrito de Muriqui. Para verificar a qualidade da água da praia e dos dois rios que desembocam nela, foi realizado um plano de amostragem com coletas quinzenais, às segundas-feiras pela manhã, entre setembro de 2012 e agosto de 2013, totalizando 25 campanhas. Em cada campanha foram coletados cinco pontos de amostragem: três na praia de Muriqui, um no Rio da Prata e outro no Rio Catumbi. Assim, realizou-se o monitoramento de parâmetros físicos, químicos e biológicos, com o intuito de compará-los aos valores permitidos pelas legislações vigentes e correlacioná-los entre si para verificar o nível de degradação dos corpos hídricos da região. Constatou-se com o estudo que o ponto no Rio da Prata é o mais deteriorado e impactado pela ação antrópica, já que estava localizado mais próximo à sua foz. A avaliação da qualidade da água da praia indicou que o local apresentava condições excelentes de balneabilidade em 96% do período monitorado, apresentando apenas um episódio impróprio para banho. De modo geral, verificou-se com a pesquisa que alguns parâmetros demonstraram episódios característicos de poluição difusa por esgoto sanitário, aparentemente em estado inicial de degradação. / The uncontrolled exploration of the wather has been compromised its quality and quantity for several uses, among which the primary contact recreational usage can be highlighted. This study brings a common problem in the brazilian coast: cities that receive a high number of visitors during some periods of the year and suffer environmental crisis due the drastic change of population volume, since the floating population difficults the public input management like the water supplying, health services, waste discard and the sewerage system treatment, which can pollute these areas. Muriqui resort, a city in Mangaratiba, in Rio de Janeiro State, was chosen as a model for this study, which object was to diagnose the hydric pollution and the balneability of the beach. The methodology of the exploration was based into reviewing scientifcs publications, books and legal material and creating a sampling plan. . Besides, some municipal departaments were visited so as to collect present data about the city and, in order to confront the water analysis, an investigation of the rain history of the area was made . Aiming toverify the beach and two rivers water quality, samples were collected twice a month on mondays mornings, from september 2012 to august 2013, totalizing 25 collects. In each collect, five sampling poins were made: three points at the beach, one at Pratas river and other at Catumbi river. Physical, chemical and biological parameters were monitored, in order to compare these data with the numbers alowed by law and correlating them to verify the degradation level of the water. The results of this study demonstrate that the point of Pratas river was the most degradated, because it was the nearest point of the rivers mouth. The assessment of the beach water quality indicated that the site had excellent balneability during 96% of the monitored period, and it was improper only once. During the study some parameters show pollution promoted by domestic effluents, apparently in initial degradation.

L'arithmétique par intervalles permet de calculer et simultanément vérifier des résultats. Cependant, une application naïve de cette arithmétique conduit à un encadrement grossier des résultats. De plus, de tels calculs peuvent être lents.Nous proposons des algorithmes précis et des implémentations efficaces, utilisant l'arithmétique par intervalles, dans le domaine de l'algèbre linéaire. Deux problèmes sont abordés : la multiplication de matrices à coefficients intervalles et la résolution vérifiée de systèmes linéaires. Pour le premier problème, nous proposons deux algorithmes qui offrent de bons compromis entre vitesse et précision. Pour le second problème, nos principales contributions sont d'une part une technique de relaxation, qui réduit substantiellement le temps d'exécution de l'algorithme, et d'autre part l'utilisation d'une précision étendue en quelques portions bien choisies de l'algorithme, afin d'obtenir rapidement une grande précision. / Interval arithmetic is a means to compute verified results. However, a naive use of interval arithmetic does not provide accurate enclosures of the exact results. Moreover, interval arithmetic computations can be time-consuming. We propose several accurate algorithms and efficient implementations in verified linear algebra using interval arithmetic. Two fundamental problems are addressed, namely the multiplication of interval matrices and the verification of a floating-point solution of a linear system. For the first problem, we propose two algorithms which offer new tradeoffs between speed and accuracy. For the second problem, which is the verification of the solution of a linear system, our main contributions are twofold. First, we introduce a relaxation technique, which reduces drastically the execution time of the algorithm. Second, we propose to use extended precision for few, well-chosen parts of the computations, to gain accuracy without losing much in term of execution time.

L'objet est de comparer des algorithmes de multiplication de matrices à coefficients intervalles et leurs implémentations.Le premier axe est la mesure de la précision numérique. Les précédentes analyses d'erreur se limitent à établir une borne sur la surestimation du rayon du résultat en négligeant les erreurs dues au calcul en virgule flottante. Après examen des différentes possibilités pour quantifier l'erreur d'approximation entre deux intervalles, l'erreur d'arrondi est intégrée dans l'erreur globale. À partir de jeux de données aléatoires, la dispersion expérimentale de l'erreur globale permet d'éclairer l'importance des différentes erreurs (de méthode et d'arrondi) en fonction de plusieurs facteurs : valeur et homogénéité des précisions relatives des entrées, dimensions des matrices, précision de travail. Cette démarche conduit à un nouvel algorithme moins coûteux et tout aussi précis dans certains cas déterminés.Le deuxième axe est d'exploiter le parallélisme des opérations. Les implémentations précédentes se ramènent à des produits de matrices de nombres flottants. Pour contourner les limitations d'une telle approche sur la validité du résultat et sur la capacité à monter en charge, je propose une implémentation par blocs réalisée avec des threads OpenMP qui exécutent des noyaux de calcul utilisant les instructions vectorielles. L'analyse des temps d'exécution sur une machine de 4 octo-coeurs montre que les coûts de calcul sont du même ordre de grandeur sur des matrices intervalles et numériques de même dimension et que l'implémentation par bloc passe mieux à l'échelle que l'implémentation avec plusieurs appels aux routines BLAS. / This work aims at determining suitable scopes for several algorithms of interval matrices multiplication.First, we quantify the numerical quality. Former error analyses of interval matrix products establish bounds on the radius overestimation by neglecting the roundoff error. We discuss here several possible measures for interval approximations. We then bound the roundoff error and compare experimentally this bound with the global error distribution on several random data sets. This approach enlightens the relative importance of the roundoff and arithmetic errors depending on the value and homogeneity of relative accuracies of inputs, on the matrix dimension, and on the working precision. This also leads to a new algorithm that is cheaper yet as accurate as previous ones under well-identified conditions.Second, we exploit the parallelism of linear algebra. Previous implementations use calls to BLAS routines on numerical matrices. We show that this may lead to wrong interval results and also restrict the scalability of the performance when the core count increases. To overcome these problems, we implement a blocking version with OpenMP threads executing block kernels with vector instructions. The timings on a 4-octo-core machine show that this implementation is more scalable than the BLAS one and that the cost of numerical and interval matrix products are comparable.

O aumento na complexidade das operações de sistemas de produção de petróleo e gás no mar e um fato concreto. Atualmente, a necessidade de avaliar o comportamento no mar destes sistemas requer a compreensão de fenômenos, até então, pouco explorados e que tornam imprescindível uma investigação apoiada em experimentos com modelos reduzidos. Resultados obtidos em tanques de provas, por sua vez, requerem metodologias que contam com a experiência do pesquisador e que, em muitos casos, não são encontradas de maneira detalhada o suficiente na literatura. Ou seja, muitas destas metodologias normalmente são encontradas, no entanto, não em nível para que pesquisadores iniciantes desenvolvam atividades experimentais minimamente pertinentes as eventuais tomadas de decisão ou confrontação com outras linhas de abordagem como a analítica e/ou a numérica. Portanto, e exatamente neste contexto que se insere a presente dissertação de mestrado, buscando descrever em detalhes a teoria e prática envolvida nos procedimentos experimentais para o estudo de comportamento no mar típico de uma plataforma padrão, perfeitamente adaptáveis a outras geometrias mais complexas de sistemas navais e oceânicos. Esses procedimentos envolvem desde o planejamento dos ensaios necessários, passando pelos cuidados durante sua execução, culminando nos métodos de análise dos resultados e formas usuais de documentação. Para facilitar o processo de compreensão, além do próprio texto, este trabalho também contemplou a construção de uma ferramenta matemática dedicada a condução das atividades acima, destacando-se a avaliação e obtenção de parâmetros a partir de ensaios de decaimento e o levantamento expedito das curvas de resposta em ondas regulares, transientes e irregulares. / The increasing complexity of o shore system operations for oil and gas production is a reality. Currently, the need to evaluate the seakeeping of these systems requires understanding some phenomena not yet explored and, for that reason, researches using experiments with small scale models become indispensable. Results obtained in model basins require methodologies that rely on the researchers experience and, most of the time, they are not found detailed enough in the literature. When many of these methodologies are usually found, however, they are not ready for beginner researchers to develop experimental activities minimally relevant to any decision and/or confrontation with other lines, such as the analytical and/or numerical approaches. Therefore, the context of this dissertation describes in detail the theory and involved practice in an experimental procedure for the study of seakeeping of a standard platform, perfectly adaptable to other complex geometries and naval systems. These procedures involve the planning of the necessary tests, through the care during their execution, culminating in the methods of result analyses and usual forms of documentation. In order to facilitate the process of understanding, the construction of a dedicated mathematical tool to conduct the activities described above is provided, emphasizing the assessment and quick obtaining parameters from decay tests, curves response in regular and transient waves, among many others.

Freqüentemente os profissionais da construção naval tomam decisões para selecionar os elementos que devem ser especificados na composição de determinado projeto. Além da experiência e do conhecimento necessários para optar por um caminho adequado, a escolha deve atender eficientemente ao problema proposto e às preferências do projetista. A seleção de componentes do projeto de estruturas flutuantes para exploração de campos de petróleo no mar envolve aspectos objetivos e subjetivos. O trabalho apresenta e aplica alguns métodos de auxílio à tomada de decisão possibilitando ao projetista aprimorar sua sensibilidade. O objetivo da pesquisa é apresentar de forma sumária as duas bases para a decisão sobre o projeto, que são os métodos de apoio e os requisitos que as instalações FPSO devem atender, fornecendo como resultado um procedimento que permitirá aos usuários a melhor escolha dos componentes e aumentar a sensibilidade dos projetistas na seleção entre as possíveis opções (fazer totalmente novo ou aproveitar o existente). O trabalho apresenta uma revisão dos princípios da análise da decisão, informações sobre métodos de apoio à decisão, os dados de entrada do problema proposto, o método de projetos navais, os requisitos básicos para construção de estruturas flutuantes de exploração de petróleo no mar e os requisitos básicos para uma instalação FPSO. Para a solução do problema se aplicaram os métodos de árvore de decisão, para a parte correspondente às decisões sob risco e o método de análise hierárquica AHP para as decisões tomadas sob certeza. / Frequently, naval construction engineers take decisions to select the elements which must specified for the composition of a determined project. Besides the necessary experience and the knowledge to choose a proper way, the option must fulfil efficiently the problem requirements and the preferences of the designer. The choice of components in the design off-shore structures for production in sea oilfields, involves objective and subjective aspects. This work introduces and uses a few methods of decision aids, helping the designer to improve his sensibility. The objective of this research is to present in a simple way two foundations to decide about the project, which are the aid decision methods and the requirements which the FPSO (Floating Production Storage and Offloading System) must fulfil, supplying a procedure that enables the designer to take the best choice of components and to increase his sensibility referring to the selection among the possible options, wich are to make a completely new FPSO or to use an existing one. This work offers a revision of the principles of the decision analysis theory, the data input of the problem, the classic naval design method, the basic requirements to build floating structures to off-shore oil extraction, and the basic requirements for a FPSO installation. To solve the problem the decision tree method, for decision under risk, and the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process), for decision under certainty, were applied.